BCS - General Science - 2023

mvaviY weÁvb
bs wefvM welq gvb

01. c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v, GU‡gi MVb, Kve©‡bi eûgyLx eënvi, GwmW, ÿvi, jeY, c`v‡_©i ÿq, mvev‡bi KvR,
†fŠZ ivwk Ges Gi cwigvc, †fŠZ weÁv‡bi Dbœqb, †PŠ¤^KZ¡, Zi½ Ges kã, Zvc I ZvcMwZ we`¨v,
‡fŠZ Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ, w¯’i Ges Pj Zwor, B‡jKUªwb·, AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb, kw³i Drm Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM,
weÁvb bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³i Drm, cvigvYweK kw³, LwbR Drm, kw³i i~cvšÍi, Av‡jvK hš¿cvwZ, †gŠwjK KYv, 05
avZe c`v_© Ges Zv‡ì †hŠMmg~n, AavZe c`v_©, RviY-weRviY, Zwor †Kvl, A‰Re †hŠM, Zwor
†PŠ¤^K, UªvÝdigvi, G·‡i, †ZRw¯ŒqZv BZ¨vw`|
02. c`v‡_©i RxeweÁvb-welqK ag©, wUmy¨, †R‡bwUKm, Rxe‰ewPÎ¨, Gwbg¨vj WvBfviwmwU, cøv›U WvBfviwmwU,
Gwbg¨vj wUmy¨, AM©vb Ges AM©vb wm‡÷g, mv‡jvK ms‡kølY, fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv, Ry‡jvwRK¨vj
Rxe
b‡gb‡K¬Pvi, †evUvwbK¨vj b‡gb‡K¬Pvi, cÖvwYRMr, Dw™¢`, dzj, dj, i³ mÂvjb, i³Pvc, ü`wcÛ Ges 05
weÁvb
ü`‡ivM, ¯œvqy Ges ¯œvqy‡ivM, Lv`¨ I cywó, wfUvwgb, gvB‡µvev‡qvjwR, cøv›U wbDwUªkb, civMvqb
BZ¨vw`|
03. c„w_ex m„wói BwZnvm, KmwgK †i, eøvK †nvj, wn‡Mi KYv, evwigÛj, UvBW, evqygÛj, †UK‡UvwbK †cøU,
mvB‡K¬vb, mybvwg, weeZ©b, mvgyw`ªK Rxeb, gvbe‡`n, †iv‡Mi KviY I cÖwZKvi, msµvgK †ivM, †ivM
AvaywbK
RxevYyi RxebaviY, gv I wkï ¯^v¯’¨, Bgy¨bvB‡Rkb Ges f¨vKwm‡bkb, GBPAvBwf- GBWm, wUwe,
weÁvb
†cvwjI, †Rvqvi-fvUv, GwcKvjPvi, †mwiKvjPvi, wcwmKvjPvi, nwU©KvjPvi, Wv‡qvW, UªvbwR÷i, AvBwm, 05
Av‡cwÿK ZË¡, †dvUb KYv BZ¨vw`|
‡gvU 15
Page 1 of 59
bs. cÖkœ DËi
01. S wPwýZ gvbylwU eZ©gvb we‡kî weL¨vZ c`v_©we`, Zuvi bvg wK?
02. ‰e`y¨wZK evwZi Avwe®‹viK L bvgK weÁvbx, Zuvi †`‡ki bvg wK?
03. GB †mB F wPwýZ hš¿ hvi mvnv‡h¨ wK gvcv hvq?
04. weÁv‡bi RbK †Kvb wPý‡K wb‡`©k K‡i?
05. E = mc2weL¨vZ m~ÎwU cÖ`vb K‡ib Dc‡ii w¯’iwP‡Î e‡m _vKv †Kvb wP‡ýi weÁvbx?
weL¨vZ wKQz ZË¡ I Avwe®‹vi‡Ki bvg
welq/Z‡Ë¡i bvg Avwe®‹vi‡Ki bvg
weÁv‡bi RbK ‡_wjm
AvaywbK weÁv‡bi RbK iRvi †eKb
c`v_© weÁv‡bi RbK AvBR¨vK wbDUb
imvqb weÁv‡bi RbK Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb
AvaywbK imvq‡bi RbK Rb Wvëb
Rxe weÁv‡bi RbK Gwi÷Uj
Av‡cwÿK Z‡Ë¡i RbK AvBb÷vBb
RxevYy we`¨vi RbK jyB cv¯‘i
MwY‡Zi RbK AvwK©wgwWm
‡gwWwm‡bi RbK wn‡cvwµwUm
eskMwZ we`¨vi RbK ‡MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj
‡kÖwYKiY we`¨vi RbK K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm
cvwUMwY‡Zi RbK eªþ¸ß
0 (k~b¨) msL¨vwUi RbK Avh©fÆ
MwZwe`¨vi RbK wbDUb
K¨vjKzjv‡mi RbK wbDUb
kixiwe`¨vi RbK DBwjqvg nv‡f©
g‡bvweÁv‡bi RbK DBj‡ng DÛ
weÁv‡bi wewfbœ Avwe®‹vi I Avwe®‹viK
Avwe®‹vi Avwe®‹viK mvj ‡`k
we`y¨r DBwjqvg wMjevU© 1570 UK
‡Uwj‡¯‹vc M¨vwjwjI 1610 BZvwj
Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW f¨vb †njg›U 1630 Rvg©vwb
dmdivm eªvÛ 1669 Rvg©vwb
AbyexÿY hš¿ wjD‡qb ûK 1683 USA
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb K¨v‡fwÛm 1766 UK
ev®úPvwjZ BwÄb ‡RgmIqvU 1769 ¯‹Uj¨vÛ
Aw·‡Rb ‡hv‡md wcÖ÷wj 1774 UK
‡K¬vwib wk‡j 1774 Rvg©vwb
weøwPs cvDWvi wUbv›U 1798 UK
Page 2 of 59
‡mvwWqvg ‡Wwf 1807 UK
g¨vM‡bwmqvg ‡Wwf 1808 UK
wmwjKb ev‡R©wjqvm 1823 myB‡Wb
‡ijI‡q BwÄb w÷‡dbmb 1825 hy³ivR¨
mvjwdDwiK GwmW wdwjcm 1831 UK
Wvqbv‡gv gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W 1831 UK
hvwš¿K K¨vjKz‡jUi Pvj©m e¨v‡eR 1832 UK
‡iwd«Rv‡iUi ‡Rgm n¨vwimb 1851 USA
wWbvgvBU Avj‡d«W †bv‡ej 1862 myB‡Wb
‡Uwj‡dvb, gvB‡µv‡dvb Av‡jKRvÛvi MÖvnvg‡ej 1876 USA
‰e`y¨wZK evwZ Ugvm Avjfv GwWmb 1878 USA
d‡bvMÖvd Ugvm Avjfv GwWmb 1878 USA
‡iwWI gvK©wb 1894 BZvwj
wbw®Œq M¨vm ivg‡R 1895 ¯‹Uj¨vÛ
‡ZRw®ŒqZv ‡nbwi †e‡K‡ij 1996 d«vÝ
‡iwWqvg gv`vg Kzwi 1898 ‡cvj¨vÛ
AvB‡mv‡UvU mwWW 1902 USA
D‡ovRvnvR Aiwfj ivBU I DBjevi ivBU 1903 USA
cvigvYweK msL¨v ‡gvm‡j 1913 UK
‡cÖvUb iv`vi‡dvW© 1919 UK
ivWvi (RADAR) G GBP †UBji Ges wjI wm Bqs 1922 USA
BDwiqv ‡fvjvi 1928 Rvg©vwb
K…wÎg †ZRw¯Œq †gŠj RywjI Kzwi 1934 Rvg©vwb
BD‡iwbqvg K¬vcÖ_ 1939 Rvg©vwb
cvigvYweK †evgv I‡cb †nBgvi 1945 USA
Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC) ‡R.Gm †Kjwe 1958
cwjMÖvd (wg_¨v aivi hš¿) Rb G jvimb
wewfbœ êÁvwbK h‡š¿i bvg I eënvi
h‡š¿i bvg eënvi
A¨vw·jv‡iwgUvi Z¡iY cwigvcK hš¿|
‡iBb †MR e„wó cwigvcK hš¿|
AjwUwgUvi D”PZv wbY©vqK hš¿|
g¨v‡bvwgUvi M¨v‡mi Pvc wbY©vqK hš¿|
wgUvi †¯‹j ‰`N©¨ cwigv‡ci mij hš¿|
†fjv‡UvwgUvi ‡e‡Mi cwigvc wbY©vqK hš¿|
jvB‡iv wgUvi m~‡h©i DËvc wbY©vqK hš¿|
U¨v‡KvwgUvi wegv‡bi MwZ wbY©vqK hš¿|
d¨v‡`vwgUvi mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv wbY©vqK hš¿
e¨v‡ivwgUvi evqygÐ‡ji Pvc wbY©vqK hš¿
wmm‡gvMÖvd f‚wgK¤ú wbY©vqK hš¿|
A¨vwgUvi we`y¨r cÖevn gvcK hš¿|
M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi we`y¨r cÖev‡ni Aw¯ÍZ¡ gvcvi hš¿|
nvB‡MÖvwgUvi evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv cwigvcK hš¿|
‡µv‡bvwgUvi m~²fv‡e mgq cwigvc Kivi hš¿|
wiLUvi †¯‹j f~wgK‡¤úi ZxeªZv cwigv‡ci hš¿|
j¨vK‡UvwgUvi `y‡ai weï×Zv/ NbZ¡ wbY©vqK hš¿|
d‡bvMÖvd kã †iKW© Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ hš¿
†m·U¨v›U m~h© I Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡ni †KŠwYK DbœwZ cwigvcK hš¿/ MÖn bÿ‡Îi DbœwZ cwigvcK hš¿|
nvB‡WªvwgUvi Zi‡ji Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ wbY©vqK hš¿/NbZ¡ cwigvcK hš¿|
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A¨vwb‡gvwgUvi evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM I kw³ cwigvcK hš¿|
wùM‡gvg¨v‡bvwgUvi gvbe‡`‡ni i³Pvc wbY©vqK|
fvwbqvi †¯‹j ‰`N©¨ cwigvcK hš¿ (wgwjwgUv‡i cÖKv‡ki Rb¨)|
‡cwi‡¯‹vc mve‡gwib n‡Z mgy‡`ªi Dc‡ii RvnvR †`Lvi hš¿|
f¨vbwWMÖvd ‰e`y¨wZK Av‡ek Øviv PvR© Drcv`‡bi AvaywbK hš¿|
Zzjv hš¿ Lye Aí cwigvY wRwb‡mi fi m~²fv‡e wbY©q Kivi hš¿|
_v‡g©v÷¨vU wd«R, I‡fb BZ¨vw`‡Z w¯’i ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿‡Yi hš¿|
ivWvi ‡iwWI Zi‡½i mvnv‡h¨ MwZkxj DÇxqgvb e¯‘i Aew¯’wZ I jÿ¨ wbY©q
c`v_©weÁv‡bi RbK
c`v_© weÁv‡bi RbK m¨vi AvBRvK wbDUb
AvaywbK c`v_© weÁv‡bi RbK AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb
eZ©gvb we‡kî weL¨vZ c`v_©we` w÷‡db nwKs
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz ivwki AvšÍR©vwZK GKK
ivwk GKK
`ªæwZ/‡eM wgUvi/‡m‡KÛ
Z¡iY wgUvi/‡m‡KÛ2
ej ev IRb wbDUb
KvR/kw³/Zvc Ryj
ÿgZv IqvU
‡ZRw¯ŒqZv ‡e‡K‡ij
Pvc c¨vm‡Kj
K¤úv¼ nvR©
Av‡jvK d¬v· jy‡gb
wefe cv_©K¨ ‡fvë
‡iva Ing
G·‡i i›U‡R›U
fzj‡jB wec`...
hLb k‡ãi †eM †ewk iv‡Zi †ejvq|
evZv‡m k‡ãi MwZ NÈvq 757 gvBj|
KLb k‡ãi †eM Kg nq w`‡bi †ejvq|
kã mÂvwjZ nq bv k~b¨ gva¨‡g|
ZvcgvÎv Kg‡j k‡ãi †eM K‡g|
ZvcgvÎv evo‡j k‡ãi †eM ev‡o|
wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ
01. evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv gvcvi h‡š¿i bvg wK? [40Zg wewmGm]

K. gvB‡KvwgUvi L. nvB‡MÖvwgUvi
M. e¨v‡ivwgUvi N. MÖvwfwgUvi DËi: L
02. A¨vjwUwgUvi wK? [33Zg wewmGm]
K. Zvc cwigvcK hš¿ L. DòZv cwigvcK hš¿
M. M¨v‡mi Pvc cwigvcK hš¿ N. D”PZv cwigvcK hš¿ DËi: N
03. Dw™¢‡ì e„w× wbY©vqK hš¿- [32Zg wewmGm (we‡kl)]
K. I‡WvwgUvi L. µbwgUvi
M. U¨v‡KvwgUvi N. †µm‡KvMÖvd DËi: N
04. mgy‡`ª `ªvwNgvsk wbY©‡qi h‡š¿i bvg- [31Zg wewmGm]
K. µ‡bvwgUvi L. K¤úvm
M. wmm‡gvMÖvd N. †m·U¨v›U DËi: K
05. k‡ãi ZxeªZv wbY©vqK hš¿- [26Zg wewmGm]
K. AwWIwgUvi L. A¨vwgUvi
M. AwWI‡dvb N. AjwUwgUvi DËi: K
Page 4 of 59
06. D‡ovRvnv‡Ri MwZ wbY©vqK hš¿- [23Zg wewmGm; 22Zg wewmGm]
K. µ‡bvwgUvi L. I‡WvwgUvi
M. U¨v‡KvwgUvi N. †µvm‡KvMÖvd DËi: M
07. gvbe‡`‡ni i³Pvc wbY©vqK hš¿- [23Zg wewmGm]
K. wùM‡gvg¨v‡bvwgUvi L. ‡÷_‡¯‹vc
M. KvwW©MÖvd N. B‡KvKvwW©IMÖvd DËi: K
08. f‚wgK¤ú wbY©vqK hš¿- [23Zg wewmGm; 22Zg wewmGm]
K. e¨v‡ivwgUvi L. ‡m·U¨v›U
M. wmm‡gvMÖvd N. g¨v‡bvwgUvi DËi: M
09. mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv gvcv nq †Kvb hš¿ w`‡q? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. d¨v‡`vwgUvi L. RvB‡iv K¤úvm
M. mve‡gwib N. GwbIwgUvi DËi: K
10. ‡bv‡ej cyi¯‹v‡ii cÖeZ©K Avj‡d«W †bv‡ej abx n‡qwQ‡jb- [18Zg wewmGm]
K. †Z‡ji Lwbi gvwjK wn‡m‡e
L. DbœZ ai‡bi we‡ùviK Avwe®‹vi K‡i
M. Rvnv‡Ri eëmv K‡i
N. B¯úvZ KviLvbvi gvwjK wn‡m‡e DËi: L
11. w÷‡db nwKs we‡kî GKRb Lye weL¨vZ- [18Zg wewmGm]
K. `vk©wbK L. c`v_©we`
M. imvqbwe` N. Kwe DËi: L
12. we`y¨r‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kvb êÁvwb‡Ki Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk? [18Zg wewmGm]
K. †eÄvwgb d«v¼wjb L. AvBR¨vK wbDUb
M. Ugvm GwWmb N. †fvëv DËi: M
13. wK‡mi mvnv‡h¨ mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv wbY©q Kiv nq? [14Zg wewmGm]
K. cÖwZdjb L. cÖwZaŸwb
M. cÖwZmiY N. cÖwZmiv¼ DËi: L
14. cvigvYweK †evgvi Avwe®‹viK †K? [13Zg wewmGm]
K. AvBb÷vBb L. I‡cb‡nBgvi
M. A‡Uvn¨vb N. ‡iv‡RbevM© DËi: L
15. MKS c×wZ‡Z f‡ii GKK-- [33Zg wewmGm]
K. wK‡jvMÖvg L. cvDÛ
M. MÖvg N. AvDÝ DËi: K
16. 1 wgUvi mgvb KZ BwÂ? [15Zg; 11Zg wewmGm]
K. 39.81 BwÂ L. 39.01 BwÂ
M. 38.91 BwÂ N. 39.37 BwÂ DËi: N
17. 1 eM©BwÂ‡Z KZ eM©‡mw›UwgUvi? [15Zg wewmGm]
K. 0.0929 L. 7.32
M. 6.45 N. 64.50 DËi: M
18. GK KzB›Uvj IR‡b KZ wK‡jvMÖvg? [14Zg wewmGm]
K. 1 †KwR L. 10 †KwR
M. 100 †KwR N. 1000 †KwR DËi: M
19. k~b¨ gva¨‡g k‡ãi †eM KZ? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. 280 m/s L. 0
M. 332 m/s N. 1120 m/s DËi: L
20. ‡Kvb gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ me©v‡cÿv Kg? [30Zg; 14Zg wewmGm]
K. k~b¨Zvq L. KwVb c`v‡_©
M. Zij c`v‡_© N. evqexq c`v‡_© DËi: N
21. ‡Kvb kã †kvbvi c‡i KZ †m‡KÛ ch©šÍ Gi †ik Avgv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‹ _v‡K?
[28Zg wewmGm]
K. 1 †m‡KÛ L. 0.1 †m‡KÛ
M. 0.01 †m‡KÛ N. 0.001 †m‡KÛ DËi: L
22. ev`yo AÜKv‡i Pjv‡div K‡i wKfv‡e? [27Zg wewmGm]
K. Zxÿè `„wóm¤úbœ †Pv‡Li mvnv‡h¨
Page 5 of 59
L. µgvMZ kã Drc‡bœi gva¨‡g Ae¯’vb wbY©q K‡i
M. m„ó k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb ï‡b N. A‡jŠwKKfv‡e DËi: M
23. ‡Kvb gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ me‡P‡q †ewk? [25Zg; 13Zg wewmGm]
K. k~b¨Zvq L. ‡jvnv
M. cvwb N. evZvm DËi: L
24. ‡jvKfwZ© nj N‡i k~b¨ N‡ii †P‡q kã ÿxY nq, KviY- [23Zg wewmGm]
K. †jvKfwZ© N‡i gvby‡li †mvi‡Mvj nq
L. k~b¨ Ni bxie _v‡K
M. k~b¨ N‡i k‡ãi †kvlY Kg nq
N. k~b¨ N‡i k‡ãi †kvlY †ewk nq DËi: L
25. AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd wK? [15Zg wewmGm]
K. bZzb ai‡bi G·‡i
L. ‡QvU Zi½‰`‡N©ï k‡ãi Øviv B‡gwRs
M. kix‡ii Af¨šÍ‡ii kã we‡kølY
N. kw³kvjx kã w`‡q wcËcv_i weP‚Y©KiY DËi: L
26. ‡ijI‡q †÷k‡b AvMgbiZ BwÄ‡b euvwk evRv‡Z _vK‡j cøvUdi‡g ùvov‡bv e¨w³i Kv‡Q euvwki K¤úbv¼ - [14Zg
wewmGm]
K. Avm‡ji mgvb n‡e
L. Avm‡ji †P‡q †ewk n‡e
M. Avm‡ji †P‡q Kg n‡e
N. Avmj MwZi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³fv‡e K‡g hv‡e DËi: L
27. wK‡mi mvnv‡h¨ mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv wbY©q Kiv nq? [14Zg wewmGm]
K. cÖwZdjb L. cÖwZaŸwb
M. cÖwZmiY N. cÖwZmiv¼ DËi: L
28. mgUvb m¤úbœ GKwU Uvbv Zv‡ii ˆ`N©¨ wØ¸Y Ki‡j K¤úbv‡¼i KZUv cwieZ©b NU‡e? [13Zg wewmGm]
K. A‡a©K n‡e L. wØ¸Y n‡e
M. wZb¸Y n‡e N. Pvi¸Y n‡e DËi: K
29. ‡h m‡e©v”P kÖæwZ mxgvi Dc‡i gvbyl ewai n‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡”Q- [33Zg wewmGm]
K. 75 wWwe L. 90 wWwe
M. 105 wWwe N. 120 wWwe DËi: M
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
welq Z_¨ w¯’iwPÎ
imvq‡bi RbK Rv‡ei Beb nvBqvb
AvaywbK Rb Wvëb
imvq‡bi RbK
c`v_© cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †hme e¯‘ Øviv MwVZ Zv‡ì‡K c`v_© e‡j| c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó fi Av‡Q
Ges Zviv ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Ges hv Zvi w¯’wZkxj I MwZkxj Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡b evav `vb
K‡i|
c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v 3wU- KwVb, Zij, evqexq
c`v‡_©i fi Av‡Q, ¯’vb `Lj K‡i, ‡hgb: evZvm, cvwb

