After excavation: © Once the excavation is complete, the successive activities should immediately start. © tis not good construction practice to keep the excavation area open for a long time as it would soften the soil and reduce its SBC because of weathering © The structural consultant should inspect the site after the required depth of excavation is achieved, to ascertain its strength and stability of the bearing stratum. © The sloped wall of any excavation pit should be protected with LDPE sheets(3) These LDPE sheets are fixed under a small bund, which hold: sheet in position and prevents the water from flowing over the sloped surface, hence protecting the surface from weathering, 50 CHAPTER 2. EARTHWORKS Note: © Proper barricading of the excavated area should be done at a minimum distance of ‘1m from the line of excavation. As per Sobha safety norms, no material should be stocked (1) or movement of heavy vehicles @® should be allowed in this area, between the barricade and the line of excavation @ The excavated area should have sufficient lighting. Shoring: Due to several reasons like, @ the standing height of the excavation pit wall exceeding 2m. @ heavy rains. © high ground water table © properties of the soil in which excavation is being done. The excavation pits becomes unstable, leading to collapse. This phenomenon is know as caving, which is very unsafe for men, materials and machinery. Shoring is the process of preventing the walls of an excavated area from caving or collapse The following are the commonly used methods for protection against caving. All these methods should be carefully designed, based on the soil conditions, weather conditions, excavation depth and other parameters which govern the strength and stability of the system. Raking:@ It is also called as inclined shoring, in which the entire height of the excavated pit is supported with the help of inclined members called rakers. The rakers hold the wall plates, which are directly in contact with the walls of the excavation pit which has to be supported, The dimensions of the entire taking system should be as per design.Wat Pate Acingshore__—_p/ NS Ay FI RAGING SECTONAL ELEVATION Flying: ©) Also called as horizontal shoring, it can be used mainly in narrow excavation trenches. Here the wall plates are in contact with opposite side walls of the same trench These two wall plates are supported by a system of supports, connecting the two wall plates, horizontally. The dimensions of the entire flying system should be as per design € STM 2008, Ei | aces Icing ‘ut FN SECTIONAL ELEVATION Pinning:© This system has to be designed by specialists and is very useful in places where the boundary of the site is extremely close to the excavation line. In this system, steel rods of prescribed diameter and length are driven into the face of the excavation pit at prescribed angle (as per design) with the horizontal direction, using a compressed air jack hammer. The spacing between the rods should be as per design. The driving operation is done as the excavation progresses downwards. After a workable depth is achieved, weld mesh is fixed from top to bottom along the rods in a rigid way and the entire area is shotcreted © resulting in a temporary retaining wall. 51CHAPTER 2. EARTHWORKS Sheet piling: Sheet piling is a form of driven piling system, done with the help of thin interlocking sheets of steel to obtain a continuous barrier in the ground. It mainly acts as. a e'e. 919 walls to enable permanent works to proceed in an given area. Gabian mesh:@) Gabian mesh is a steel wire mesh baskets which is rectangular, rhombus or hexagonal in shape, filled with stones. This system can be used for soil retention during construction It has to be done strictly as per structural consultant and mesh manufacturer's instructions. Methodology of quality inspection: © Check for the availability of approved site plans and soi investigation report © Check if the block level register is being maintained on site. © Check if the marking is in conformance with the drawings. The centerline should be checked and certified by a marking supervisor from another site © Check the depth, length, breadth and level of excavation using measuring tapes and auto levels, as per the drawings.