© Wherever the depth of the trench is more than a meter, barricade all around the excavated site at a distance of one meter from the circumference of the excavated pit. @ Make sure that a suitable area is there for stocking the excavated material. (temporarily or permanently for future usage) © Check if a ramp is needed for vehicular movement. Tools and equipments: © Check for the availability of de-watering pumps of required type and capacities © Check if the depth of excavation has been achieved (constant monitoring) © Check if the blasting is being carried out. by a certified and licensed contractor. Name Use Auto level & Staff For block leveling | Spades For manual excavation Crow bar For manual excavation and for removing stones Measurement tape For measuring the depths of the excavated ground Nylon thread To mark the area for excavation Pick axe For manual excavation Hammers ‘| For minor breaking activities, Wooden and metal rammers To level the soling or the earth Earth rammer To compact the soling Wheel barrow To cart the excavated earth Metall rubber buckets Measuring scale To cart the excavated earth For all distance measuring purposes Plummet cord To mark the area for excavation Inspection tools: Nylon thread Measurement tape Auto level and staff e SIM 2008, 53FILLING AND COMPACTION When ever the formation level of a particular area is higher than the natural ground level, over which other civil works like roads, grade slabs, PCC etc can be but, filling and compaction will have to be done. Before construction: © Water proofing activity (if needed) should be completed before. @ Protective thermocol and LDPE sheet should be laid on the water proofing, before filing with soil © Soil with organic impurities, construction debris, soft clay, combustible materials, black cotton soil and soils with moisture content exceeding OMC should not be used. @ The soil that will be used for filling should be free from lumps (the soil should be in a granular form) with the following characteristics: — Liquid limit should be less than 65% — Plasticity index should be less than 35% — Stones exceeding 100mm diameter should not be present — In sieve analysis, not more than 50% should pass 5mm sieve and not more than 20% should pass 75 microns sieve @ The levels and stability of the existing ground level should be checked. 54 CHAPTER 2 EARTHWORKS @ The soil conditions should be well understood before starting any major earth moving activity © The quantity of soll needed for the entire activity to be completed (after compaction) should be calculated and made available. = Normally for a given volume ‘V’, to be filled with soil and compacted, the quantity of soil needed will be approximately (V + 0.3 x V). This is because the soil that is being used is ina loose state. For compaction, the volume of the soil needs to be in excess by 30%. @ Earth rammer (Plate compactor) or a vibratory roller should be available for compaction depending upon the type of soil. (like cohesive, granular, well graded). During construction: © The soil is laid and compacted in layers of not more than 300mm thick over a given area where filing needs to be done (1). ® Voy role , % Ee© The soil that has been laid across should be in one level. @ Using the earth rammer or a vibratory roller, a minimum of 5 passes over a given area is recommended for effective compaction @ In areas where the machine cannot be used, compaction should be done manually using wooden or metal rammers. © Ifthe soil is highly cohesive, sheep food roller should be used for compaction. Soling: ‘Any area which does not have adequate stability to take up loads should be given a layer of soling as per structural consultant's instructions. Soling acts as a bearing course, constituted by boulders and a suitable filler material. @ The surface on which the soling shall be laid should be well compacted to the required density (as mentioned by structural consultant), manually using wooden or metal earth rammers, or rollers (after the completing the specified anti termite treatment). @ Mark the soiling stretch alignment and fix the top level of the soiling using an auto level at suitable intervals. © Tie a string line along these fixed top level markings. @ Wedge shaped stones are used for soling and should be arranged suitably. © Rock of random shapes should not be used for soling. © The thickness of soling is normally 150mm or as prescribed by the structural consultant. @ The stones should be placed adjacent to each other and as close as possible to each other in such a way that they are standing at an angle of 70°— 80° to the horizontal). © Stones when kept at this angle and well packed with smaller aggregates forms a stable surface. The stones are good in taking loads but weak in bending. @ The gaps between the boulders should be filled and packed with smaller stones like 40mm aggregates @) @ The soling should be laid at required slope so as to maintain the PCC thickness throughout. @ The soiling should be checked for stability and packing strength at this stage. © Finally fill the remaining gap with quarry dust, sand or any approved earth fill material) © The surface of quarry dust is gently moistened before laying PCC on top of it. This prevents the mixing up of the filler material and the concrete. @ Avroller should be used to compact the soling. After construction: © Sand replacement method of testing in- situ field density of the compacted soil should be conducted @ The test should be conducted at intervals of 10m center to center. © Check if the soling has been laid in such a way that they are standing at approximately 70° to 80° angle with the 55horizontal. Soling should never be laid flat on the ground. © Ensure that the gaps between the boulders are well packed with smaller stone chips and quarry dust. Tools and equipments: Methodology of quality inspection: © Check for any organic impurities, construction debris and other impurities. Sand replacement method of testing the field density on site should be conducted to ensure that the desired densification has been obtained. @ The field density of the compacted soil should not be less than 95% of its maximum dry density or as specified by the consultant. Name Use Earth rammer or For compaction vibratory roller Auto level and staff To check the level of filling Wooden or metal rammers For manual compaction Spades To spread the soil and level it over a given area Wheel barrow To cart the earth for filling in small areas Metal/ rubber buckets To move the earth for filling in to small areas Inspection tools: Nylon thread Measurement tape Auto level and staff 56 CHAPTER 2. EARTHWORKS