êwkó¨
kw³i êwkó¨ fi †bB, ¯’vb `Lj K‡i bv, †hgb: Zvc, Av‡jvK, we`y¨r
fzj‡jB wec`...
 cvwbi ùzUbvsK n‡jv- 100 †mw›U‡MÖW|
 cøvRgv KYv¸‡jv enb K‡i- Zwor Avavb|
 M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jv‡Z _v‡K- ch©vß MwZ kw³|
Page 6 of 59
 µvwšÍ †Kv‡Yi wb‡P- M¨vm‡K ev®úI ejv nq|
 me‡P‡q fvix c`v_© Zij gviKvwi ev cvi` (Hg)|
 wkí KviLvbvq avZe c`v_© KvUv nq- cøvRgv UP© w`‡q|
LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq welq

 me‡P‡q fvix †gŠj- BD‡iwbqvg|
 me©‡kl Avwe®‹…Z †gŠj- i‡Äwbqvg|
 me‡P‡q nvjKv †gŠj n‡jv- nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
 Avwe®‹…Z †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i msL¨v- 118wU
 cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvß †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i msL¨v-94wU
 wnwjqvg M¨v‡mi Pvc evwn‡ii Zzjbvq- Kg _v‡K|
 wnwjqvg M¨v‡m Pvc †ejy‡bi †fZ‡i- †ewk _v‡K|
 e¯‘i fi I Nb‡Z¡i Dci wbf©ikxj- e¨vcb I wbtmiY|
K‡qKwU c`v_© I Zv‡ì NbZ¡
c`v_© NbZ¡ (kg m-3) c`v_© NbZ¡ (kg m-3)
evqy 1.29 cvwb (40C-G) 1000
KK© 250 ‡jvnv 7800
cvi` 13600 iæcv 10500
eid 920 ‡mvbv 19300
c`v‡_©i bvg eY©bv

KuvP KuvP GK ai‡bi AwbqZKvi KwVb c`v_© hv Zij Ae¯’vi KvQvKvwQ ZvcgvÎvq iƒcvšÍi ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i| Gi
cwieZ©‡bi nvi GK`g k~b¨ nq|
ùwUK GKwU cøvw÷K ùwUK GK ai‡bi AvYweK KwVb c`v_©, hvi `xN© cwim‡ii Ae¯’vbMZ web¨vm i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Gi
Dcv`vb AYy¸‡jvi ¯^vaxbfv‡e N~Y©‡bi ag© Av‡Q|
Zij Møvm Ae¯’v Zij Møvm Ae¯’vq c`v_© `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj Ges wbqwgZ Ae¯’v G `yB‡qi gvSvgvwS ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i|
†PŠ¤^Kxq wbZ¨Zv iƒcvšÍwiZ avZzi cigvYyi cÖvqkB †PŠ¤^K åvgK _v‡K hv †mBme B‡jKUª‡bi †bU w¯úb Gi Kvi‡Y nq hviv
we‡Rvo Ae¯’vq _v‡K Avi ivmvqwbK eÜ‡b Ask †bq bv|
gvB‡µv`kvq ‡Kv-cwjgvi ch©ve„Ë b¨v‡bv÷ªvKPv‡ii wewPÎ web¨vm ˆZwii Rb¨ gvB‡µv †mcv‡ikb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: †Zj I
c„_KxKiY cvwbi c„_KxKiY
c`v‡_©i cwieZ©b (Changes of matter)
‡fŠZ cwieZ©b ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b
‰e`y¨wZK evj¦ R¦vjv‡bv| ‡jvnvq gwiPv aiv|
wPwb‡K cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Kiv| `ya‡K Qvbvq cwiYZ Kiv|
KwVb †gvg‡K Zv‡c Mjv‡bv| w`qvkjvB‡qi KvwV R¦vjv‡bv|
‡jvnv‡K †PŠ¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv| Pvj wm× K‡i fv‡Z cwiYZ Kiv|
cvwb‡K VvÐv K‡i ei‡d cwiYZ Kiv| Mv‡Qi cvZvq Lv`¨ ˆZwiii cÖwµqv|
cvwb‡K Zvc w`‡q Rjxq ev‡®ú cwiYZ Kiv|
Zvc I Pv‡ci e¯‘i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b
welq Z_¨
Mjb Zvc cÖ‡qvM †Kvb c`v‡_©i KwVb Ae¯’v †_‡K Zi‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqv‡K Mjb e‡j|
Mjbv¼ wbw`©ó Pv‡c †Kvb KwVb c`v_© †h ZvcgvÎvq Mj‡Z ïiæ K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq H c`v‡_©i Mjbv¼| †hgb: ei‡di
¯^vfvweK Mjbv¼ n‡jv 273.15 K ev 00C |
ùzUb Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M GKwU wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq Zij c`v‡_©i `ªæZ ev‡®ú cwiYZ nIqvi NUbv‡K ejv nq ùzUb|
ùzUbvsK wbw`©ó Pv‡c †Kvb Zij c`v_© †h ZvcgvÎvq ev®úxf‚Z n‡Z _v‡K †m ZvcgvÎv‡K ejv nq ùyUbvsK| cvwbi
ùzUbvs‡K n‡jv 100 C |
wngvsK wbw`©ó Pv‡c †Kvb Zij c`v_© †h ZvcgvÎvq Rg‡Z ïiæ K‡i †m ZvcgvÎv‡K ejv nq wngvsK|
wngvqb ev Zvc eR©‡b †Kvb Zij c`v‡_©i KwVb c`v‡_© cwieZ©b nIqv‡K ejv nq wngvqb ev KwVbxfeb|
KwVbxfeb
ev®úxfeb Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M Zij c`v‡_©i evqexq c`v‡_© iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqv‡K ejv nq ev®úxfeb|
Page 7 of 59
EaŸ©cvZb ‡Kvb †Kvb KwVb c`v_© DËß Ki‡j Zv Zi‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ bv n‡q mivmwi ev‡®ú cwiYZ nq, G cÖwµqv‡K EaŸ©cvZb
e‡j| †hgb: Kc~©i, Av‡qvwWb, b¨vc_vwjb, CO2, Av‡m©wbK|
Zzwnbxfeb hw` †Kvb M¨vmxq c`v_© Zvc eR©b K‡i Zij c`v‡_© iƒcvšÍwiZ bv n‡q mivmwi KwVb c`v‡_© cwiYZ nq, Zv‡K ejv
nq Zzwnbxfeb|
myßZvc ‡h Zvc e¯‘i ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b bv NwU‡q ïay Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b NUvq Zv‡K ejv nq myßZvc| myß Zv‡ci GKK
MKS c×wZ‡Z wK‡jvK¨vjwi/ wK‡jvMÖvg, SI c×wZ‡Z Ryj/ wK‡jvMÖvg|
cybtwkjxfeb Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb e¯‘i M‡j hvIqv Ges Pvc cÖZ¨vnv‡i Avevi KwVb Ae¯’vq cÖvß Iqv‡K ejv nq
cybtwkjxfeb|
K…òe¯‘ hw` †Kvb e¯‘ AvcwZZ weKxY© Zv‡ci †Kvb Ask cÖwZdwjZ ev mÂvwjZ bv K‡i meUzKzB †kvlY K‡i, Zvn‡j †m
e¯‘‡K Av`k© K…òe¯‘ ev K…òKvqv e‡j|
‡hgb, Kv‡jv cvwUbvg (Platinum Black) 98% AvcwZZ wewKiY †kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ`x‡ci Kvwji Zj
(Lamp Black surface) 96% AvcwZZ wewKiY †kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GbUªwc m‡gvò cÖwµqvq †hgb ZvcgvÎv w¯’i _v‡K †ZgbB iæ×Zvcxq cÖwµqv‡Z †h ag© w¯’i _v‡K, Zv‡K GbUªwc e‡j|
weÁvbx †K¬vwmqvm me©cÖ_g 1854 mv‡j GB NUbv Dcjwä K‡ib|
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv...
 Pvc Kg‡j ùzUbvsK- K‡g|
 Mjbv¼ n‡jv- c`v‡_©i †fŠZ ag©|
 Pv‡c ei‡di MjbvsK- K‡g hvq|
 cvwb ei‡d cwiYZ nq- 0 C ZvcgvÎvq|
 ùzUbv¼ Ges NbZ¡ n‡jv- c`v‡_©i †fŠZ ag©|
 cvwb ev‡®ú cwiYZ nq- 100C ZvcgvÎvq|
 mgvb Zv‡c `ya cvwb A‡cÿv Av‡M †dv‡U KviY-, `y‡ai ZvcMÖwnZv †ewk|
fzj‡jB wec`...
 Zij c`v‡_© Zvc Acmvi‡Y AvqZb- K‡g|
 Zi‡ji c„ôUvb wbf©ikxj- ZvcgvÎvi Dci|
 Zi‡j Zvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j AvqZb- ev‡o|
 jeYv³ cvwb my¯^v`y cvwb A‡cÿv- fvwi|
 Zi‡ji †h cÖmviY Avgiv jÿ¨ Kwi Zv n‡jv- AvcvZ cÖmviY|
 ‡ijjvB‡bi †cøU eëüZ nq- `yBwU †ij‡K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨vewj-
 AwaKvsk w¯’wZ¯’vcK e¯‘i mvgvb¨ weªK…wZ NUv‡bv n‡j Zv îwLK w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv cÖ`k©b K‡i, GwU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib - weÁvbx ievU© ûK
(1675]
 ejcÖ‡qvMRwbZ mvgvb¨ weK…wZi Rb¨ e¯‘i Ici cÖ‡qvMK…Z mivmwi weK…wZi cwigv‡Yi- mgvbycvwZK nq|
 ZvcaviY ÿgZv I Av‡cwÿK Zv‡ci g‡a¨ m¤úK©- ZvcaviY ÿgZv = fi × Av‡cwÿK Zvc|
 ‡Kvb e¯‘‡Z AšÍwb©wnZ Zv‡ci cwigvY wbf©i Ki- e¯‘wUi fi, Dcv`vb Ges ZvcgvÎvi Dci|
 cvwbi Av‡cwÿK Zvc n‡jv- 4200 J kg-1k-1|
 ei‡di Av‡cwÿK Zvc- 2100 J kg-1k-1|
 Rjxq ev‡®úi Av‡cwÿK Zvc- 2000 J kg-1k-1|
 iƒcvi Av‡cwÿK Zvc- 230 J kg-1k-1|
 mvgyw`ªK Øxç‡jv‡Z mvavYZ ZvcgvÎv †ewk cwieZ©b nq bv- cvwbi Av‡cwÿK Zvc †ewk e‡j|
wewfbœ cigvYy
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy: nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z GKwU B‡jKUªb _v‡K| ‡mB B‡jKUªbwU GKv GKv wbDwK¬qvm‡K †K›`ª K‡i ‡Nv‡i|
wnwjqvg cigvYy nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z GKwU B‡jKUªb _v‡K| ‡mB B‡jKUªbwU GKv GKv wbDwK¬qvm‡K †K›`ª K‡i ‡Nv‡i|
wjw_qvg cigvYy GKwU wjw_qvg cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUªb _v‡K wZbwU| G‡ì g‡a¨ `ywU B‡jKUªb cÖ_g Kÿc‡_ _v‡K Avi
Z…ZxqwU wØZxq Kÿc‡_ _v‡K|
Kve©b cigvYy Kve©b cigvYy‡Z 6wU B‡jKUªb _v‡K| G‡ì g‡a¨ `ywU B‡jKUªb cÖ_g Kÿc‡_ Ges evwK PviwU B‡jKUªb
wØZxq Kÿc‡_ _v‡K| Gfv‡e cÖ_g Kÿc‡_ m‡e©v”P 2wU, wØZxq Kÿc‡_ m‡e©v”P 8wU Ges ZZ…xq
Kÿc‡_ m‡e©v”P 18wU B‡jKUªb _vK‡Z cv‡i|
†mvwWqvg cigvYy ‡mvwWqv‡gi GKwU cigvYy‡Z 11wU B‡jKUªb _vK‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_g Kÿc‡_ 2wU, wØZxq Kÿc‡_ 8wU Ges
Z…Zxq Kÿc‡_ 1wU B‡jKUªb _v‡K|
LyeB cÖ‡qvRb
Page 8 of 59
‡gŠj cÖZxK cvigvYweK msL¨v Av.cv.fi msL¨v
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb H 1 1.01
wnwjqvg He 2 4.00
Kve©b C 6 12.01
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb N 7 14.01
Aw·‡Rb O 8 16.00
‡K¬vwib F 9 19.00
wbqb Ne 10 20.18
‡mvwWqvg Na 11 23.00
‡gM‡bwmqvg Mg 12 24.31
A¨vjywgwbqvg Al 13 27.00
wmwjKb Si 14 28.09
dmdivm P 15 31.00
mvjdvi S 16 32.00
‡K¬vwib Cl 17 35.45
cUvwmqvg K 19 39.10
K¨vjwmqvg Ca 20 40.08
Avqib Fe 26 56.08
wRsK Zn 30 65.38
Av‡m©wbK As 33 75.00
cvi` Hg 80 200.59
 wbDwK¬qv‡mi evB‡i _v‡K- B‡jKUªb|
 cigvYy‡Z me‡P‡q fvix KwYKv- wbDUªb|
 cvigvYweK ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib- Rb Wvëb|
 wbDwK¬qv‡mi wbKUZg †kjwU- Kg kw³ai|
 cvwb‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi AbycvZ- 2 : 1|
 ‡gŠwjK KwYKvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q fi †ewk- wbDU‡bi|
 ‡gŠwjK KwYKvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q fi Kg- B‡jKUª‡bi|
 ‡h g~j KwYKvq †Kv‡bv wbDUªb _v‡K bv- nvB‡Wªv‡R‡b|
 e¯‘i ag© aviY K‡i GiKg ÿz`ªZg KwYKvi bvg- AYy|
 ‡hvR¨Zv cwigv‡c ÷¨vÛvW© wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb|
 cigvYy †K‡›`ª (wbDwK¬qv‡m) Ae¯’vb K‡i- †cÖvUb Ges wbDUªb|
 ‡Kvb †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v n‡”Q- Zvi cigvYy‡Z †cÖvU‡bi msL¨v|
 nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi Ges Kve©‡bi- wZbwU K‡i Isotope (cÖvK…wZK) Av‡Q|
 wbw®Œq M¨vm e¨ZxZ †h †Kv‡bv †gŠwjK M¨v‡mi AYy‡Z cigvYy _v‡K-`ywU|
 Nl©Y, Zvc, ivmvqwbK cÖf…wZ cÖwµqvq mn‡RB cigvYy †_‡K wbM©Z nq- B‡jKUªb|
AvB‡mv‡Uvc, AvB‡mvevi, AvB‡mv‡Uvb I AvB‡mvgvi
welq Z_¨
AvB‡mv‡Uvc ‡h me cigvYyi †cÖvUb mgvb wKš‘ fi msL¨v wfbœ nq †m me cigvYy‡K ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mv‡Uvc ejv nq| †hgb-
1 2 3
nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wZbwU AvB‡mv‡Uvc Av‡Q; Giv n‡jv ‡cÖvwUqvg ( H), wWD‡Uwiqvg ( H), wUªwUqvg ( H)|
1 1 1
AvB‡mvevi ‡h me cigvYyi fi msL¨v A_©vr wbDwK¬qv‡m †cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi †gvU msL¨v mgvb nq, wKš‘ †cÖvUb msL¨v wfbœ nq,
64
Zv‡ì‡K AvB‡mvevi ejv nq| AvB‡mvevimg~n Aek¨B wfbœ wfbœ †gŠ‡ji cigvYy| †hgb- Kcv‡ii AvB‡mv‡Uvc Cu
29
64
Ges wRs‡Ki AvB‡mv‡Uvc Zn n‡jv ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mvevi| Dfq cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡m †gvU †cÖv‡Ub I wbDUª‡bi
30
msL¨v 64; wKš‘ Zv‡ì †cÖvUb msL¨v wfbœ| AvB‡mvevi cigvYyi †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK Dfq cÖKvi ag© wfbœ nq|
AvB‡mv‡Uvb ‡h me cigvYyi wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb _v‡K; wKš‘ †cÖvUb msL¨v I fi msL¨v wfbœ nq, Zv‡ì‡e ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mv‡Uvb
30 31 32
ejv nq| †hgb- Si, SP Ges S nj ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mv‡Uvb| KviY cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †ejvq wbDUªb msL¨v 16wU;
14 15 16
wKš‘ Zv‡ì fi msL¨v I †cÖvUb msL¨v Amgvb|
Page 9 of 59
AvB‡mvgvi ‡h me †hŠ‡Mi AvYweK ms‡KZ GKB wKš‘ MvVwbK ms‡KZ wfbœ Zv‡ì‡K AvB‡mvgvi e‡j| †hgb: Møy‡KvR, d« z‡±vR I
M¨vjv‡±v‡Ri AvYweK ms‡KZ (C6H12O6) GKB wKš‘ G‡ì MvVwbK ms‡KZ wfbœ| ZvB Giv ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mvgvi|
wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ

35
1. CI ‡gŠ‡ji wbDUªb msL¨v KZ? [40Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
17
K. 17 L. 18
M. 35 N. 70 DËi: L
2. ‡KvbwU †gŠwjK c`v_©? [33Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. †jvnv L. †eªvÄ
M. cvwb N. B¯úvZ DËi: K
3. Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M me‡P‡q †ewk cÖmvwiZ nq †Kvb c`v_©? [23Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. Zij c`v_© L. evqexq c`v_©
M. KwVb c`v_© N. big c`v_© DËi: L
4. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw³wU wVK? [12Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. evqy GKwU †hŠwMK c`v_©
L. evqy GKwU †gŠwjK c`v_©
M. evqy GKwU wgkÖ c`v_© DËi: M
N. evqy ej‡Z Aw·‡Rb I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb‡KB eySvq
5. wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvRb‡K wK ejv nq? [37Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. wdkb L. †gmb
M. wdDkb N. wdDkb I †gmb DËi: K
6. wewQbœ Ae¯’vq GKwU cigvYyi kw³ – [35Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. hy³ Ae¯’vi PvB‡Z Kg L. hy³ Ae¯’vq PvB‡Z AwaK
M. hy³ Ae¯’vi mgvb N. †Kv‡bvwUB mwVK bq DËi: L
7. wb‡¤œi †Kvb evK¨wU mZ¨ bq? [35Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. c`v‡_©i wbDwK¬qv‡m †cÖvUb I wbDUªb _v‡K
L. †cÖvUb abvZ¥K Avavbhy³
M. B‡jKUªb FYvZ¥K Avavbhy³
N. B‡jKUªb cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi wfZ‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i DËi: N
8. cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡m wK wK _v‡K? [34Zg, 23Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. wbDUªb I †cÖvUb L. B‡jKUªb I †cÖvUb
M. wbDUªb I cwRUªb N. B‡jKUªb I cwRUªb DËi: K
9. me©v‡cÿv nvjKv M¨vm –– [33Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. Aw·‡Rb L. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
M. i¨vWb N. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb DËi: L
10. AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK? [31Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. fi msL¨v mgvb _v‡K L. wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb _v‡K
M. †cÖvUb I wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb _v‡K N. †cÖvUb msL¨v mgvb _v‡K DËi: N
11. ‡h mKj wbDwK¬qv‡mi wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb wKš‘ fi msL¨v mgvb bq, Zv‡ì wK ejv nq? [29Zg, 22Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. AvB‡mv‡Uvc L. AvB‡mv‡Uvb
M. AvB‡mvgvi N. AvB‡mvevi DËi: L
12. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡m _v‡K bv? [27Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. meson L. neutron
M. proton N. electron DËi: K
13. cigvYy (Atom) PvR© wbi‡cÿ nq, KviY cigvYy‡Z –– [24Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. wbDUªb I †cÖvU‡bi msL¨v mgvb
L. †cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi IRb mgvb
M. wbDUªb I †cÖvUb wbDwK¬qv‡m _v‡K
N. B‡jKUªb I †cÖvU‡bi msL¨v mgvb DËi: N
14. wbDUªb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib – [22Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. wKDwi L. iv`vi‡dvW©
M. P¨vWDBK N. _gmb DËi: M
Page 10 of 59
15. ‡hme wbDwK¬qv‡mi †cÖvUb msL¨v mgvb wKš‘ fimsL¨v mgvb bq, Zv‡ì ejv nq-
[21Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. AvB‡mvevi L. AvB‡mv‡Uvc
M. AvB‡mv‡Uvb N. AvB‡mvgvi DËi: L
16. ‡gŠwjK c`v‡_©i ÿz`ªZg KYv hv ivmvqwbK cÖwµvq AskMÖnY K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq-
[17Zg, 11Zg wewmGm wcÖwj.]
K. cigvYy L. B‡jKUªb
M. AYy N. †cÖvUb DËi: K
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
 wPwb †kvab Ki‡Z eëüZ nq- cÖvwYR Kqjv|
 cxU Kqjvi êwkó¨ n‡jv- wfRv I big|
 KvV †cwÝ‡ji mxmiƒ‡c eëüZ nq- MÖvdvBU|
 cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvß me‡P‡q k³ c`v_© n‡jv- nxiK|
 ‡h †gŠ‡ji †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v me‡P‡q †ewk- Kve©b|
 Kve©b me‡P‡q †ewk _v‡K- A¨vb_ªvmvBU Kqjvq|
 Kve©b cigvYywenxb cÖvq mKj †hŠM- A‰Re †hŠM|
 MÖvdvBU †_‡K mxm ˆZwi Kiv nq- Kv`v wgwk‡q|
 B¯úv‡Z Kve©‡bi kKiv cwigvY KZ- 0.15-1.5%
 Avmj I bKj nxiv †Pbv hvq- G·-‡ii mvnv‡h¨|
 ï®‹ †Kv‡l B‡jKUªb `vb K‡i- Kve©b`Ð (MÖvdvBU)|
 nxiKP‚Y© eënvi Kiv nq- iO ˆZwi‡Z I KuvP KvUv‡Z|
 mvaviYZ WªvB‡m‡j avbvZ¥K cvZ wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq- Kve©b`Ð|
 A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ ïay wKQzUv K¨v‡U‡bkb †`Lv hvq- wmwjK‡b|
 cvigvYweK Pzwjø‡Z wbDUª‡bi MwZ n«v‡mi Rb¨ gš’iK wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq-MÖvdvBU|
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv-
K¨v‡U‡bkb ag© †`Lvq Kve©b|
Kqjvi g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv Kve©b
avZz wb®‹vk‡b eëüZ nq KvV Kqjv|
cxU Kqjvi êwkó n‡jv wfRv I big|
‰Re †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v n‡jv 20 jÿvwaK|
KvP KvU‡Z †hwU eëüZ nq nxiv|
gm„YKviK wn‡m‡e eëün nq MÖvdvBU|
AavZz n‡jI we`y¨r cwienb K‡i MÖvdvBU|
wewfbœ Gwm‡Wi eënvi (Uses of Various Acids)

bvBwUªK GwmW (HNO3) Gi eënvi:
 bvBwUªK GwmW †ewk eëüZ nq A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvB‡UªU mvi Drcv`‡b|
 K…wÎg is, †mjyj‡qW cÖf…wZ Drcv`‡b HNO3 eëüZ nq|
 cixÿvMv‡i weKviKiƒ‡c cÖPzi bvBwUªK GwmW eëüZ nq|
 ¯^Y©Kv‡ii †`vKv‡b ¯^Y© †_‡K Lv` `~i Ki‡Z HNO3 eëüZ nq|
 mvB‡K¬v‡n·vbj ˆZwi‡Z cÖvq 5% NO3 eëüZ nq|
 Kcvi, eªvm, †eªvÄ cÖf…wZ avZzi Ici wewfbœ bKkvi KvR Ki‡Z bvBwUªK GwmW eëüZ nq|
 wewfbœ we‡ùviK `ªe¨ †hgb- wU.Gb.wU (T.N.T), bvB‡UvwMømvwib QvovI cUvwmqvg bvB‡UªU, A¨v‡gwbqvg bvB‡UªU cÖf„wZ we‡ùviK
ˆZwii Kv‡R HNO3 eëüZ nq|
mvjwdDwiK GwmW (H2SO4) Gi eënvi:
 A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU I mycvi dm‡dU cÖf…wZ mvi Drcv`‡b|
 ‡c‡Uªvwjqvg we‡kva‡b|
 ‡iqb I Jlya wk‡í|
 e¨vUvwi ev we`y¨r †Kvl cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z|
 wewfbœ cÖKvi is I iÄb wk‡í|
 Zwor we‡kølY c×wZ‡Z Cu I Zn Drcv`‡b|
Page 11 of 59
 wMømvwib, UjyBb, †dbj cÖf…wZ ˆRe †hŠM †_‡K we‡ùviK cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z|
 HC1, HNO3 cÖf…wZ DØvqx GwmW cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z H2SO4 eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
K‡qKwU `ªe¨‡Yi PH:
 weï× cvwbi PH= 7
 i‡³i PH= 7.2 – 7.4
 gy‡Li jvj ev m¨vwjfv = 6.35 – 6.68
 gvZ…`y»= 6.60 – 6.90
 cÖ¯ªv= 4.80 – 7.50 (¯^vfvweK mvgvb¨ ÿvixq ev A¤øxq)
 ‡Pv‡Li cvwb = 4.80 – 7.50
 gvwU= 4 – 8
 ‡Kvb `ªe‡Yi PH = 7 n‡j †m `ªeYwU wbi‡cÿ ev cÖkwgZ `ªeY|
 R¦i n‡j PH K‡g hvq, KviY AevZ k^m‡bi d‡j j¨vKwUK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
 K…wl Rwg‡Z gvwUi PH Gi we¯Ívi K…wl Kv‡Ri Ae¯’v‡f‡` wewfbœ AÂ‡j 3–9.5 Gi g‡a¨ ivLv nq|
A¤ø, ÿviK I wb‡`©k‡Ki wewµqvi d‡j is cwieZ©b
wb‡`©k‡Ki bvg A¤øxq gva¨‡g eY© ÿvixq gva¨‡g eY© eY© cwieZ©‡bi
PHcwimi
‡d‡bvd_¨vwjb eY©nxb jvj‡P †e¸wb 8.3 – 10.0
_vBgj_¨vwjb eY©nxb bxj 8.3 – 10.5
wµmj †iW njy` jvj 7.2 – 8.8
†dbj †iW njy` jvj 6.8 – 8.4
‡eªv‡gv_vBgj eøy njy` bxj 6.0 – 7.6
wjUgvm jvj bxj 6.0 – 8.0
wg_vBj †iW jvj njy` 4.2 – 6.3
wg_vBj A‡iÄ jvj njy` 3.1 – 4.4
‡eªvgvwµmj MÖxb njy` bxj 3.8 – 5.4
GwmW, jeY I ÿvi msµvšÍ K‡qKwU ms‡KZ
bvg ms‡KZ bvg ms‡KZ
A¨vjywgwbqvg Al(OH)2 dmdwiK GwmW H3PO4
nvB‡WªvA·vBW
A·vwjb GwmW (HOOC- g¨vM‡bwmqvgnvB‡Wªv·vBW Mg(OH)2
COOH)
wmjfvi mvj‡dW Ag2SO4 ZuyZ CuSO4. 5H2O
wdUwKwi A12(SO4)3. gviwKDwiK mvj‡dU HgSO4
K2 SO4.
24H2O
bvBwUªK GwmW HNO3 ‡mvwmqvg Kve©‡bU Na2CO3
mvjwdDwiK GwmW H2SO4 cUvwmqvg w÷qv‡iU C17H35COO
K
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW HC1 ‡mvwWqvg w÷qv‡iU C17H35COON
a
GwmwUK GwmW CH3COOH ‡mvwWqvg evB Kve©‡bU NaHCO3
wjw_qvg nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK LiOH A¨v‡gwbqvg nvB‡WªvA·vBW NH4OH
K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW Ca(OH)2 wRs Kv‡e©v‡bU ZnCO3
cUvwmqvg nvB‡WªvA·vBW KOH diwgK GwmW H-COOH
‡mvwWqvg nvB‡WªvA·vBW NaOH ‡ewKs †mvWv NaHCO3
K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU CaCO3 Kve© w jK GwmW CH3COH
wmjfvi ‡K¬vivBW AgC1 ‡mvwWqvg †UUªvAv·vBW Na2O3
wmjfvi mvj‡dU Ag2SO4 K¨vjwmqvg g‡bv·vBW (Pzb) CaO
‡mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW NaC1 cvi‡K¬vwiK GwmW HC1O4
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
 AwaKvsk jeY `ªeYxq- cvwb‡Z|
Page 12 of 59
 Zuy‡Z ev wdUwKwi n‡jv- GK ai‡bi jeY|
 Lvevi †mvWv Drcbœ Kiv nq- cÖkgb wewµqvq|
 mvaviY jeY ev †Uwej më bv‡g cwiwPwZ-NaC1|
 GwmW I ÿvi‡Ki wewµqvq Drcbœ wbi‡cÿ c`v_© n‡jv-jeY|
 ‡Uw÷s më Gi ivmvqwbK bvg n‡jv- g‡bv‡mvwWqvg MøyUv‡gU|
 GwmW I ÿvi †h wewµqvq jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i- cÖkgb wewµqvq|
 Lvevi †mvWvi ms‡KZ n‡jv- †mvwWqvg evB Kve©‡bU (NaHCO3)|
 ‡hme jeY cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq bv- K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU (CaCO3), wmjfvi mvj‡dU (Ag2SO4)|
 Avgiv Kvco KvPvq †h mvevb eënvi Kwi- †mvwWqvg w÷qv‡iU (C17H35COOK)|
 wkí KviLvbvq cÖfveK wn‡m‡e eëüZ †ek wKQz jeY n‡jv- Zuy‡Z, gviwKDwiK mvj‡dU (HgSO4), wmjfvi mvj‡dU (Ag2SO4)|
 Kvco KvPv †mvWvi ms‡KZ n‡jv- †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU (Na2CO3. 10H2O)|
 ‡ZRw¯Œq ÿ‡qi m~Î Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- iv`vi‡dvW© I mwW|
 ‡h c`v‡_©i cigvYyi g‡a¨ wbDwK¬qvm A¯’vqx nq- †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i|
 RvZK n‡jv- †ZRw¯Œq ÿ‡q iƒcvšÍwiZ cigvYy|
 GwmW e„wó nq evZv‡m †h M¨v‡mi Avwa‡Kï Kvi‡Y- mvjdvi WvB A·vBW|
 ‡jvnvi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i eqjv‡ii ÿq K‡i- nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW|
 Li cvwbi g¨vM‡bwmqvg ‡K¬vivBW Gi cvwb we‡køl‡Yi d‡j Drcbœ nq- nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW|
wewfbœ ai‡bi mvevb:
K¨v‡U‡bkb ag© †`Lvq jwÛª mvev‡bi g~j Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv- Pwe©, Kvw÷K †mvWv I iÄK| G‡Z Dw™¢R †Zj,
(Laundary Soap) myMwÜ, RxevYybvkK _v‡K|
Uq‡jU mvevb Uq‡jU mvevb ev cÖmvabx n‡”Q †Mvm‡ji Rb¨ eëüZ mvevb| Gi Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv-
(Toilet Soap) Dw™¢R †Zj, myMwÜ I RxevYybvkK c`v_©|
‡kwfs mvevb Gi cÖ`vb Dcv`vb n‡jv Kvw÷K cUvk| G‡K †kwfs wµgI ejv nq| G mvev‡bi
(Shaving Soap) †dbv `xN©¯’vqx nq|
†KK mvevb ev evi mvevb ‡KK mvev‡bi Aci bvg wW¤^vK…wZ ev †Mvj ej mvgvb| G‡K Avevi Ifvj mvevbI
(Cake Soap) ejv nq|
Z_¨ cÖevn
 Pvgov big Ki‡Z eëüZ nq- mvevb|
 Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡ii g~j Dcv`vb- Kvw÷K †mvWv|
 U¨v‡jøv A¨vj‡Kvnj †h ai‡bi c`v_©- Zij|
 Ry‡qjvwi cvwj‡ki Kv‡R eëüZ nq- mvevb|
 mvevb †dbv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv- Licvwb‡Z|
 mvevb‡K ï®‹ I k³ K‡i- †mvwWqvg wmwj‡KU|
 ‡WU‡ji cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv- UªvB‡K¬v‡iv‡dbj|
 mvevb big nq- Pwe©i mv‡_ Kvw÷K cUvk _vKvq|
 dzUšÍ mvev‡b je‡Yi cvwb Xvjv‡K ejv nq- †MÖBwbs|
 Li cvwb‡Z KvR K‡i I DËg †dbv †`q- wWUvi‡R›U|
 wdUwKwii ms‡KZ n‡jv- Al2(SO4)3. K2SO4. 24H2O|
 Kw÷K †mvWvi ivmvqwbK bvg n‡jv- ‡mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW (NaOH)|
 Kvco KuvPvi †mvWvi ivmvqwbK bvg- Av`ª© †mvwWqvg Kve©‡›U (Na2CO3, 10 H2O).|
 mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z avZe je‡Yi cwigvb n‡jv- 3.6% (Gi g‡a¨ †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW 2.63%)|
 ‡h wgkÖ‡Y m¤ú„³ d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi wMømvivBW AwaK _v‡K, hvi Mjbv¼ 20 ‡m. †ewk Zv‡K e‡j- Pwe©|
 ‡h wMømvivBW wgkÖ‡Y Am¤ú„³Zvi AbycvZ AwaK _v‡K, hvi Mjbv¼ 20 ‡m. Gi wb‡P Zv‡K e‡j- ‡Zj|
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv:
‡Zj ev Pwe© n‡jv GK ai‡bi G÷vi Miæi Pwe©‡K ejv nq U¨v‡jøv
mvevb‡K ï®‹ K‡i ‡mvwWqvg wmwj‡KU ‡mvWv IqvUvi n‡jv CO2+ cvwb
wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© RviK I weRvi‡Ki D`vniY

RviK weRviK
Page 13 of 59
cUvwmqvg cvig¨v½v‡b KmnO4 ‡mvwWqvg A·v‡jU Na2C2O4
cUvwmqvg WvB‡µv‡gU K2Cr2O7 ‡mvwWqvg A·v‡jU Na2C2O4
Kcvi mvj‡dU CuSO4 cUvwmqvg Av‡qvWvBW Kl
‡dwiK †K¬vivBW, FeCl3 A·vwjK GwmW, H2C2O4
‡K¬vwib Cl2 mvjdvi WvB-A·vBW, SO2
‡eªvwgb- Br2 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvBW H2S
Avi GKUz...
 Na+Gi RviY msL¨v- (+1)|
 Cl- Gi RviY msL¨v- (-1)|
 Ca++ Gi RviY msL¨v- (+2)|
 K, N2, P4 BZ¨vwì RviY msL¨v- k~b¨|
 RviY I weRviY wewµqv- GKB mv‡_ P‡j|
 ¯^vfvweK gy³ Ae¯’vq †gŠ‡ji RviY msL¨v- k~b¨|
 cøvw÷K †K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- Av‡jKRvÛvi cvK©m|
 GK cigvYy wewkó †gŠ‡ji RviY msL¨v- Zv‡ì Pv‡R©i mgvb|
 weRviKmg~n †Kvb c`v_©‡K RvwiZ Kivi mgq- wb‡R RvwiZ nq|
 RviKmg~n Ab¨vb¨ c`v_©‡K RvwiZ Kivi mgq- wb‡R weRvwiZ nq|
 Avq‡b Dcw¯’Z me KqwU cigvYyi RviY msL¨vi †hvMdj- Avq‡bi Pv‡R©i mvgb|
 ‡h mKj c`v_© wewµqvi mgq Ab¨ c`v‡_©i mwnZ Aw·‡R‡bi ms‡hvM NUvq Zv‡K ejv nq- RviK c`v_©|
 ‡h mKj c`v_© wewµqvi mgq Ab¨ c`v_© n‡Z Aw·‡Rb wegy³ K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq- weRviK c`v_©|
 ‡h mKj c`v_© wewµqvi mgq Ab¨ c`v‡_©i mwnZ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb hy³ K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq- weRviK c`v_©|
wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ
01. ‡mvwWqvg Gwm‡U‡Ui ms‡KZ ? [40Zg wewmGm]

K.CH2COONa L.(CH3COO)2Ca
M.CH3COONa N.CHCOONa DËi: M
02. A¨v‡bv‡W †Kvb wewµqv m¤úbœ nq? [40Zg wewmGm]
K.RviY L.weRviY
M. cÖkgb N.cvwb‡hvRb DËi: K
03. ‡Kv‡bv M¨vmwU ÔWªvB AvBmÕ ˆZwi‡Z eënvi Kiv nq? [38Zg wewmGm]
K. Aw·‡Rb L. Kve©b WvB-A·vBW
M. mvjdvi WvB-A·vBW N. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb WvB-A·vBW DËi: L
04. nxiK D¾¡j †`Lvi KviY? [31Zg wewmGm]
K.c~Y©Af¨šÍixbcÖwZdj‡bi Rb¨ L.cÖwZmi‡Yi Rb¨
M.cÖwZdj‡bi Rb¨ N. AceZ©‡bi Rb¨ DËi: K
05. ï¼ eid ejv nq? [26Zg wewmGm]
K. wngvwqZ Aw·‡Rb‡K L. wngvwqZ Kve©b g‡bv·vBW‡K
M.wngvwqZ Aw·‡Rb‡K N.K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW‡K DËi: M
06. cÖK„wZ‡Z me‡P‡X k³ c`v_© †KvbwU? [23Zg wewmGm]
K.wcZj L. nxiv
M.B¯úvZ N. MÖvbvBU DËi: L
07. ÔWªvB AvBmÕ n‡jv? [21Zg wewmGm]
K.KwVb Ae¯’vq Kve©b WvB-A·vBW
L.KwVb Ae¯’vq mvjdvi WvB-A·vBW
M.k~b¨ wWMªx †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P eid
N. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cviA·vB‡Wi KwVb Ae¯’v DËi: K
08. PHn‡jv ? [35Zg wewmGm]
K.GwmW wb‡`©kK L.GwmW Iÿvi wb‡`©kK
M. ÿvi wb‡`©kK
N. GwmW, ÿvi Iwbi‡cÿZv wb‡`©kK DËi: N
09. Mvwoi e¨vUvwi‡Z †Kvb GwmW eëüZ nq? [34Zg wewmGm]
Page 14 of 59
K.bvBwUªK L.mvjwdDwiK
M.nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK N. cvi‡K¬vwiK DËi: L
10. ¯^‡Y©i Lv` †ei Ki‡Z †Kvb A¨vwmW eënvi Kiv nq? [32Zg wewmGm]
K.mvBwUªK A¨vwmW L.bvBwUªK A¨vwmW
M. nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK A¨vwmW N. UviUvwiK A¨vwmW DËi: L
11. K„wl Rwg‡Z cÖavbZ Pzb eënvi Kiv nq? [31Zg wewmGm]
K.gvwUi ÿq †iv‡ai Rb¨ L. gvwUi A¤øZv e„w×i Rb¨
M.gvwUi A¤øZv n«v‡mi Rb¨ N. gvwUi ‰Rec`v_© e„w×i Rb¨ DËi: M
12. A¨vjywgwbqvg mvj‡dU †K PjwZ evsjvq Kx e‡j? [30Zg wewmGm]
K.wdUwKwi L. Pzb
M.‡mwfs †mvc N. Kw÷K †mvWv DËi: K
13. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ÿviKxq A·vBW? [29Zg wewmGm]
K.P4O10 L. MgO
M.CO N.Zno DËi: L
14. ‡KvbwU cvwb‡Z `ªexf’Z nq bv? [28Zg wewmGm]
K.wMømvwib L. wdUwKwi
M. K¨vjwmqvg †KøvivBW N.K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU DËi: N
15. ‡Uw÷s më-Gi ivmvqwbK bvg wK? [23Zg wewmGm]
K.‡mvwWqvg evBKve©‡bU L †mvwWqvg MøyUv‡gU
M. cUvwkqvg evBKv‡e©v‡bU N. g‡bv‡mvwWqvg MøyUv‡gU DËi: N
16. RxeRM‡Zi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ÿwZei iwk¥ †KvbwU? [28Zg wewmGm]
K.AvjUªv-fv‡qv‡jU iwk¥ L.Avjdv iwk¥
M. weUv iwk¥ N.Mvgv iwk¥ DËi: N
17. †KvbwU †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© bq? [26Zg wewmGm]
K.‡jŠn L.BD‡iwbqvg
M. cøy‡Uvwbqvg N.‡bcPzwbqvg DËi: M
18. Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwb `n‡bi d‡j evqygÛ‡ji †h wMÖb nvDm M¨v‡mi cwigvb me PvB‡Z e„w× cv‡”Q? [26Zg wewmGm]
K.Rjxq ev®ú L.K¬v‡iv‡dviv Kve©b
M.Kve©b WvD-A·vBW N.wg‡_b DËi: M
19. Mvgv iwk¥i PvR© †KvbwU? [25Zg wewmGm]
K.abvZ¥K L. FYvZ¥K
M.PvR© wbi‡cÿ N.abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K DËi: K
20. wMÖb nvDR cÖwZwµq GB †`‡ki Rb¨ fqven Avk¼vi Kvib nIq `vuo‡q‡Q Gi d‡j ? [22Zg wewmGm]
K.mgy`ªZ‡ji D”PZv †e‡o †h‡Z cv‡i
L. e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY K‡g †q‡Z cv‡i
M. b`-b`xi cvwb K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i
N. I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii ÿwZ bvI n‡Z cv‡i DËi: M
21. evqy gÛ‡ji I‡Rvb¯Íi Aeÿ‡q †Kvb M¨vmwUi f~wgKv m‡eŸ©v”&P ? [21Zg wewmGm]
K.Kve© WvB-A·vBW L. Rjxq ev®ú
M.‡K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b N. bvBwUªK A·vBU DËi: K
22. I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii dvU‡ji Rb¨ gyL¨Z `vqx †Kvb M¨vm? [19Zg wewmGm]
K.‡K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b L.Kve©b g‡bv·vBW
M. I‡Rvb¯Íi dy‡Uv m„yó K‡i N. `vn¨ e‡j AwMœKv‡Ûi NUvq DËi: M
23. wbZ¨ eënvq© eû ÔG‡iv‡mv‡jiÕ †KŠUvq GLb †jLv _v‡K ÔwmGdwmr wenxb| wmGdwm M¨vm †Kb ÿwZKviK? [15Zg
wewmGm]
K.dzmdz‡m †ivM m„wó K‡i
L. wMÖb nvDR B‡d‡± Ae`vb
M.I‡Rvb¯Í‡i dz‡Uv m„wó K‡i
N. `vn¨ e‡j AwMœ Kv‡Ûi m¤¢vebv NUvq DËi: K
24. ‡KvbwU RviK c`v_© bq? [37Zg wewmGm]
K.nvB‡Wªv‡Rb L.Aw·‡Rb
M. †K¬vwib N.‡eªvwgb DËi: K
25. ‡jvnv‡K M¨vbvfvbvBwRs Ki‡Z eëüZ nq? [33Zg wewmGm]
Page 15 of 59
K.Zvgv L.`¯Ív
M.i„cv N.Gjywgwbqvg DËi: L
Zvc I ZvcMwZ we`¨v

K¨vjwiwgUvi Zvc cwigv‡ci Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
cvi` _v‡g©vwgUvi kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
cvB‡i‡nwjI hvi mvnv‡h¨ 6000C ch©šÍ ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kiv hvq|
_v‡g©vd¬v¯‹ Mig wRwbm‡K Mig I VvÐv wRwbm VvÐv ivLvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
cvB‡ivwgUvi D”P ZvcgvÎv cwigvc I ZviKvmg~‡ni ZvcgvÎv wbY©‡q eëüZ nq|
nvB‡MÖvwgUvi Av‡cwÿK Av`ª©Zv gvcvi hš¿|
wnc‡mvwgUvi cvi` _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii EaŸ© w¯’iv¼ gvcvi hš¿|
wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z Zv‡ci GKK:
 SI c×wZ‡Z Zv‡ci GKK- Ryj|
 CGS c×wZ‡Z Zv‡ci GKK- K¨vjwi|
 1 K¨vjwi Zvc m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c hvwš¿K kw³‡Z cwiYZ n‡j-4.2 Ryj KvR cvIqv hvq|
ZvcgvÎvi wewfbœ †¯‹j
‡¯‹‡ji bvg ms‡KZ wb¤œ w¯’iv¼ DaŸ© w¯’iv¼ ‡gŠwjK `~iZ¡
‡mw›U‡MÖW C 0 100 100
dv‡ibnvBU F 32 212 180
‡Kjwfb K 273 373 80
‡ivgvi R 0 80 80
 cig k~b¨ ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb n‡jv- k~b¨|
 ZvcgvÎvi SI GKK n‡jv- †Kjwfb (k)|
 ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci h‡š¿i bvg- _v‡g©vwgUvi|
 98.4F ‡K ‡mjwmqvm †¯‹‡j wb‡j nq- 36.9‡m.|
 ZviKvmg~‡ni ZvcgvÎv wbY©‡q eëüZ nq- cvB‡ivwgUvi|
 ZvcgvÎvi †Kjwfb †¯‹‡j me‡P‡q VvÐv nq- k~b¨ wWwMÖ‡Z|
 m~h© c„‡ôi ZvcgvÎv n‡jv-5700-6000wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW|
 ZvcgvÎvi †h †¯‹‡j k~b¨ wWwMÖ me‡P‡q †ewk VvÐv- †Kjwfb †¯‹‡j|
 dv‡ibnvBU I †mw›U‡MÖW †¯‹‡j GKB cvV †`q †h ZvcgvÎvq- (-40)|
 Mig wRwbm‡K Mig I VvÐv wRwbm VvÐv ivLvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq- _v‡g©vd¬v¯‹|
 GKwU e× N‡i Pvjy wd«‡Ri ìRv Ly‡j ivL‡j N‡ii ZvcgvÎv- AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
 me‡P‡q D”P ZvcgvÎv gvcv hvq †h _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii gva¨‡g-wewKiY _v‡g©vwgUvi|
 nvwi‡K‡bi Mig wPgwbi Dci VvÐv cvwb co‡j Zv ‡d‡U hvIqvi KviY n‡jv- Kv‡Pi wKQz As‡k Amg AvqZb ms‡KvP‡bi Rb¨|
wewfbœ NUbvi KviY
NUbv KviY
Kv‡jv e¯‘i Zvc †kvlY ÿgZv AwaK nq ivbœvi Rb¨ bZzb PKP‡K A‡cÿv cyiv‡bv KvwjgvLv cvÎ AwaK
Dc‡hvMx nIqvi Kvi‡Y|
Mi‡gi w`‡b mv`v I kx‡Zi w`‡b iwOb †cvkvK Avivg`vqK nq mv`v is Zvc wewKi‡Yi DËg cÖwZdjK Ges iwOb is Zvc
†kvlK †ewk nIqvi Kvi‡Y|
‡gN gy³ A‡cÿv †gNv”Qbœ iv‡Z Mig †ewk †eva nq †gNv”Qbœ iv‡Z Rjxq ev®ú Zvc A¯^”Q c`v‡_©i g‡Zv AvPiY K‡i
e‡j|
Mi‡gi w`‡b KzKzi wRnŸv †ei K‡i iv‡L wRnŸvi cvwb ev®úxf‚Z n‡q kxZjZvi mÂvi K‡i e‡j|
mvgyw`ªK Øxç‡jv‡Z miv eQi ZvcgvÎvi †ewk cwieZ©b nq bv cvwbi Av‡cwÿK Zvc †ewk e‡j|
‰e`y¨wZK cvLv Pvjv‡j Avgiv VvÐv Abyfe Kwi| kixi †_‡K ev®úxfe‡bi nvi evwo‡q †`q ê`y¨wZK cvLvi
evZvm|
gvwUi cv‡Î cvwb VvÐv _vKvi KviY gvwUi cvÎ cvwbi ev®úxfe‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i e‡j|
Page 16 of 59
MÖx®§Kv‡j Kv‡jv Kvco cwiavb Kiv DwPr bq Kv‡jv Kvco †ewk Zvc †kvlY K‡i|
MÖx®§Kv‡j mv`v Kvco cwiavb Kiv DwPr mv`v Kvco LyeB Kg cwigvY Zvc †kvlY K‡i|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 Pv ZvovZvwo VvÐv nq- Kv‡jv is Gi Kv‡c|
 Pv †ewkÿY Mig _v‡K- mv`v is Gi Kv‡c|
 MÖx®§Kv‡j †h i‡Oi Rvgv †ewk Avivg`vqK- mv`v|
 ‡iv‡` ùvov‡bvi d‡j kixi Mig nq Kx Rb¨- wewKiY|
 k~b¨ gva¨‡g Zvc mÂvwjZ nq †Kvb c×wZ‡Z- wewKiY|
 m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Zvc Av‡m †h c×wZ‡Z- wewKiY c×wZ‡Z|
 ¯’jfvM A‡cÿv mgy`ª ax‡i ax‡i DËß nq KviY- cvwbi Av‡cwÿK Zvc †ewk e‡j|
 kxZKv‡j kix‡i Kuvcywb nq KviY- kix‡ii Zv‡ci †P‡q evwn‡ii Zvc Kg e‡j|
 UªvwdK cywjk mvaviYZ mv`v QvZv I mv`v Rvgv eënvi K‡i- Zvc wewKiY †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨|
 QvZvi Kvco Kv‡jv nIqvi KviY- e¯‘i Zvc †kvlY I wewKiY Kviv ÿgZv †ewk e‡j|
 KuvP‡K nVvr DËß Ki‡j †d‡U hvq wKš‘ avZz dv‡U bv KviY- KuvP Zvc Kzcwievnx|
 ZvcgvÎv e„w×i mv‡_ e¯‘i is cwieZ©b nq KviY- wewKi‡Yi Zi½ ˆ`‡N©ï cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨|
Lye cÖ‡qvRb...
 Pvc Kg‡j Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼- K‡g|
 Pvc evo‡j Z‡ji ùzUbv¼- ev‡o|
 ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c cvwbi ùzUbv¼- 100C|
 Gfv‡i÷ ce©‡Zi P‚ovq cvwbi ùzUbv¼-70C|
 dv‡ibnvBU †¯‹‡j cvwbi ùzUbv¼ g~jZ aiv nq- 212|
 760 wg. wg. Pvc ev 76 †m.wg. Pvc‡K ejv nq- cÖgvY Pvc|
 ‡h e¯‘i AYy¸‡jvi MwZ kw³ e„w× †c‡j ZvcgvÎv-e„w× cvq|
 cvnv‡oi P‚ovq cvwbi ùzUbv¼ K‡g hvIqvi KviY- evqyi Pvc Kg|
 ‡gN c„w_exi c„ô †_‡K weKxY© Zvc‡K Ic‡i †h‡Z evav †`q e‡j-AvKv‡k †gN _vK‡j †ewk Mig jv‡M|
 1 MÖvg cvwbi ZvcgvÎv 1 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm e„w×i Rb¨ †h Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K ejv nq- 1 K¨vjwi|
 `ywU N‡ii ZvcgvÎv mgvb wKš‘ Av‡cwÿK Av`ª©Zv h_vµ‡g 60% I 70% n‡j Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e Avivg`vqK n‡e- cÖ_g NiwU
 ‡cÖmvi KzKv‡i ivbœv ZvovZvwo nq, KviY- wb‡Pi cvwb KLbI RgvU ev‡a bv|
 GKLÐ cv_i‡K DËß Ki‡j †d‡U hvIqvi KviY- †fZ‡ii Ask †_‡K evwn‡ii AveiY †ewk DËß I cÖmvwiZ nq e‡j|
 wfRv Kvco Mv‡q †Ìqv ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ ÿwZKi KviY- Kvc‡oi cvwb ev®úxfe‡bi mgq kixi n‡Z Zvc MÖnY K‡i|
Av‡jvi wewfbœ GKK
Av‡jvi cÖev‡ni GKK jy‡gb ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZvi GKK WvqvÞvi (D)
MÖn-bÿ‡Îi `~iZ¡ gvcvi GKK Av‡jvKel© Av‡jv‡Ki †e‡Mi GKK wgUvi/‡m.
Av‡jvK m¤úwK©Z h‡š¿i Avwe®‹vi I Avwe®‹viK
Avwe®‹vi Avwe®‹viK mvj
‡hŠwMK AbyexÿY hš¿ I M¨vwjwjI hbÎ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib M¨vwjwjI (BZvwj) 1610
b‡fv `~iexÿY hš¿ ‡Kcjvi (WbgvK©) 1611
`~iexÿY hš¿ nvi‡mj (weª‡Ub) 1663
cÖwZdjK `~iexÿY hš¿ ‡MÖMix (weª‡Ub) 1663
AvaywbK cÖwZdjK `~iexÿY hš¿ m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDUb (weª‡Ub) 1668
GB‡Zv †k‡li w`‡K...
 Av‡jv g~jZ- ZvwoZ Zi½|
 AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥ †h_v n‡Z Av‡m- m~h©|
 me ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i †eMg k~‡bï g‡a¨- GKB|
 cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û Av‡jvi MwZ- 1,86,000 gvBj|
 ‡eZv‡i †h Zi½ eënvi nq- wgwWqvg ev kU©I‡qf|
 Avgiv †h Av‡jv‡Z †`wL †mwU n‡jv- `„k¨gvb Av‡jv|
 me ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Zi‡½i †eM Av‡jvi †e‡Mi- mgvb|
 ‡jRvi iwk¥ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- gvBg¨vb (1960 mv‡j)|
Page 17 of 59
 me‡P‡q e„nr Zi½ ˆ`‡N©ï wewKiY n‡”Q- †eZvi Zi½|
 ‡Uwjwfk‡b Kx ai‡bi Zi½ eënvi Kiv nq- gvB‡µvI‡qe|
 evqy‡Z ev k~b¨¯’v‡b cÖwZ †m‡KÛ Av‡jvi MwZ- 3 × 108 wgUvi|
 ‡h ai‡bi Av‡jvKiwk¥i Zi½‰`N©¨ me‡P‡q †ewk- gvB‡µvI‡qe|
 d‡Uv B‡jKwUªK †Kv‡li Dci Av‡jvK co‡j Drcbœ nq- we`y¨r|
 me©cÖ_g Av‡jvi †eM wbY©q K‡ib- weÁvbx wd‡Rv (1849 mv‡j)|
 ivWvi I wUwf‡Z †h Zwor †PŠ¤^K Zi½ eënvi nq- wd«Kz‡qwÝ gWz‡jkb K‡i|
 G·‡i †h Kv‡R eëüZ nq- fv½v nvo I wUDgv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ wbY©‡q|
 Mvgv iwk¥i kw³ `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi †P‡q- 50,000 ¸Y †ewk kw³ m¤úbœ|
 ‡h Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ Rvbv hvq †h k~b¨ ¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eMg me‡P‡q †ewk- Zi½ ZË¡|
 wec` ms‡K‡Z jvj Av‡jv eëüZ nq KviY- jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me©vwaK ZvB `~i †_‡K †ewk †`Lv hvq|
 Av‡jvi †P‡q k‡ãi MwZ‡eM- Kg
 Av‡jvi Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM m‡e©v”P- k~b¨¯’v‡b
 kU© I‡q‡fi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨- (10-100 m)
 ZvwoZ †PŠ¤^K Zi½¸‡jv n‡jv- Zvc Zi½
 ‡h Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q †ewk- jvj
 ‡h Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg- †e¸wb
 Av‡jv‡Ki †eM nxiK A‡cÿv ‡ewk nq- Kuv‡P|
Z_¨ cÖevn...
 k~b¨¯’v‡b †dvUb P‡j- Av‡jvi `ªæwZ‡Z|
 ‡KvdUb‡K †h wPý Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq-𝛾|
 ‡Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i Aci bvg n‡jv- †dvUb ZË¡|
 ‡dvUb m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`b- g¨v· cø¨v¼ (1900)|
 ‡dvU‡bi wbðj fi/w¯’wZfi (rest mass)- k~b¨|
 ‡dvUb n‡jv- Zwor wbi‡cÿ A_©vr Gi †Kv‡bv PvR© †bB|
 Zwor †PŠ¤^K e‡ji kw³ mieivnKvix g~j KwYKv n‡jv- †dvUb|
 ‡dvU‡bi AvaywbK aviYv ax‡i ax‡i Dbœqb- AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb|
 GKwU †dvU‡bi kw³- E = h(h cø¨v‡¼i aªæeK, = ‡dvU‡bi K¤úv¼)|
 Av‡jvK Zwor wµqv e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ AvBb÷vBb †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb- 1921 mv‡j|
 wn‡Mi KYvi cÖZxK n‡jv- H|
 wnMm †evmb KYv Avwe®‹…Z nq- 4 RyjvB, 2012 mv‡j|
 c„w_exi me©e„nr M‡elYvMvi n‡jv- jvR© nvWªb KjvBWi|
 Ckî KYvi mÜv‡b eëüZ M‡elYvMviwU n‡jv- jvR© n¨vWªb KjvBWi|
 CERN Gi c~Y©iƒc- European Organization for Neclear Reserch|
 Ckî KYv Avwe®‹v‡ii †NvlYv †`q- BD‡iv‡ci cÖfvekvjx weÁvb ms¯’v (CERN)|
 wnMm-‡evmb KYvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`qvi Rb¨ 2013 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb-wcUvi WweøD wnMm I d«uv‡mvqv BsjvU©|
 m¤úªwZ evsjv‡`‡ki †h weÁvbx Ckî KYv m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`b- †mwjg kvnwiqvi I `xcK|
Av‡jvK hš¿cvwZ (Light Apparatus)
b‡fvexÿY hš¿ G hš¿wU AvKvk Z_v P›`ª, m~h©, MÖn, bÿÎ cÖf…wZ b‡fvgÐjxq e¯‘i ch©‡eÿY Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| 1611 mv‡j
me©cÖ_g G hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †Wbgv‡K©i weL¨vZ †R¨vwZwe©` †Kcjvi|
f~-`~iexÿY hš¿ f~-`~iexÿY hš¿ n‡jv hvi mvnv‡h¨ f‚-c„‡ôi ev Zvi KvQvKvwQ `~ieZ©x e¯‘ †`Lv hvq|
M¨vwjjxq 1609 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI ¯^vaxbfv‡e Ges DbœZ ai‡bi `~iexÿY hš¿ wbg©vY I GB hš¿‡K ‡R¨vwZwe©`¨vq mv_©Kfv‡e
`~iexÿY hš¿ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
 ¯úó `k©‡bi `~iZ¡ n‡jv- Amxg|
 Av‡jvK wPÎMÖvnx †cøU ˆZwi nq- †mjyj‡qW Øviv|
 bKzjvÜZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ nq- UwiK †jÝ|
 gvbe gw¯Í‡®‹ `k©bvbyf‚wZi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj- 0.1 †m‡KÛ|
 mvaviYZ Pwjøk eQ‡i m„ó †Pv‡Li ÎæwU‡K e‡j- Pvj‡k|
 ‡Pv‡Li cvZvi mv‡_ K¨v‡givi †h As‡ki wgj i‡q‡Q- mvUvi|
Page 18 of 59
 Pvj‡k `~i Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ nq- wØ-‡dvKvm (Bi-focal) †jÝ|
 K¨v‡givi †j‡Ýi c`©vi wcQ‡b †h AveiY _v‡K- wmwRqvg bvgK c`v‡_©i|
 ‡Kvb e¯‘ n‡Z Av‡jvKiwk¥ †Pv‡Li †jÝ Øviv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q we¤^ MVb K‡i- †iwUbvq|
 Wz‡evRvnvR n‡Z cvwbi Dci †Kvb e¯‘ †`Lvi Rb¨ †h Av‡jvK hš¿ eënvi Kiv nq- †cwi‡¯‹vc|
 K¨v‡givi wdj¥ hv w`‡q ˆZwi nq- wmjfvi †eªvgvBW (AgBr) I wmjfvi Av‡qvWvBW (AgI)|
wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ
01. ‡Kv‡bv KwVb c`v_© weï× bvwK Aweï× Zv wK‡mi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv hvq?
[40Zg wewmGm]
K.Nbxfeb L.ev®úxfeb
M. Mjbv¼ N.ùzUbv¼ DËi: M
02. Zvc BwÄ‡bi KvR ? [37Zg wewmGm]
K.hvwš¿Kkw³‡K Zvckw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi
L. Zvckw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi
M.we`y¨rkw³‡Khvwš¿Kkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi
N.Zvckw³‡K hvwš¿Kkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi DËi: L
03. AvKv‡k isaby m„wói KviY? [37Zg wewmGm]
K.aywjKvYv L. evqy¯Íi
M. e„wói KYv N. AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ DËi: M
04. ‡Kvb is †ewk `~i †_‡K †`Lv hvq? [36Zg wewmGm]
K.mv`v L.Kv‡jv
M. njy` N. jvj DËi: N
05. Ng©v³ †`‡n cvLvi evZvm Avivg †`q †Kb? [35Zg wewmGm]
K.cv‡qi Nvg †ei n‡Z †`q bv
L.ev®úvqb kxZjZvi m„wó K‡i
M.cvLvi evZvm kxZj Rjxqevó avib K‡i
N.cvLvi evZvm mivmwi †jvgK…c w`‡q kix‡i Xz‡K hvq DËi: L
06. GK MÖvg cvwbi ZvcgvÎv 20 n‡Z 30 †mjwmqv‡m e„w×i R‡b¨ KZ Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. 10 K¨vjwi L. 2 K¨vjwi
M.3 K¨vjwi N. 4 K¨vjwi DËi: K
07. ‡Kvb BwÄ‡b Kve©y‡iUi _v‡K? [27Zg wewmGm]
K.‡c‡Uªvj BwÄ‡b L. wW‡Rj BwÄ‡b
M. i‡KU Bwn&P‡b N. wegvb BwÄ‡b DËi: K
08. ‡cÖmvi KyKv‡i cvwbi ùzUbv¼? [25Zg wewmGm]
K.Kg nq L. †ewk nq
M.wVK _v‡K N. †KvbwU bq DËi: L
09. cvnv‡oi Dci ivbœv Ki‡Z †ewk mgq jv‡M †Kb? [24Zg wewmGm]
K.evqyi Pvc †ewk _vKvi Kvi‡Y
L.evqyi Pvc Kg _vKvi Kvi‡Y
M.cvnv‡oi Dci evZvm Kg _vKvq
N. cvnv‡oi Dci ZvcgvÎv †ewk _v‡K DËi: L
10. dv‡ibnvBU I †mjwmqv‡mi †¯‹‡j KZ wWwMÖ ZvcgvÎvq mgvb ZvcgvÎv wb‡`©k K‡i? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. 0 L. 100
M. 4 N. -40 DËi: N
11. gvwUi cv‡Îi cvwb VvÛv _v‡K †Kb? [23Zg wewmGm]
K.gvwUi cvÎ cvwb †_‡K Zvc †kvlY K‡i
L.gvwUi cvÎ fv‡jv Zvc cwievnx
M.gvwUi cvÎ cvwbi ev®úxfe‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i
N. gvwUi cvÎ Zvc Kzcwievnx DËi: M
12. AvKvk †gNjv _vK‡j Mig †ewk jv‡M †Kb? [23Zg wewmGm]
K.‡gN DËg Zvc cwievnK
L.m~h©v‡jv‡Ki AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥i cÖfv‡e †gN Zvc Drcbœ K‡i
Page 19 of 59
M. eRªcv‡Zi d‡j Zvc Drcbœ nq e‡j
N. †gN c„w_ex c„ô †_‡K weKxY© Zvc‡K Ic‡i ‡h‡Z evav ‡`q e‡j DËi: N
13. ‡Kvb i‡si Kv‡c Pv ZvovZvwZo VvÛv nq? [14Zg wewmGm]
K.mv`v L. Kv‡jv
M. jvj N. a~mi DËi: L
14. ce©‡Zi P~ovq Av‡ivnY Ki‡j bvK w`‡q e³ cvZ n‡Z cv‡i, KviY DuPz ce©Z P~ovq? [13Zg wewmGm]
K.evqyi Pvc †ewk L. Dc‡i evqyi Pvc Kg
M. Dc‡i evqy‡Z IRb Kg N.L I M DfqB wVK DËi: L
15. ivbœv Kivi nvwo cvwZj mvaviYZ Gjywgwbqv‡gi ‰Zwi nq | Gi cÖavb KviY?
[12Zg wewmGm]
K.GwU nvjKv I `v‡g m¯Ív L.GwU me †`‡kB cvIqv hvq
M.G‡Z `ªæZ Zvc mÂvwiZ n‡q Lv`¨ `ªe¨ ZvovZvwo wm× nq
N. GwU mn‡R †f‡½ hvq bv Ge© †ewk Mig mM¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i DËi: M
16. AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡i Av‡jvi †Kvb NUbvwU N‡U? [32Zg wewmGm]
K.cÖwZmiY L. we”QziY
M.AceZ©b N. Af¨šÍixY DËi: N
17. evqygÛ‡j †h ¯Í‡i †eZvi Zi½ cÖwZdwjZ nq ? 31Zg wewmGm]
K.÷ªv‡Uvwùqvi L. Uªv‡cvwùqvi
M.Av‡qv‡bvwùqvi N. I‡Rvb ¯Íi DËi: M
18. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi n‡”Q? [31Zg wewmGm]
K. Lye miæ Ges bgbxq KvP Zš‘i Av‡jvK bj
L. Lye m~² mycwievnx Zvgvi Zvi Zš‘ bj r
M. Lye miæ Gm‡e‡÷vm dvBevi bj
N. m~² cøvy÷K MwUZ bj DËi: K
19. ‡Kvb Av‡jvK Zi‡½ gvbe †Pv‡L †`Lv‡Z cvq? [31Zg wewmGm]
K. 10 †_‡K 400 †b.wg L. 400 †_‡K 700 ‡b.wg
M. 100gvB‡µvwgUv †_‡K 1 wg. N. 1wg-Gi E‡aŸ© DËi: L
20. iwOb †Uwjwfkb n‡Z ÿwZKi †Kvb iwk¥ †ei nq ? [30Zg wewmGm]
K. g„`y iÄb iwk¥ L.weUv iwk¥
M. Mvgv iwk¥ N. KmwgK iwk¥ DËi: K
21. Pvu` y`M‡šÍi Kv‡Q A‡bK Po †`Lvq †Kb? [29Zg wewmGm]
K.evqygÛjxq cÖwZmi‡Y L. Av‡jvi we”Qzi‡b
M.AceZ©‡b N. `~wóå‡g DËi: K
22. jvj Av‡jv‡Z bxj i‡Oi e¯‘ †Kgb †`Lvq? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. ‡e¸wb L. meyR
M. njy` N. Kv‡jv DËi: N
23. ‡Uwjwfk‡b iwOb Qwe Drcv`‡bi R‡b¨ KqwU †gŠwjK is Gi Qwe eënvi Kiv nq ? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. 1wU L. 2wU
M. 3wU N. 4wU DËi: M
24. ‡h gm„YZ‡j Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K wK e‡j ? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. `c©Y L. ‡jÝ
M. wcÖRg N. we¤^ DËi: K
25. AvKvk bxj †`Lvq †Kb? [15Zg wewmGm]
K. bxj Av‡jvi Zi½ ‰`N©¨ †ewk e‡j
L. bxj mgy‡`ªi cªwZdj‡bi d‡j
M. bxj Av‡jvi we‡ÿcb A‡cÿvK„Z †ewk e‡j
N. bxj Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb †ewk e‡j DËi: M
26. wm‡bgv‡¯‹vc cÖ‡Róv‡i †Kvb ai‡bi †jÝ eëüZ nq? [13Zg wewmGm]
K. DËj L. AeZj
M. Ryg N. wmwibwWªK¨vj DËi: L
27. cvwb‡Z †bŠKvi ‰eVv evuKv †`Lv hvIqvi KviY, Av‡jvi ? [12Zg wewmGm]
K. c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb L. cÖwZmiY
M. we”QziY N. Icvjvivqb DËi: L
Page 20 of 59
Pz¤^‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`:
MVb Abymv‡i Pz¤^K `yB cÖKvi| h_v- (K) cÖvK…wZK Pz¤^K (L) K…wÎg Pz¤^K
cÖvK…wZK Pz¤^K ‡h mg¯Í Pz¤^K Lwb‡Z cvIqv hvq †m¸‡jv‡K ejv nq cÖvK…wZK Pz¤^K| cÖvK…wZK Pz¤^‡Ki Pz¤^KZ¡ ¯’vqx wKš‘
kw³kvjx nq bv| AZx‡Z cÖvK…wZK Pz¤^K‡K ejv n‡Zv †jvW †÷vb ev mÜvbx cv_i|
K…wÎg Pz¤^K cixÿvMv‡i †jvnv, wb‡Kj, B¯úvZ, †Kvevë cÖf…wZ Pz¤^K c`v_©‡K we‡kl Dcv‡q Pz¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv n‡j Zv‡K
ejv nq K…wÎg Pz¤^K|
¯’vqx Pz¤^K `yÕcÖKvi| h_v: (i) msKi Pz¤^K (ii) wmivwgK Pz¤^K|
msKi Pz¤^K Gjwb‡Kv msKi| †jvnv, wb‡Kj, †Kvevë, Zvgv Ges A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi wgkÖ‡Y G Pz¤^K ˆZwi Kiv nq|
wmivwgK Pz¤^K wmivwgK Pz¤^K ˆZwi nq †divBU bvgK †hŠwMK c`v_© †_‡K hv AvqiY A·vBW I †ewiqvg A·vB‡Wi wgkÖ‡Y
ˆZwi nq| †Uc †iKW©vi Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZi wdZvq eënvi Kiv nq|
‡PŠ¤^K AvPi‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i c`v_© wZb cÖKvi| h_v- (i) c¨viv‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© (ii) Wvqv‡PŠ¤^K c`v_©(iii) ‡d‡iv‡PŠ¤^K c`v_©|
bvg msÁv D`vniY
c¨viv‡PŠ¤^K ‡Kvb c`v_©‡K kw³kvjx †PŠ¤^K †ÿ‡Î ¯’vcb Kiv n‡j, hw` H A¨vjywgwbqvg, †mvwWqvg, cøvwUbvg,
c`v_© c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ `ye©j Pz¤^KZ¡ Avweó nq Z‡e Zv‡K c¨viv‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© g¨v½vwbR BZ¨vw`|
e‡j|
Wvqv‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© ‡Kvb c`v_©‡K kw³kvjx †PŠ¤^K †ÿ‡Î ¯’vcb Kiv n‡j hw` H wemgv_, Zvgv, cvi`, †mvbv, cvwb,
c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ ÿxY Pz¤^K‡Z¡i m„wó nq Ges Avweó ‡PŠ¤^Kvq‡bi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb BZ¨vw`|
AwfgyL ewn:‡PŠ¤^K ‡ÿ‡Îi Awfgy‡Li wecixZ w`‡K nq Zv‡K
Wvqv‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© e‡j|
‡d‡iv‡PŠ¤^K ‡Kvb c`v_©‡K kw³kvjx †PŠ¤^K †ÿ‡Î ¯’vcb Kiv n‡j hw` H ‡jvnv, wb‡Kj, †Kvevë BZ¨vw`|
c`v_© c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ kw³kvjx Pz¤^KZ¡ Avweó nq Z‡e Zv‡K ejv nq ‡d‡iv‡PŠ¤^K c`v‡_© †Wv‡gBb
†d‡ivPŠ¤^K c`v_©| wewÿßfv‡e _v‡K|
Z_¨ cÖevn:
 Zwor Pz¤^K †`L‡Z- U AvK…wZi|
 ‡h Pz¤^K †ewk kw³kvjx- K…wÎg Pz¤^K|
 Pz¤^‡Ki ms‡KZ n‡jv- Fe3O4|
 K…wÎg Pz¤^K eëüZ nq- êÁvwbK Kv‡R|
 kjvKv †PŠ¤^K ˆZwi Kiv nq-B¯úvZ w`‡q|
 Pz¤^‡Ki AvKl©Y ÿgZv †ewk _v‡K- `yB †giæ‡Z|
 Pz¤^‡Ki †h ¯’v‡b AvKl©Y ÿgZv †bB- gvSLv‡b|
 K¨v‡m‡Ui wdZvq kã iwÿZ _v‡K- †PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e|
 Ôc„w_ex †h GKwU weivP Pz¤^KÕ me©cÖ_g cÖgvY K‡ib- W. wMjevU© (1600 wLª.)|
 me©cÖ_g Pz¤^K Avwe®‹vi nq- Gwkqvi gvBb‡ii g¨vM‡bwkqv AÂ‡j|
UªvÝdigvi
 cvi¯úwiK Av‡ek eënvi Kiv nq-UªvÝdg©v‡i|
 UªvÝdg©vi †hwU‡K cwieZ©b K‡i- †fv‡ëR|
 UªvÝdigvi eëüZ nq- ïay AC jvB‡b/eZ©bx‡Z|
 Av`k© UªvÝdg©v‡ii ÿiY (Leakage) n‡jv- k~b¨|
 UªvÝdigvi iƒcvšÍi K‡i- †fv‡ëR I Zwor cÖevn Dfq‡KB|
 D”PZi †fvë †_‡K wb¤œZi †fvë cvIqv hvq †h UªvÝdg©v‡ii mvnv‡h¨- †÷c WvDb|
 UªvÝdigvi KLbI mgcÖevn ev wWwm jvB‡b eënvi Kiv nq bv KviY- wWwm kw³i Drm ev cÖev‡ni Av‡ekx ÿgZv †bB|
Av‡cwÿK ZË¡
 k~b¨¯’v‡b †dvUb P‡j- Av‡jvi `ªæwZ‡Z|
 ‡KvdUb‡K †h wPý Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq-𝛾|
 ‡Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i Aci bvg n‡jv- †dvUb ZË¡|
 ‡dvUb m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`b- g¨v· cø¨v¼ (1900)|
 ‡dvU‡bi wbðj fi/w¯’wZfi (rest mass)- k~b¨|
 GKwU †dvU‡bi kw³- E = h(h cø¨v‡¼i aªæeK, = ‡dvU‡bi K¤úv¼)|
 Av‡jvK Zwor wµqv e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ AvBb÷vBb †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb- 1921 mv‡j|
wn‡Mi KYv
Page 21 of 59
 wn‡Mi KYvi cÖZxK n‡jv- H|
 wnMm †evmb KYv Avwe®‹…Z nq- 4 RyjvB, 2012 mv‡j|
 c„w_exi me©e„nr M‡elYvMvi n‡jv- jvR© nvWªb KjvBWi|
 Ckî KYvi mÜv‡b eëüZ M‡elYvMviwU n‡jv- jvR© n¨vWªb KjvBWi|
 wnMm-‡evmb KYvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`qvi Rb¨ 2013 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb-wcUvi WweøD wnMm I d«uv‡mvqv BsjvU©|
 m¤úªwZ evsjv‡`‡ki †h weÁvbx Ckî KYv m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`b- †mwjg kvnwiqvi I `xcK|
wewfbœ ai‡bi avZz
me‡P‡q g~jëvb avZz cøvwUbvg (Pt)
f‚-c„‡ô me‡P‡q †ewk avZz A¨vjywgwbqvg (Al)
me‡P‡q mwµq avZz cUvwmqvg (K)
me‡P‡q †ewk eëüZ avZz ‡jvnv (Fe)
me‡P‡q fvix avZz BD‡iwbqvg (U)
me‡P‡q nvjKv avZz wjw_qvg (Li)
me‡P‡q fvix Zij c`v_© cvi` (Hg)
‡h avZz cvwb‡Z fv‡m ‡mvwWqvg (Na) (cvwbi †P‡q nvjKv)|
cvigvYweK Pzjøx‡Z Zvc cwievnK wn‡m‡e †h avZz eëüZ nq| ‡mvwWqvg (Na)|
me‡P‡q Kg Mjbv¼ †h avZzi cvi` (Hg)
¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎvq Zij avZz cvi` (Hg) I wmwRqvg (Cs)|
me‡P‡q `ªæZ ÿqcÖvß avZz `¯Ív (Zn)|
‡h avZzi Dci AvNvZ K‡ij kã nq bv A¨vw›Ugwb (Antimony)|
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv:
 mv‡ci we‡l _v‡K- wRsK mvjdvBW|
 Zij †mvbv ejv nq- cÖvK…wZK M¨vm‡K|
 gvbyl cÖ_g †h avZzi eënvi wk‡L- Zvgv|
 ‡h avZz cvwb‡Z fv‡m- †mvwWqvg I cUvwmqvg|
 ‡mvwWqvg Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq wewµqv K‡i bv- ï®‹ evZv‡m|
 wb‡Kj I †µvwgqv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ ˆZwi nq- bvB‡µvg Zvi|
 ‡h avZzi Rb¨ avZz‡K cvZjv cv‡Z cwiYZ Kiv hvq- NvZmnZv|
wKQz avZzi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msKi avZz
avZzi bvg msKi avZzi bvg mshyw³
‡eªvÄ ev Kvmv Zvgv 90% + wUb 10%
Kcvi (Cu) eªvm ev wcZj Zvgv 80% + wR¼ 20%
‡mvbv (Au) ¯^Y©vj¼vi ‡mvbv 85% + Kcvi 15%
‡jvnv (Fe) B¯úvZ ev ‡jvnv 84% + †µvwgqvg (14-10%) + wb‡Kj (1-2%) + Kve©b 0.3%
†÷Bb‡jm ÷xj
A¨vjywgwbqvg (Al) Wzivjywgb A¨vjywgwbqvg 95% + Kcvi 4% + g¨v½vwbR 0.5% + ¨vM‡bwmqvg 0.5%
‡R‡b wbb
 ‡h avZz w`‡q Zvi evbv‡bv mnRZi- Zvgv|
 ‡÷Bb‡jm w÷‡ji Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb- †µvwgqvg|
 ¯úvB‡Rj n‡jv- ‡jŠn, g¨v½vwbR I Kve©‡bi wgkÖY|
 meyR KvP cvIqv hvq †h avZz n‡Z- †µvwgqvg n‡Z|
 Pg©‡iv‡Mi Jla ˆZwi‡Z eëüZ nq- †jW A¨vwm‡UW|
 cvDiæwU, we¯‹zU ˆZwi‡Z eëüZ nq- †ewKs cvDWvi|
 is Ges KuvP ˆZwi‡Z eëüZ nq- †jW A·vBW (PbO)|
 D‡ovRvnvR ev †gvUiMvwoi †Lvjm wbg©v‡Y eëüZ nq- Wzivjywgb|
 `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK avZzi mswgkÖ‡Y MwVZ c`v_©‡K e‡j- msKi avZz|
 kvgyK I wSby‡Ki †Lvjm hv w`‡q ˆZwi-K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU (CaCO3)|
 ‡÷Bb‡jm w÷‡ji †jvnvi mv‡_ †Kvb avZz wgkv‡bv nq- wb‡Kj I †µvwgqvg|
gy`ªv avZz ‡h mKj avZz gy`ªv ˆZwi‡Z eëüZ nq Zv‡K gy`ªv avZz e‡j| †hgb: †mvbv, iƒcv (wmjfvi), Zvgv
(Currency Metal) (Kcvi) BZ¨vw`|
Page 22 of 59
Zij avZz ‡h †gŠwjK avZz mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq Zij _v‡K Zv‡K Zij avZz e‡j| †hgb: gvK©vix (Hg),
(Liquid Metal) M¨vwjqvg (Ga), d«vbwmqvg (Fr)
‡ZRw¯Œq avZz ‡ZRw¯Œq avZz n‡jv- BD‡iwbqvg, c‡jwbqvg, cøy‡Uvwbqvg, d«vbwmqvg, †iwWqvg, †_wiqvg|
(Radioactive Metal)
D¾¡j avZz D¾¡j avZz¸‡jv n‡jv- K¨vjwmqvg (Ca), g¨vM‡bwmqvg (Mg), ‡mvwWqvg (Na), wmjfvi (Ag),
(Bright Metal) A¨vjywgwbqvg (Al)|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© avZe †hŠ‡Mi bvg I ms‡KZ
‡hŠ‡Mi bvg ms‡KZ ivmvqwbK bvg
Lvevi †mvWv NaHCO3 ‡mvwWqvg evB Kve©‡bU
‡Uw÷s më C5H8NO4Na g‡bv‡mvwWqvg MøyUv‡gU
Kw÷K †mvWv NaOH ‡mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW
Kvco KvPv †mvWv Na2CO3. 10H2O Av`ª© †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU
weøwPs cvDWvi Ca(OCl)Cl K¨vjwmqvg †K¬v‡iv nvB‡cv‡K¬vBW
wdUwKwi ev cUvk Gjvg Al2(SO4)3K2SO4.24H2O cUvwmqvg A¨vjywgwbqvg mvj‡dU
eøy wfwUªqj CuSO4.5H2O Av`ª© Kcvi mvj‡dU
mv`v wfwUªqj ZnSO4.7H2O A`ª© wRsK mvj‡dU
cøv÷vi Ai c¨vwim (CaSO4)2 H2O Av`ª© K¨vjwmqvg mvj‡dU/wRcmvg
Pzbvcv_i CaCO3 K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU
gwiPv Fe2O3nH2O cvwbhy³ †dwiK A·vBW
wewfbœ ai‡bi AavZz
me‡P‡q mwµq AavZz ‡d¬vwib
me‡P‡q nvjKv AavZz nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
Zvc I we`y¨r cwievnx AavZz MÖvdvBU
‡h AavZz we`y¨r Aa©cwievnx wmwjKb
‡hŠ‡Mi msL¨v me‡P‡q †ewk †h †gŠj AavZzi Kve©b
GKgvÎ Zij AavZz (¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq iwOb Zij) ‡eªvwgb
Z_¨ cÖevn
 cÖK…wZ‡Z me‡P‡q KwVb c`v_© n‡jv- nxiK|
 AwMœwbe©vcK wn‡m‡e e¨vcK eëüZ nq CO2|
 wbw®Œq M¨vm¸‡jvi †kl Kÿc‡_ B‡j±ªb _v‡K- 8wU|
 ‡h wbw®Œq M¨vm¸‡jvi me‡P‡q fvwi- †iWb|
 AwfRvZ M¨vm ev †bv‡ej M¨vm ejv nq- wbw®Œq M¨vm‡K|
 wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi cÖavb Drm n‡jv- evqy|
 weÁvbx ivg‡R I Uªvfvm© 1898 mv‡j Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- wbqb, wµÞb I †Rbb M¨vm|
 wUDe jvB‡U †h M¨vm eënvi Kiv nq- AvM©b I wbqb|
 mvaviY ê`y¨wZK ev‡j¦ AvM©b M¨v‡mi e`‡j †h M¨vm eëüZ nq- bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm|
 ‡h wbw®Œq M¨vm evqy‡Z cvIqv hvq bv- †iWb|
 KwVb Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq †h n¨v‡jv‡Rb- Av‡qvwWb|
 mvaviY KvP ‰Zwii cÖavb KuvPvgvj n‡jv- wmwjKv, †mvWv A¨vk I Pzbvcv_i|
‡R‡b ivLv fvj-
evjyi cÖavb Dcv`vb wmwjKv|
KuvP KvUv‡Z eëüZ nq nxiv|
GKLÐ nxiK n‡”Q GKwU gvÎ AYy|
wmwjKvi weï× iƒc n‡jv ‡KvqvwU©R|
wngvwqZ CO2 †K e‡j WªvB AvBm|
`vbv`vi Kve©b n‡jv MÖvdvBU I nxiK|
DW †cwÝ‡ji kxliƒ‡c eëüZ nq MÖvdvBU|
wmu`y‡ii ivmvqwbK bvg UªvB cøvw¤^K †UUªvA·vBW
cuPv wW‡gi ‡gvZ `yM©Ü nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvBU
(H2S)|
Page 23 of 59
wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ
01. cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv- [38Zg wewmGm]
K. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm L. wg‡_b M¨vm
M. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm N. Kve©b g‡bv·vBW DËi: L
02. cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi wg‡_b wK cwigvY _v‡K? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. 40-50 fvM L. 60-70 fvM
M. 80-90 fvM N. 30-25 fvM DËi: M
03. ‡KvbwU‡K Pz¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv hvq? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. Zvgv L. B¯úvZ
M. wcZj N. ¯^Y© DËi: L
04. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU †ewKs cvDWv‡ii g~j Dcv`v‡bi ms‡KZ? [35Zg wewmGm]
K. CaCO3 L. NaHCO3
M. NH4HCO3 N. (NH4)2CO3 DËi: L
05. ‡Kvb avZz ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎvq Zij _v‡K? [33Zg wewmGm]
K. cvi` L. wjw_qvg
M. Rv‡g©wbqvg N. BD‡iwbqvg DËi: K
06. ‡÷Bb‡jm w÷‡ji Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb- [33Zg wewmGm]
K. Zvgv L. `¯Ív
M. †µvwgqvg N. Gjywgwbqvg DËi: M
07. ‡KvbwU wm‡g›U ˆZwii Ab¨Zg KuvPvgvj? [33Zg wewmGm]
K. wRcmvg L. mvjdvi
M. †mvwWqvg N. LwbR jeY DËi: K
08. K…wl Rwg‡Z cÖavbZ Pzb eënvi Kiv nq- [31Zg wewmGm]
K. gvwUi ÿq †iv‡ai Rb¨ L. gvwUi A¤øZv e„w×i Rb¨
M. gvwUi A¤øZv n«v‡mi Rb¨ N. gvwUi ˆRe c`v_© e„w×i Rb¨ DËi: M
09. ‡KvbwU Aa©-cwievnx (Semi-conductor) bq? [31Zg wewmGm]
K. †jvnv L. wmwjKb
M. Rv‡g©wbqvg N. M¨vwjqvg DËi: K
10. nxiK D¾¡j †`Lvi KviY- [31Zg wewmGm]
K. c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdj‡bi Rb¨ L. cÖwZmi‡Yi Rb¨
M. cÖwZdj‡bi Rb¨ N. AceZ©‡bi Rb¨ DËi: K
11. ivmvqwbK AwMœwbe©vcK KvR K‡i AwMœ‡Z- [30Zg, 24Zg wewmGm]
K. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mieivn K‡i
L. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb mieivn K‡i
M. Aw·‡Rb mieivn K‡i
N. Aw·‡Rb mieiv‡n cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i DËi: N
12. msKi avZz wcZ‡ji Dcv`vb- [33Zg, 32Zg, 30Zg, 10g wewmGm]
K. Zvgv I wUb L. Zvgv I `¯Ív
M. Zvgv I mxmv N. Zvgv I wb‡Kj DËi: L
13. A¨vjywgwbqvg mvj‡dU‡K PjwZ evsjvq Kx e‡j? [30Zg, 29Zg wewmGm]
K. wdUwKwi L. Pzb
M. †mwfs †mvc N. Kw÷K †mvWv DËi: K
14. ‰e`y¨wZK ev‡j¦i wdjv‡g›U wK avZz w`‡q ˆZwi? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. msKi avZz L. mxmv
M. Uvs‡÷b N. Zvgv DËi: M
15. ‡Kvb avZz cvwb A‡cÿv nvjKv? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. g¨vM‡bwmqvg L. K¨vjwmqvg
M. †mvwWqvg N. cUvwmqvg DËi: M
16. cvigvYweK Pzjøx‡Z Zvc cwievnK wn‡m‡e †Kvb avZz eëüZ nq?
[29Zg, 28Zg wewmGm]
K. †mvwWqvg L. cUvwmqvg
M. g¨vM‡bwmqvg N. wRsK DËi: K
Page 24 of 59
17. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ÿviKxq A·vBW? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. P4O10 L. MgO
M. CO N. ZnO DËi: L
18. cvi¯úwiK Av‡ek‡K eënvi Kiv nq †KvbwU‡Z? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. Wv‡qvW L. UªvÝdigvi
M. UªvbwR÷vi N. A¨vgwcødvqvi DËi: L
19. ‡Uc †iKW©vi Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZi wdZvq wK ai‡bi Pz¤^K eëüZ nq?
[28Zg wewmGm]
K. ¯’vqx Pz¤^K L. A¯’vqx Pz¤^K
M. †Rbv‡iUi N. Wvqbv‡gv DËi: K
20. K¨v‡m‡Ui wdZvi kã iwÿZ _v‡K wK wn‡m‡e? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. ê`y¨wZK †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e L. †g‡gvix wPc wn‡m‡e
M. Pz¤^K †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e N. Kve©b †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e DËi: M
21. ‡Kvb c`v_©wU †PŠ¤^K c`v_© bq? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. KvuPv †jŠn L. B¯úvZ
M. A¨vjywgwbqvg N. †Kvevë DËi: M
22. ‡KvbwU cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z nq bv? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. wMømvwib L. wdUwKwi
M. †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW N. K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU DËi: N
23. ‰e`y¨wZK Bw¯¿ Ges wnUv‡i eëüZ nq- [26Zg wewmGm]
K. Uvs‡÷b Zvi L. bvB‡µvg Zvi
M. Gw›Ugwb Zvi N. Kcvi Zvi DËi: L
24. Gm‡emUm wK? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. AwMœ wb‡ivaK LwbR c`v_© L. Kg NbZ¡wewkó Zij c`v_©
M. †ewk NbZ¡wewkó Zij c`v_© N. GK ai‡bi ivmvqwbK c`v_© DËi: K
25. Zvgvi mv‡_ wb‡Pi †KvbwU †gkv‡j wcZj nq? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. wb‡Kj L. wUb
M. wmmv N. `¯Ív (wR¼) DËi: N
26. ‡Uw÷s më Gi ivmvqwbK bvg wK? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. ‡mvwWqvg evBKv‡e©v‡bU L. †mvwWqvg MøyUv‡gU
M. cUvwkqvg evBKv‡e©v‡bU N. g‡bv‡mvwWqvg MøyUv‡gU DËi: N
27. ïé eid ejv nq- [26Zg wewmGm]
K. wngvwqZ Aw·‡Rb‡K L. wngvwqZ Kve©b g‡bv·vBW‡K
M. wngvwqZ Kve©b WvB A·vBW‡K N. K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW‡K DËi: M
28. KvP ˆZwii cÖavb KuvPvgvj n‡jv- [26Zg, 11Zg wewmGm]
K. kvwRgvwU L. Pzbvcv_i
M. wRckvg N. evwj DËi: N
29. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm †_‡K †Kvb mvi cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq? [26Zg wewmGm]
K. wUGmwc L. meyR mvi
M. cUvk N. BDwiqv DËi: N
30. ¯^‡Y©i Lv` †ei Ki‡Z †Kvb A¨vwmW eënvi Kiv nq?
[32Zg wewmGm (we‡kl), 24Zg wewmGm (evwZj)]
K. mvBwUªK A¨vwmW L. bvBwUªK A¨vwmW
M. nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK A¨vwmW N. UviUvwiK A¨vwmW DËi: L
31. cÖK…wZ‡Z me‡P‡q k³ c`v_© †KvbwU? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. wcZj L. nxiv
M. B¯úvZ N. MÖvbvBU DËi: L
32. ÔWªvB AvBmÕ (dry ice) n‡jv- [21Zg, 18Zg wewmGm]
K. KwVb Ae¯’vq Kve©b WvBA·vBW
L. KwVb Ae¯’vq mvjdvi WvBA·vBW
M. k~b¨ wWMÖx †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P eid
N. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cviA·vB‡Wi KwVb Ae¯’v DËi: K
w¯’i I Pj Zwor (Static & Current Electricity):
Page 25 of 59
Kv‡i›U (Current):
c`v‡_©i ga¨Kvi gy³ B‡jKUªbmg~n †Kvb wbw`©ó w`‡K cÖevwnZ nIqvi nvi‡K Kv‡i›U e‡j|
cwievwnZvi Dci wfwË K‡i c`v_©‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
(i) cwievnx (Conductor):
‡hme c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q AwZ mn‡RB PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K cwievnx e‡j| †hgb: †mvbv, iƒcv, A¨vjywgwbqvg, Zvgv `¯Í, wcZj,
gviKwi, cøvwUbvg, GwmW, wb‡Kj, †jvnv, jeY, †fRvgvwU, gvbe‡`n, ÿvi, mxmv BZ¨vw`|
(ii) Aa©-cwievnx (Semi-Conductor):
‡hme c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q †ewk bq; mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y we`y¨r PjvPj K‡i A_©vr Ae¯’v †f‡` KL‡bv we`y¨r PjvPj K‡i Avevi KL‡bv
PjvPj K‡ibv Zv‡ì‡K Aa©-cwievnx e‡j| ‡hgb: Rv‡g©wbqvg, A¨vj‡Kvnj, wmwjKb, M¨vwjqvg, gvbe‡`n, cvwb, Zzjv, MÜK,
K¨vWwgqvg, BbwWqvg, Av‡m©bvBW, A½vi BZ¨vw`|
(iii) Acwievnx (Insulator):
‡h mKj c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q mivmwi we`y¨r ej‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡ì‡K Acwievnx e‡j| †hgb: ivevi, KvMR, cøvw÷K, KuvP, ï®‹ evZvm,
PxbvgvwU, †gvg, iRb, †ccvi I‡qU, ïKbv euvk, ïKbv gvwU, B‡evbvBU BZ¨vw`|
we`y¨r m¤úwK©Z wKQz GKK
1g m~Î ˆ`N©¨ Ing wefe cv_©‡Kï GKK ‡fvë
Zwor cÖev‡ni GKK A¨vw¤úqvi Zwor Avav‡bi GKK Kzj¤^
Z_¨ cÖevn
 wefe cv_©‡Kï GKK- ‡fvë|
 cwievwnZv me‡P‡q †ewk-iƒcvi|
 cwievwnZvi GKK n‡jvwm‡gÝ|
 c„w_ex ev f‚wgi wefe n‡jv- k~b¨|
 Ing n‡jv- †iv‡ai GKK|
 ‡hwU m‡e©vËg Zwor evnK- Zvgv|
 Zwor”PvjK kw³i GKK- †fvë (JC-1)|
 ZvcgvÎv evo‡j Aa©-cwievn‡Ki- ‡iva ev‡o|
 we`y¨r wej wnmve Kiv nq- wK‡jvIqvU/NÈvq|
 ZvcgvÎv evo‡j Aa©-cwievnxi †iva- n«vm cvq|
 we`y¨r kw³i evwYwR¨K GKK n‡jv- wK‡jvIqvU NÈv|
 GKK mg‡q cwievnx †Kvb we›`y w`‡q Pv‡R©i cÖevn‡K e‡j- Zwor cÖevn|
 GKB Dcv`v‡bi ˆZwi †gvUv I wPKb Zv‡ii g‡a¨- wPKb Zv‡ii †iva †ewk|
 ZvcgvÎv evo‡j †h me c`v‡_©i †iva n«vm cvq- Kve©b, wmwjKb, Rv‡g©wbqvg|
 ‡g‡Ni AmsL¨ cvwb I eid KYvi g‡a¨ PvR© mwÂZ n‡j- AvKv‡k weRjx PgKvq|
 1786 wLª÷v‡ã me©cÖ_g Pjwe`y¨r Avwe®‹vi K‡ib BZvwji c¨v‡jvbv wek^we`¨vj‡qi cÖL¨vZ kixiZË¡we`- jyBwM M¨vjfvwb|
AvBwcGm
IPS (Instant Power Supply) g~jZ cvIqvi mvcøvB wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| mvaviYZ we`y¨r P‡ji hvIqvi 500 wgwj †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨
AvBwcGm we`y¨r ms‡hvM Pvjy K‡i|
we`y¨r m¤úwK©Z Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨vewj:
 GK BDwbU mgvb- 1000 IqvU/NÈv|
 ‡fv‡ëR n‡jv- ê`y¨wZK Pv‡ci cwigvY|
 ‰e`y¨wZK ÿgZvi GKK n‡jv- IqvU|
 wdDR Zv‡i mxmvi cwigvY- 75 kZvsk|
 Uvs‡÷v‡bi KzÐjxi Zvi‡K ejv nq- wdjv‡g›U|
 wbivcËv wdDR n‡jv- Kg Mjbv‡¼i avZe Zvi|
 GK wK‡jvIqvU NÈv- 3600 wK‡jv Ry‡ji mgvb|
 we`y¨r cÖevn gvcvi eënvwiK GKK n‡jv- A¨vw¤úqvi|
 GKwU †gvUv Zv‡ii †iva GKwU wPKb Zv‡ii †iv‡ai Zzjbvq- Kg|
 ‰e`y¨wZK hš¿ KZ©„K e¨wqZ we`y¨r kw³i GKK- wK‡jvIqvU/NÈv|
 eZ©bx‡Z wdDR eënvi Kivi KviY-`yN©Ubv Gov‡bvi Rb¨|
 ‰e`y¨wZK †gBb jvB‡b ¯’vwcZ wbivcËv wdDR ˆZwi- wUb I mxmv w`‡q|
 eZ©gv‡b wdjv‡g›U hv hv w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq- U¨vs÷b, Avqib I g¨v½vwb‡Ri wgkÖ‡Y|
 ‡PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ Øviv we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi c×wZ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W|
 ‰e`y¨wZK Bw¯¿, wnUvi BZ¨vw`‡Z †h kw³i iƒcvšÍi N‡U- we`y¨r kw³ †_‡K Zvckw³|
Page 26 of 59
GK bR‡i †`‡L wbb...
 we`y¨r cwievn‡Ki †iv‡ai GKK- Ing|
 mvaviY evwZ‡Z we`y¨r AcP‡qi KviY- Zvc m„wó|
 Zwor cÖevn Pjvi m¤ú~Y© c_‡K e‡j- Zwor eZ©bx|
 ‰e`y¨wZK ev‡j¦i wdjv‡g‡›U eëüZ nq- Uvs‡÷b avZz|
 ‰e`y¨wZK hš¿ KZ…©K e¨wqZ kw³i GKK- wK‡jvIqvU NÈv|
 w_ª-wcb cøv‡M A‡cÿvK…Z j¤^v I †gvUv wcbwUi bvg- Av_©wcb|
 mvaviY ê`y¨wZK evwZ‡Z we`y¨r AcP‡qi KviY- Zvc m„wó|
 gvbe‡`‡ni †iv‡ai cwigvY ïK‡bv Ae¯’vq- 50,000|
 ‡Kv‡bv cwievn‡Ki Zvi hZ †gvUv n‡e †iva ZZ- Kg n‡e|
 m~‡h©i Av‡jv †_‡K ˆZwi we`y¨r‡K e‡j- †mvjvi d‡Uv‡fvë|
 Nl©‡Y mKj c`v_© ZworMÖ¯’ nq bv- gy³ B‡jKUªb bv _vKvq|
 AwaKvsk d‡UvKwc †gwkb KvR K‡i- w¯’i we`y¨‡Zi mvnv‡h¨|
 Gwm Kv‡i‡›Ui êwkó¨ n‡jv- mg‡qi mv‡_ w`‡Ki cwieZ©b nq|
 GKwU †gvUv Zv‡ii †iva GKwU wPKb Zv‡ii †iv‡ai Zzjbvq- Kg|
 GKB Dcv`v‡bi †gvUv Zvi I wPKb Zv‡ii †iva †ewk- wPKb Zvi|
 nVvr we`y¨r kw³ P‡j hvIqv‡K ejv nq- eøvK AvDU (Black out)|
 ï®‹‡Kv‡l wefevšÍi m„wóKvix Dcv`vb n‡jv-A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW (NH4C1)|
 ‡PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ Øviv we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi c×wZ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W|
 e¨vUvwi‡Z ev mij Zwor †Kv‡l Kve©b`Ð eëüZ nq- abvZ¥K cvZ wn‡m‡e|
 e¨vUvwi‡Z ev mij Zwor †Kv‡l `¯Ívi †PŠO eëüZ nq- FYvZ¥K cvZ wn‡m‡e|
 ‰e`y¨wZK cvLv (Electric fan), cv¤ú (Pump), ‡ivwjs wgj BZ¨vw`‡Z eëüZ nq- ê`y¨wZK †gvUi|
 Zwor cÖev‡ni cÖPwjZ w`K n‡”Q-abvZ¥K wefehy³ cvZ †_‡K FYvZ¥K wefehy³ cv‡Zi w`‡K|
 KzÐjx cuvKv‡bv Zvi w`‡q Zwor cÖevn Pvjbv Ki‡j Pz¤^K‡ÿÎ m„wó nq, Gi iKg KzÐjx‡K e‡j- mwjb‡qW|
B‡jKUªwb· (Electronics)
 `yBwU ZworØvi hy³ f¨vKzqvg wUDe‡K ejv nq- Wv‡qvW|
 gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi g‡a¨ _v‡K- GKwU PzjKzÐjx I Wvqvd«vg bv‡g avZzi GKwU cvZ|
 ATM e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡gi g~j avivi eënvi ïiæ nq- 1980 mv‡j|
 cÖ_g GwUGg ¯’vcb Kiv nq- jÛ‡bi evK©‡jm e¨vs‡Ki GbwdÛ kvLvq (1967)|
 Rvskb Wv‡qv‡Wi Aci bvg n‡jv- Aa©cwievnx †iw±dvqvi|
 cÖ_g wUwf m¤úªmvi ïiæ K‡i- wewewm (1936 mv‡j iæk cÖ‡KŠkjx AvBRvK †kv‡qbevM©)|
 ‰e`y¨wZK hš¿¸‡jv‡K AvKv‡i †QvU Kivi cÖhyw³‡K ejv nq- gvB‡µvB‡jKUªwb·|
 wZbwU ZworØvi hy³ f¨vKzqvg wUDe‡K ejv nq-Uªv‡qvW|
 Avmj I bKj Mnbv kbv³ Ki‡Z eëüZ nq- G·‡i iwk¥|
 gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi †h As‡k kã K¤úb‡K Zwo‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ wWRvBb Kiv _v‡K- Wvqvd«vg|
 hviv wbR wbR †ÿ‡Î ATM Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- jy_vi wmgwRqvb (1939), Rb †kvKvW© e¨vib (1967) Ges Wb D‡qU‡Rj (1968)|
 wUwf wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvj n‡jv- wUwfi wfZ‡ii †QvU GKwU MÖvnKh‡š¿i Bbd«v‡iW ev Ae‡jvwnZ †eZvi ms‡KZ †cÖi‡Yi hš¿|
 B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿ UªvbwR÷i eëüZ nq- myBP wn‡m‡e|
 AÜKv‡i R¦j R¦j Kivi Rb¨ Nwoi KvUvq cÖ‡jc †`qv nq- †_vwiqvg I wRsK mvjdvB‡Wi wgkÖY|
 ‡ivwWqvg avZz †ZRw¯ŒqZvi d‡j av‡c av‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡q cwiYZ nq- mxmvq|
 AvaywbK †cÖ‡m †jvnvi Aÿ‡ii eënvi eÜ n‡q‡Q- d‡Uvwj‡_vMÖvwd Avwe®‹v‡ii ci|
 Aa©cwievnx c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi B‡jKUªwbK Kg‡cv‡b›U eënvi K‡i †h mvwK©U ‰Zwi Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j- mwjW ‡÷U mvwK©U|
eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡i eëüZ nq wmwjKb wPc
weL¨vZ AvBm wP‡ci bvg n‡jv Bb‡Uj wPc|
e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡g eëüZ nq A‡Uv‡g‡UW †Ujvi †gwkb|
e¨vswKs Kvh©µ‡g eëüZ nq A‡Uv‡g‡UW †Ujvi †gwkb|
SIM Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Subscriber Identity Module|
RIM Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Removable Identity Module|
evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z †Uwjwfkb Pvjy 1940 mv‡j
‡h hš¿‡K B‡jKUªwbK gw¯Í¯‹ e‡j Kw¤úDUvi
Page 27 of 59
AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb
 Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥i Drm n‡jv- ê`y¨wZK Pzjv|
 †h cÖwµqvq m~‡h©i kw³ Drcbœ nq- wdDkb|
 ‡eZvi Zi½ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- †nbwi iæWjd †nm|
 cÖwZwU wdk‡b kw³ Drcbœ nq- cÖvq 200 MeV|
 ‡ZRw¯ŒqZv a‡g©i DrcwË¯’j- c`v‡_©i wbDwK¬qvm|
 wdkb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- Rvg©vb weÁvbx A‡Uvn¨vb (1939 mv‡j)|
 `~iZ¡ gvcvi Rb¨ I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq eëüZ nq- †jRvi iwk¥|
 wdkb I wdDkb wewµqvq †cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi †gvU msL¨v-mgvb|
 ‡nbwi †e‡K‡ij me©cÖ_g †ZRw¯¿qZv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- BDwiwbqv‡g|
 Pvc, Zvc, we`y¨r, †PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ ev evB‡ii †Kv‡bv ej Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv| †ZRw¯ŒqZv|
 gv`vgKzix I Zvi ¯^vgx wc‡q‡i Kzix †hŠ_fv‡e †_vwiqvg Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- 1898 mv‡j|
 wdkb wewµqvq Ask wb‡Z cv‡i- †h me cigvYyi cvigvYweK msL¨v 92 ev Zvi AwaK|
 ivWv‡i eëüZ nq- gvB‡µvI‡qf Zi½
 iw½b †Uwjwfkb n‡Z †ei nq- g„`y iÄb iwk¥
 me‡P‡q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ n‡jv- KmwgK iwk¥
 me‡P‡q eo Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ n‡jv- kU I‡qf †iwWI
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨vewj
 G·‡i n‡jv- we`y¨r-Pz¤^Kxq Avo Zi½|
 MÖvdvB‡Ui wfZi w`‡q- G·‡i iwk¥ †h‡Z cv‡i bv|
 G·‡i wewKiY cwigvc Kivi GKK n‡jv- i›U‡Rb|
 fv½v nvo wbY©‡q eëüZ nq- G·‡i ev iÄb iwk¥|
 ‡gwW‡Kj weÁv‡b †h G·‡i eëüZ nq- †Kvgj G·‡i|
 Avmj nxiv †Pbvi Dcvq- Gi †fZi w`‡q iÄbiwk¥ †h‡Z cv‡i bv|
 nv‡o dvUj I †f‡½ hvIqv nvZ (Fracture) wbY©‡q eëüZ nq- G·‡i|
 gvbe kix‡ii dzmdz‡mi †Kvb ÿ‡Zi ¯’vb wbY©‡q eëüZ nq- G·‡i iwk¥|
wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ
01. K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvi eëüZ Mvgv wewKi‡Yi Drm wK? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. AvB‡mv‡Uvb L. AvB‡mv‡Uvc
M. AvB‡mvevi N. AvB‡mvgvi DËi: L
02. eRªcv‡Zi mgq Avcwb wb‡Ri Mvwo K‡i hv‡”Qb| wb‡R‡K myiwÿZ ivLvi Rb¨ Avcwb †Kvb DcvqwU MÖnY Ki‡eb?
[40Zg wewmGm]
K.Mvwoi g‡a¨B e‡m _vK‡eb
L. †Kv‡bv Mv‡Qi Zjvq AvkÖq wb‡eb
M. evB‡i G‡m gvwU‡Z Dcwo n‡q ï‡q co‡eb
N. evB‡i G‡m AvKv‡ki w`‡K gyL K‡i `vuwo‡q _vK‡eb DËi: M
03. GKwU ev‡j¦ ‘60W-220W’ ‡jLv Av‡Q| evj¦wUi †iva KZ Ing?
[40Zg wewmGm]
K. 16.36 L. 160
M. 280 N. 806.67 DËi: N
04. RxeRM‡Zi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ÿwZKi iwk¥ †KvbwU? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. Avjdv iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥
M. Mvgv iwk¥ N. AvjUªvfv‡qv‡jU iwk¥ DËi: M
05. ‡Mv‡q›`v wefv‡M wb‡¤œi †Kvb iwk¥ eëüZ nq? [35Zg wewmGm]
K. †e‡K‡ij iwk¥ L. Mvgv iwk¥
M. x- iwk¥ N.weUv iwk¥ DËi: M
06. ‡Kvb e¯‘‡Z Avav‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbY©‡qi hš¿ n‡jv? [35Zg wewmGm]
K. G¨vwgUvi L. AYyexÿY hš¿
M. †fvëvwgUvi N. ZworexÿY hš¿ DËi: N
07. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi we`y¨r cwievnx bq? [34Zg wewmGm]
Page 28 of 59
K. Zvgv L. †jvnv
M. iƒcv N. ivevi DËi: N
08. weMe¨vO Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v- [33Zg wewmGm]
K. AvBb÷vBb L. wR. j¨v‡gUvi
M. w÷‡db nwKs N. M¨vwjwjI DËi: L
09. gnvRvMwZK iwk¥i Avwe®‹vi- [33Zg wewmGm]
K. ‡nm L. AvBb÷vBb
M. U‡jwg N. nvej DËi: K
10. weM e¨vs Z‡Ë¡i AvaywbK ZË¡-e¨vL¨v Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb- [31Zg wewmGm]
K.w÷‡db nwKs L. wR. †j‡gUv
M. Avãym mvjvg N. GWyBb nvej DËi: K
11. iwOb †wUwjwfgb †_‡K ÿwZKi iwk¥ †ei nq? [30Zg wewmGm]
K. Mvgv iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥
M. KmwgK iwk¥ N. iÄb iwk¥ DËi: N
12. w÷‡db nwKs we‡kî GKRb AwZkq weL¨vZ- [30Zg wewmGm]
K. `vk©wbK L. c`v_©we`
M. Kwe N. imvqbwe` DËi: L
13. me‡P‡q kw³kvjx †mŠiPzwjø ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kvb †`‡k? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. hy³ivóª L. fviZ
M. Rvcvb N. †bcvj DËi: K
14. d‡UvB‡jKwUªK †Kv‡li Dci Av‡jv co‡j wK Drcbœ nq? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. we`y¨r L. Zvc
M. Py¤^K N. wKQzB nq bv DËi: K
15. evsjv‡`‡k cigvYy kw³ Kwgkb MwVZ nq †Kvb m‡b? [27Zg wewmGm]
K. 1972 L. 1973
M. 1975 N. 1997 DËi: L
16. ‡jRvi iwk¥ †K KZ mv‡j Avwe®‹vi K‡ib? [24Zg wewmGm (evwZj)]
K. †evi, 1963 L. iv`vi‡dvW©, 1919
M. nvBM¨vb, 1961 N. gvBg¨vb, 1960 DËi: N
17. ‡iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc eëüZ nq- [23Zg wewmGm]
K. wKWwbi cv_i Mjv‡Z L. MjMÐ †ivM wbY©‡q
M. wcËcv_i Mjv‡Z N. bZzb cigvYy ˆZwi‡Z DËi: L
18. m~‡h© kw³ Drcbœ nq- [22Zg wewmGm]
K. cigvYyi wdkb c×wZ‡Z L. cigvYyi wdDkb c×wZ‡Z
M. ivmvqwbK wewµqvi d‡j N. †ZRw¯ŒqZvi d‡j DËi: L
19. ‡KvbwU †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© bq? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. †jŠn L. BD‡iwbqvg
M. cøy‡Uvwbqvg N. †bcPzwbqvg DËi: K
20. gnvRvMwZK iwk¥ Avwe®‹vi K‡i †Kvb weÁvbx †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb?
[20Zg wewmGm]
K. †nm L. †Mvì÷vBb
M. iv`vi‡dvW© N. AvBb÷vBb DËi: K
21. ivWv‡i †h Zwor †PŠ¤^K eënvi Kiv nq Zvi bvg wK? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. Mvgv iwk¥ L. Ae‡jvwnZ wewKiY
M. Av‡jvK Zi½ N. gvB‡µvI‡qf DËi: N
22. evmv evwo‡Z mieivnK…Z we`y¨‡Zi wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ n‡jv? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. 50 nvR© L. 220 nvR©
M. 200 nvR© N. 100 nvR© DËi: K
23. ‰e`y¨wZK wgUv‡i GK BDwbU we`y¨r LiP ej‡Z eySvq? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. GK wK‡jvIqvU L. GK IqvU-N›Uv
M. GK wK‡jvIqvU N. GK IqvU DËi: K
24. we`y¨‡Zi D”PZi †fvë †_‡K wb¤œZi †fvë cvIqv hvqÑ [31Zg wewmGm]
K.UªvÝwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ L. †÷c-Avc UªvÝdg©v‡ii mvnv‡h¨
M. ‡÷c-WvDb UªvÝdg©v‡ii mvnv‡h¨ N. GWvcUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ DËi: M
Page 29 of 59
25. AvKv‡k we`y¨r PgKvq- [31Zg wewmGm]
K.‡g‡Ni AmsL¨ RjKYv/eidKYvi g‡a¨ PvR© mwÂZ n‡j
L. `yBLÛ †g‡Ni ci¯úi msNl© n‡j
M. †g‡Ni g‡a¨ we`y¨r †Kvl ˆZwi n‡j
N. †gN we`y¨r cwievnx Ae¯’vq G‡j DËi: K
26. we`y¨r we‡ji wnmve wKfv‡e Kiv nq? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. IqvU AvIqv‡i L. Iqv‡U
M. ‡fv‡ë N. wK‡jvIqvU N›Uvq DËi: N
27. we`y¨revnx Zv‡i cvwL em‡j mvaviYZ we`y¨r ¯ú„ó nq bv, KviY? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. cvwLi Mv‡q we`y¨r‡ivax AveiY _v‡K
L. cvwLi †`‡ni wfZi w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevwnZ nq bv
M. we`y¨r ¯ú„ó n‡jI cvwL g‡i bv N. gvwUi m‡½ ms‡hvM nq bv DËi: N
28. AvevwmK evwoi eZ©bx‡Z mvwK©U †eªKvi eënvi Kiv nq? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. we`y¨r LiP Kgv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨
L. AwZgvÎvq we`y¨r cÖevnRwbZ `yN©Ubv †iv‡ai D‡Ï‡k¨
M. ê`y¨wZK evj¦ †_‡K ‡ewk Av‡jv cvIqvi Rb¨
N. ê`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ hv‡Z myôzfv‡e KvR K‡i DËi: L
29. evsjv‡`‡k Zwor-Gi K¤úv¼ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 50 mvB‡Kj-Gi Zvrch© wK?
[15Zg wewmGm]
K.cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û we`y¨r cÖevn 50 evi eÜ nq
L. cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û we`y¨r cÖevn 50 GKK ˆ`N©¨ AwZµg K‡i
M. cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û we`y¨r cÖevn 50 evi w`K e`jvq
N. cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û we`y¨r 50 evi DVvbvgv K‡i DËi: L
30. ‡mŠi‡Kv‡li we`y¨r iv‡ZI eënvi Kiv m¤¢e hw` Gi m‡½ _v‡K?
[11Zg wewmGm]
K. UªvÝdigvi L. †Rbv‡iUi
M. †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi N. K¨vcvwmUi DËi: M
31. ‰e`y¨wZK mUi Ggb GKwU hš¿‡KŠkj, hv- [10Zg wewmGm]
K. Zvc kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i
L. Zvc kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i
M. hvwš¿K kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i
N. Zwor kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i DËi: N
32. mvaviYZ WªvB‡m‡ji B‡jKUªvo wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q? [10Zg wewmGm]
K.Zvgvi `Ð I `¯Ívi `Ð L. Zvgvi cvZ I `¯Ívi cvZ
M. Kve©b `Ð I `¯Ívi †KŠUv N. Zvgvi `Ð I `¯Ívi †KŠUv DËi: M
33. `~‡ii we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª n‡Z we`y¨r wbIq Avm‡Z n‡j nvB †fv‡ëR eënvi Kivi KviY- [10Zg wewmGm]
K. G‡Z we`y¨r‡Zi AcPq Kg nq
L. c‡_ K‡g wM‡qI cÖ‡qvRbxq †fv‡ëR eRvq _v‡K
M. AwaK we`y¨r cÖevn cvIqv hvq
N. cÖ‡qvRbgZ †fv‡ëR Kwg‡q eënvi Kiv hvq DËi: K
34. AwaK `~i‡Z¡i ‡cÖi‡Y †fv‡ëR evov‡bv nq Ges Zwor cÖevn Kgv‡bv nq, KviY G‡Z? [10Zg wewmGm]
K.Zvckw³ Drcv`b Kg nq e‡j Zwor kw³ AcPq Kg nq
L. Zwor AwZ `ªæZ MšÍ‡e¨ †cŠuQvq
M. IcÖiK Zvi `xN©w`b fv‡jv _v‡K
N. †cÖiK Zv‡ii †iva Kg _v‡K DËi: K
35. Wv‡qvW me‡P‡q †ewk eëüZ nq? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. K¨vcvwmUi wn‡m‡e L. UªvÝdigvi wn‡m‡e
M. †iwR÷i wn‡m‡e N. †iw±dvqvi wn‡m‡e DËi: N
36. wWwRUvj Nwo ev K¨vjKz‡jU‡i Kvj‡P Aby¾¡j †h †jLv dz‡U I‡V Zv wK‡mi wfwË‡Z ˆZwi? [26Zg wewmGm]
K. GjBwW L. wmwjKb wPc
M. GjwmwW N. AvBwm DËi: L
37. ivWv‡i †W Zwor †PŠ¤^K eënvi Kiv nq Zvi bvg wK? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. Mvgv iwk¥ L. gvB‡µvI‡qf
M. Ae‡jvwnZ wewKiY N. Av‡jvK Zi½ DËi: L
Page 30 of 59
38. AvaywbK gy`ªY eë¯’vq avZzwbwg©Z Aÿ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb dvivevi eo KviYÑ
[16Zg wewmGm]
K. Kw¤úDUvi L. Ad‡mU c×wZ
M. d‡Uvwj‡_vMÖvdx N. cÖ‡mm K¨v‡giv DËi: M
39. wWwRUvj †Uwj‡dv‡bi cÖavb ‰ewkó¨- [16Zg wewmGm]
K. wWwRUvj wmMb¨v‡j evZ©v †cÖiY L. †evZvg wU‡c Wvqvj Kiv
M. AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii eënvi N. bZzb ai‡bi gvB‡µv‡dvb DËi: K
40. AwaKvsk d‡UvKwc †gwkb KvR K‡i- [12Zg wewmGm]
K. Ad‡mU gy`ªY c×wZ‡Z
L. †cvjvi‡qW d‡UvMÖvwd c×wZ‡Z
M. wWwRUvj B‡gwRs c×wZ‡Z
N. w¯’i ê`y¨wZK B‡gwRs c×wZ‡Z DËi: L
41. wi‡gvU †mwÝs ev `~i Abyaveb ej‡Z we‡klfv‡e eySvq- [12Zg wewmGm]
K. †iwWI UªvÝwgUvi mn‡hv‡M `~i †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn
L. ivWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Pviw`‡Ki cwi‡e‡ki Ae‡jvKb
M. †Kvqvmvi cÖf„wZ gnvRvwZK Drm †_‡K ms‡KZ Abyaveb
N. DcMÖ‡ni mvnv‡h¨ `~i †_‡K f~gÐ‡ji Ae‡jvKb DËi: N
42. gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi gva¨‡g ‡h †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖPwjZ Zv‡Z gvB‡µvI‡qf AwaKvsk `~iZ¡ AvwZµg K‡i?
[11Zg wewmGm]
K. I‡qf MvB‡Wi ga¨ w`‡q
L. f~wg I Avq‡bv‡ùqvi g‡a¨ cÖwZdjb n‡Z n‡e
M. we‡kl ai‡bi K¨ve‡ji ga¨ w`‡q
N. †Lvjv‡gjv RvqMvi ga¨ w`‡q mij †iLvq DËi: K
kw³i wewfbœ Drm:

‡mŠikw³
m~h©B n‡jv c„w_exi mKj kw³i cÖavb Drm (99.97%)| m~h©‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q we`y¨r kw³ Drcbœ Kiv hvq|
R¦vjvwb
R¦vjvwb ej‡Z †mB me c`v_©‡K †evSvq hv‡ì †fŠZ ev ivmvqwbK MVb ev Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b NU‡j kw³i wbtmiY N‡U| R¦vjvwb †_‡K
kw³ wbtmiY wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq Ges cÖvß kw³ Kv‡R iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|
Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwb
Rxe‡`n gvwUi wb‡P c‡o jÿ jÿ eQi ci Zv Kqjv, †Zj I cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Avi G¸‡jv‡K Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwb ejv
nq| †hgb: AK‡Ub, †c‡Uªvj, wW‡Rj, †K‡ivwmb, dv‡b©m A‡qj, wbGbwR, GjGbwR, GjwcwR, †RU dz‡qj, Kqjv, weD‡Ub, M¨vm
(cÖvK…wZK M¨vm), ev‡qvM¨vm, ev‡qvwW‡Rj, B_vbj, B-85)|
cvigvYweK kw³
wbDwK¬q wdDkb ev wdkb wewµqvi Øviv cvigvYweK Pzwjø‡Z kw³ Drcbœ Kiv nq| GZ 235U BD‡iwbqvg eëüZ nq|
cÖvK…wZK M¨vm
cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi g~j Dcv`vb wg‡_b n‡jI Gi mv‡_ Aí cwigvY Ab¨vb¨ c¨vivwdb nvB‡WªvKve©b, †hgb: B‡_b, †cÖv‡cb, weD‡Ub,
†c‡›Ub, †n‡·b, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Kve©b-WvB-A·vB, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvBW BZ¨vw` _v‡K| cÖvK…wZK M¨vm evsjv‡`‡ki we`y¨‡Zi me‡P‡q
eo KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
LwbR †Zj
cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì †`nve‡kl Kvjµ‡g Kv`v I evwj‡Z †ek Mfx‡i XvKv co‡j f‚-Af¨šÍi fv‡Mi cÖPÐ Zvc I Pv‡c G mKj c`v‡_©i
ˆRe weaŸsmx cvZb N‡U| d‡j †c‡Uªvwjqvg ev LwbR ‡Zj Drcbœ nq| †hgb: †c‡Uªvwjqvg †_‡K †U‡iwjb, cwj‡q÷vi, K¨vkwgjb
BZ¨vw` K…wÎg e¯‘ cvIqv hvq| †c‡Uªvwjqv‡gi cÖavb eënvi n‡jv Zwor Ges hvwš¿K kw³i Drcv`b|
LwbR †Z‡ji Dcv`vb I eënvi
Dcv`vb eënvi
wW‡Rj †Zj I ivmvqwbK `ªe¨, †gvg, cwjk BZ¨vw` cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Y Ges RvnvR
R¦vjvwb †Zj I fvwi wk‡íi Pzwjøi R¦vjvwbiƒ‡c eëüZ nq|
†c‡Uªvj ‡gvUiMvwoi R¦vjvwb I ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi‡Z eëüZ nq|
‡RU †c‡Uªvj D‡ovRvnv‡Ri R¦vjvwb wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
†K‡ivwmb M„nK‡g© eëüZ nq|
widvBbvwi M¨vm ‡evZj fwZ© K‡i evRv‡i wewµ nq| evwYwR¨K cøvw÷K
Drcv`‡b eëüZ nq|
Page 31 of 59
weUzwgb iv¯Ív, evwoi Qv` ˆZwi‡Z Ges IqvUvi cÖæd `ªe¨ cÖ¯‘‡Z
eëüZ nq|
evqy kw³
evqcÖevnRwbZ MwZkw³‡K Avgiv Zwor kw³ ev hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvwi| ‡hgb: evqyKj eënvi K‡i we`y¨r kw³ ˆZwi
Kiv nq, hvwš¿K kw³i Rb¨ euvaPµ, cvwb †Zvjv ev wb®‹vk‡bi Rb¨ evqycv¤ú, RvnvR Pvjbvi Rb¨ cvj eënvi Kiv nq|
Rjwe`y¨r
cvwbi †¯ªv‡Z _v‡K MwZkw³ I wefe kw³| GB †¯ªv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ UvievBb Nywi‡q Rjvwe`y¨r Drcbœ Kiv nq|
f‚-Zvcxq kw³
f‚Af¨šÍ‡ii Zvc‡K eënvi K‡i Zwor kw³ Drcv`b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| f‚M‡f© AvU‡K cov ev®ú‡K cvBc w`‡q D”P Pv‡c †ei K‡i
G‡b UvievBb Nywi‡q we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e| †hgb: wbDwRj¨v‡Û G ai‡bi we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª i‡q‡Q|
ev‡qvgvm kw³
ev‡qvgvm ej‡Z †mme ˆRe c`v_©‡K †evSvq hv‡ì‡K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq| ev‡qvgvm kw³i Drm¸‡jv n‡jv MvQvcvjv,
R¦vjvwb KvV, Kv‡Vi eR©¨, jZvcvZv, cïcvwLi gj BZ¨vw`| ev‡qvgvm‡K kw³i eûgyLx Drm wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq|
kw³i cÖKvi‡f`
Dcv`vb eënvi w¯’iwPÎ
ivmvqwbK ‡hŠ‡Mi eÜ‡b (AYy I cigvYy) †h kw³ mwÂZ Av‡Q ZvB ivmvqwbK
ivmvqwbK kw³ kw³| ivmvqwbK wewµqvq mvaviYZ Zvc wn‡m‡e ivmvqwbK kw³ wbM©Z nq|
†hgb: KvV, Kqjvi gZ R¦vjvwb cywo‡q Avgiv ivmvqwbK kw³ eënvi Kwi|
GKwU e¯‘ ev eë¯’vi MwZRwbZ †h kw³ ZvB n‡jv hvwš¿K kw³| †hgb: †gwkb
hvwš¿K kw³ Zvi hvwš¿K kw³ eënvi K‡i KvR K‡i|
¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vb ev Ae¯’v †_‡K cwieZ©b K‡i †Kvb e¯‘‡K Ab¨ †Kvb Ae¯’vb ev
wefe kw³ Ae¯’vq Avb‡j e¯‘ KvR Kivi †h mvg_©¨ AR©b K‡i Zv‡K wefe kw³ e‡j|
wefekw³ Ep= mgh|
MwZ kw³ ‡Kvb MwZkxj e¯‘ Zvi MwZi Rb¨ KvR Kivi †h mvg_©¨ jvf K‡i Zv‡K MwZ
kw³ e‡j|
Zvc kw³ GKwU e¯‘i ZvcgvÎRwbZ †h kw³ Zv-B Zvc kw³| A_©vr Kqjv, M¨vm, KvV,
†c‡Uªvj, wW‡Rj cywo‡q †h kw³ cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Zvckw³ e‡j|
w¯’wZ kw³ w¯’wZkxj †Kvb e¯‘ Zvi w¯’wZi Rb¨ KvR Kivi †h mvg_©¨ jvf K‡i Zv‡K
w¯’wZkw³ e‡j|
Av‡jvK kw³ m~h© †_‡K Zvckw³i mv‡_ mivmwi Ab¨ †h kw³wU Av‡m ZvB Av‡jvKkw³|
cigvYy kw³ cÖwZwU cigvYyi g‡a¨ †h kw³ gRyZ Av‡Q ZvB cigvYy kw³|
gnvKl©xq kw³ gnvKl©xq †ÿ‡Î GKUv e¯‘ †h kw³ a‡i iv‡L ZvB gnvKl©xq kw³|
kw³i AwebkîZv (Indestrucribility of energy)

kw³ Awebkî, Gi m„wó ev webvk †bB, kw³ †Kej GKiƒc †_‡K Abïƒ‡c ev GKvwaK iƒ‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| gnvwe‡kî †gvU kw³i
cwigvY wbw`©ó I AcwieZ©bxq|
Z_¨ cÖevn...
 kw³ n‡jv- GKwU †¯‹jvi ivwk|
 cÖvK…wZK M¨vm I ‡Zj n‡jv- ˆRe c`v_©|
 MwZi Rb¨ KvR Kivi mvg_©¨ n‡jv- MwZkw³|
Page 32 of 59
 wg‡_b n‡jv- eY©nxb, MÜnxb I ¯^v`nxb M¨vm|
 cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi mvaviY ms‡KZ- CnH2n + 21|
 Avgv‡ì †`n Lv`¨ †_‡K cvq- ivmvqwbK kw³|
 ‡c‡Uªvwjqv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv- wg‡_b M¨vm|
 gvk© M¨vm ev Rjv M¨vm ejv nq- wg‡_b M¨vm‡K|
 D‡ovRvnv‡Ri R¦vjvwb wn‡m‡e eëüZ- †RvU †c‡Uªvj|
 ‡K¬v‡ivwcwµb ev bvB‡Uªv‡K¬v‡ivdg© n‡jv- Kuv`y‡b M¨vm|
 Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv- wg‡_b|
 kw³i GKK I Kv‡Ri GKK GKB Ges Zv n‡jv- Ryj (J)|
 cÖvK…wZK M¨vm m„wói g~j KviY n‡jv- c„w_exi Af¨šÍixb Zvc I Pvc|
 kK©iv we‡qvR‡bi d‡j †c‡Ui g‡a¨ †h M¨vm Drcbœ nq- wg‡_b M¨vm|
 kw³ cÖ‡qv‡M KwYKvmg~n‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i cvIqv hvq-cvigvYweK kw³|
 Kve©b I nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ †hŠ‡Mi wgkÖY n‡jv- †c‡Uªvwjqvg|
 ‡Kvb e¯‘i we‡kl Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ mwÂZ kw³ n‡jv- w¯’wZkw³|
 evqy kw³i eënvi K‡i-evqyKj evbv‡bv hvq hv w`‡q we`y¨r Drcbœ Kiv hvq|
kw³i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz iƒcvšÍi
kw³i iƒcvšÍi eënvi/cÖ‡qvM
we`y¨Z kw³ → Zvc kw³ ê`y ¨ wZK Bw¯¿ |
we`y¨Z kw³ → Zvc kw³ ê`y¨wZK wnUvi|
we`y¨Z kw³ → hvwš¿K kw³ ê`y¨wZK cvLvq|
wbDwK¬q kw³ → Zwor kw³ cvigvYweK Pzwjø|
hvwš¿K kw³ → Zvc kw³ nv‡Z nvZ Nl©‡Y|
ivmvqwbK kw³ → Zwor kw³ mij Zwor †Kv‡l|
hvwš¿K kw³ → kã kw³ Kj‡gi gy‡L duy w`‡j|
we`y¨Z kw³ → kã kw³ ‰e`y¨wZK NÈv ev †Uwj‡dvb|
kã kw³ → Zwor kw³ †UwjMÖvd ev †iwWIi †cÖiK hš¿|
Av‡jvK kw³ → Zvc kw³ ev‡j¦i Mv‡q nvZ w`‡q Zvc Abyff‚Z|
ivmvqwbK kw³ → Zvc kw³ Kqjv, †c‡Uªvj, †K‡ivwmb †cvov‡j|
Zvc kw³ → hvwš¿K kw³ ÷xg BwÄ‡b ev®ú Drcbœ K‡i †ijMvwo
Pvjv‡bv|
Av‡jvK kw³ → we`y¨r kw³ d‡Uv B‡jKwUªK †Kv‡l Av‡jv †d‡j we`y¨r
ˆZwi|
hvwš¿K kw³ → we`y¨r kw³ cvwbi MwZkw³i mvnv‡h¨ UvievBb Nywi‡q
we`y¨r Drcv`b|
Av‡jvK kw³ → ivmvqwbK kw³ d‡UvMÖvwdK wd‡j¥i Dci Av‡jvK m¤úvZ K‡i
Av‡jvK kw³ ivmvqwbK wµqvq Av‡jvKwPÎ
ˆZwi|
bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³
bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³i Drm:
‡mŠikw³ (Solar Energy):
m~h© Avgv‡ì †mŠiRMr Gi †K›`ªxq bÿÎ, hv GKwU wekvj M¨vmxq wcÐ| Gi †K‡›`ª wdDkb wewµqvi d‡j wekvj cwigvY kw³ Drcbœ
nq hv Av‡jvK I Zvc iƒ‡c c„w_ex‡Z †cuŠQvq| cÖavbZ `ywU Dcv‡q m~h© †_‡K kw³ msMÖn Kiv hvq|
m~h© ‡_‡K Av‡jvK kw³ msMÖn:
Av‡jvK ms‡e`x Aa©cwievnx Øviv ˆZwi ‡dv‡Uv‡fvëvBK †mj (wcwf) eënvi K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq †mvjvi c¨v‡bj| GBme c¨v‡b‡ji
wekvj A¨v‡i ev †kÖwY ˆZwi K‡i Av‡jvK kw³ †_‡K WvB‡i± Kv‡i›U ev wWwm we`y¨r kw³ msMÖn Kiv nq|
m~h© ‡_‡K Zvc kw³ msMÖn:
`Zvc kw³ msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv nq Kb‡m‡›Uª‡UW †mvjvi cvIqvi ev †K›`ªxf‚Z †mŠi kw³ c×wZ| cÖwZw`b c„w_ex‡Z GK
NÈvq †h cwigvY †mŠikw³ †cuŠQvq Zv w`‡q cy‡iv c„w_exi `yB eQ‡ii we`y¨r Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv m¤¢e|
‡mŠi‡Kvl (Solar cell):
‡mŠi‡Kv‡li êwkó¨ nj G‡Z m~‡h©i Av‡jv co‡j G †_‡K mivmwi Zwor cvIqv hvq| Gi mv‡_ †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi eënvi K‡i iv‡ZI
eënvi Kiv hvq| †mŠi‡Kv‡l K¨vWwgqvg †gŠj eëüZ nq|
Page 33 of 59
ev‡qvM¨vm ev ˆRekw³ (Biogas):
Aw·‡R‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvb ˆRe c`v_©‡K cuPv‡bv n‡j †mavb n‡Z ev‡qvM¨vm Drcvw`Z nq| GB cÖwµqv‡K GbviweK WvB‡Rkb
(Anaerobic digestion) e‡j| hvi gva¨‡g wKQz AYyRxe ˆRe c`v_©‡K MuvRb cÖwµqvq †f‡O g~jZ wg‡_b Ges Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW
Drcbœ K‡i| ev‡qvM¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb †Mvei I cvwb, AbycvZ (1 t 2)|
evqy kw³ (Wind Energy):
evqyi MwZ‡Z _v‡K MwZkw³ ev KvB‡bwUK (Kinetic) GbvwR©| GB MwZkw³‡K mvaviYZ UvievB‡bi gva¨‡g hvwš¿K kw³‡Z
iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| †mB hvwš¿K kw³ †_‡K we`y¨r kw³ cvIqv hvq| ¯’j f‚wg‡Z evqyKj emv‡j Ab †kvi DBÛ ev f‚wg¯’ evqkw³|
Avi mgy`ª evqyKj emv‡j Zv‡K ejv Ad †kvi DBÛ (Off shore wind) ev mvgyw`ªK evqykw³|
mgy`ª Zvc kw³ (Ocean Thermal Energy):
Ocean Thermal Energy Convention (OTEC) ev mgy`ª Zvc kw³ †_‡K we`y¨r kw³ Drcv`b Kiv hvq| mgy‡`ªi DcwiZ‡ji
ZvcgvÎv _v‡K M‡o 25 †_‡K 30 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm| Avi cÖvq GK wK‡jvwgUvi bx‡P ‡M‡jB GB ZvcgvÎv K‡g wM‡q ùvovq 10 †_‡K
15 wWwMÖ| GB ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Kg ùzUbv¼ wewkó Zij †hgb A¨v‡gvwbqvg cÖmviY Øviv UvievBb Nywi‡q we`y¨r
cvIqv hvq|
‡Rvqvi fvUv kw³:
‡Rvqvi fvUvi mgq w`‡b `yBevi K‡i mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv Kg †ewk nq| euva w`‡q GB D”PZvi cv_©K¨ Kv‡R jvwM‡q Uve©vBb Nywi‡q
we`y¨r cvIqv hvq|
mgy`ª †¯ªvZ (Ocean Current):
c„w_exi AveZ©b, wbqZ evqycÖevn, mgy`ª R‡ji jeYZ¡, NbZ¡ I DòZvi cv_©‡Kï Rb¨ mgy‡`ªi Rj GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq
wbqwgZfv‡e mviveQi wbw`©ó w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq| mgy`ª R‡ji GB MwZi bvg mgy`ª‡¯ªvZ| GwU bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³ DbœZg GKwU Drm|
f‚Zvc kw³ (Geo-thermal energy):

wRI_vg©vj GbvwR© ev f‚Zvc kw³ n‡jv c„w_exi Af¨šÍ‡ii kw³|
Rjwe`y¨r (Water current):
mvaviYZ cvnvwo GjvKvq b`xi ey‡K wekvj AvK…wZi w`‡q cvwbi D”PZv evov‡bv nq| †mB cvwb‡K wbqwš¿Z fv‡e bx‡P co‡Z w`‡q
Zvi av°vq Uve©vBb Nyiv‡bv nq| Gfv‡e we`y¨r cvIqv hvq| cvnvwo AÂj QvovI †¯ª vZw¯^bx b`x‡Z euva w`‡q Ôivb Ad `v wifvi
nvB‡Wªv cvIqviÕ ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj †mj (Hydrogen fuel cell):
gnvwe‡k^ h‡Zv †gŠj Av‡Q Zvi 75 kZvsk n‡jv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K R¦vjvwb wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i we`y¨r Drcbœ Kiv hvq| GB
c×wZ‡K nvB‡Wª‡Rb dy‡qj †mj ejv nq| GiKg †ÿ‡Î dz‡qj †m‡ji Kg©`ÿZv cÖvq (80-90%)|
 ‡mŠi †Kv‡li cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv- wmwjKb|
 cvigvYweK Pzwjøi R¦vjvwb n‡jv- BD‡iwbqvg|
 Kqjvq mwÂZ ivmvqwbK kw³ n‡jv-†mŠikw³|
 we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi AvaywbK Dcvq n‡jv- †mŠikw³|
 cvigvYweK I wbDwK¬q kw³ n‡jv- bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³|
 CNG Øviv †evSvq- iƒcvšÍwiZ cÖvK…wZK M¨vm|
 ‡KvbwU †c‡Uªvwjqvg †_‡K cvIqv hvq- c¨vivwdb|
 LPG Gi c~Y©iƒc- Liquid Petroleum Gas|
 CNG Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv- Compressed Natual Gas|
 wm.Gm.wR PvwjZ BwÄ‡b R¦vjvwb eënvi Kiv nq- wg‡_b|
 Abevqb‡hvM¨ kw³- cwi‡ek‡K †ek D”PgvÎvq `~wlZ K‡i|
 ‡h kw³i cÖfve gvby‡li Rxe‡b me‡P‡q †ewk- ivmvqwbK kw³|
 wbDwK¬q wewµqv wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ nq- K¨vWwgqvg/ †evib|
 wmwjÛv‡i †h M¨vm wewµ Kiv nq Zvi cÖavb Dcv`vb- weD‡Ub|
 c„w_exi me‡P‡q †ewk kw³ eënviKvix †`k n‡jv- gvwK©b hy³ivóª|
 Kqjv, †Zj, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm cÖf…wZ n‡jv- Abevqb‡hvM¨ kw³i Drm|
 Avgv‡ì †`‡k BDwiqv mvi Drcv`b Kivi KuvPvgvj n‡jv- cÖvK…ZK M¨vm|
 Abevqb‡hvM¨ kw³i `n‡b †h M¨vm †Møvevj Iqvwg©s ˆZwi K‡i- Kve©b A·vBW
 ‡h kw³ eënv‡i cybteënv‡ii †Kvb my‡hvM _v‡K bv ZvB-Abevqb‡hvM¨ kw³
 iv¯Ív ev Qv‡ì AveiY wnmv‡e eëüZ wcP †KvbwU ‡_‡K ˆZwi nq-‡c‡Uªvwjqv‡gi Ae‡kl|
 m~h© †_‡K †h cwigvY kw³ Zvi Av‡kcv‡k Qwo‡q c‡o Zv c„w_ex‡Z †cuŠQvq gvÎ-20 †KvwU fv‡Mi GKfvM|
Page 34 of 59
ev‡qv (BIO) A_© Rxeb|
UvievBb n‡jv we`y¨r Drcv`b hš¿|
ev‡qvM¨v‡m wg‡_b M¨vm _v‡K 60-70 fvM|
BD‡iwbqvg Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v n‡jv 92|
Zvcwe`y¨r †K‡›`ªi cÖavb R¦vjvwb n‡jv Kqjv|
cvigvYweK kw³
 wbDwK¬qvm nj- cigvYyi †K›`ª|
 wbDwK¬q kw³i Aci bvg- cvigvYweK kw³|
 wbDwK¬q wdkb wefvRb n‡jv- we‡qvRb cÖwµqv|
 gvbyl g‡i wKš‘ ¯’vcbvi ÿwZ nq bv- bvcvg †evgvq|
 Wz‡ev RvnvR Pvjv‡bv nq- cvigvYweK kw³i mvnv‡h¨|
 evsjv‡`k cigvYy kw³ Kwgkb MwVZ nq- 1973 mv‡j|
 cvigvYweK Pzwjøi R¦vjvwb wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq- BD‡ivwbqvg|
 cvigvYweK kw³ ev wbDwK¬q kw³ n‡jv- bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³|
 eZ©vgb evsjv‡`k AvYweK kw³ eënvi n‡”Q- wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î|
 cvigvYweK †evgvi †P‡q kw³kvjx n‡jv- nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgv|
 wdDkb c×wZ‡Z wfwË K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq- nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgv|
 1939 mv‡j wdkb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- Rvg©vb weÁvbx A‡Uv n¨vb|
 wbDwK¬qvm‡K †f‡½ †h kw³ cvIqv hvq Zv n‡jv- wbDwK¬q kw³|
 AvBb÷vB‡bi c`v_© I kw³i AwfbœZv welqK m~Î n‡jv- E = mc2|
 wbDwK¬q wdkb cÖwµqvq Drcv`b Kiv hvq- we`y¨r I †iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc|
 wdkb c×wZ‡Z wfwË K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq- cvigvYweK †evgv (Attom bomb)
 evsjv‡`‡ki †h RvqMvq cigvYy we`y¨r †K›`ª ¯’vwcZ n‡e Zv n‡jv- iƒccyi, Ckî`x, cvebv|
 cvigvYweK †evgv wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq-BD‡iwbqvg-235 I BD‡iwbqvg-238 AvB‡mv‡Uvc|
 evsjv‡`‡k cvigvYweK we`y¨r †K›`ª ¯’vwcZ n‡e- Ckî`x, iƒccyi, cvebv|
wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ
01. we`y¨r kw³‡K kã kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq †Kvb h‡š¿i gva¨‡g?

[40Zg wewmGm]
K. jvDW w¯úKvi L. A¨vgwcødvqvi
M. †Rbv‡iUi N. gvwëwgUvi DËi: K
02. bevqb‡hvM¨ R¦vjvwbi Drm? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. †Zj L. M¨vm
M. Kqjv N. ev‡qvM¨vm DËi: N
03. ‡KvbwU bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³i Drm? [38Zg wewmGm]
K. †Zj L. mgy‡`ªi †XD
M. M¨vm N. Kqjv DËi: L
04. ‡Kvb h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ hvwš¿K kw³‡K we`y¨r kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq?
[36Zg wewmGm]
K. UªvÝdigvi L. Wvqbv‡gv
M. ê`y¨wZK gUi N. ûBj DËi: L
05. ‡gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡bi jvB‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq- [36Zg wewmGm]
K. kãkw³ L. Zworkw³
M. Av‡jvKkw³ N. †PŠ¤^Kkw³ DËi: L
06. ‡jvnv‡K M¨vjfvbvBwRs Ki‡Z eëüZ nq? [33Zg wewmGm]
K. Zvgv L. `¯Ív
M. iƒcv N. Gjywgwbqvg DËi: L
07. msKi avZz wcZ‡ji Dcv`vb- [33Zg, 32Zg, 30Zg, 10g wewmGm]
K. Zvgv I wUb L. Zvgv I `¯Ív
M. Zvgv I mxmv N. Zvgv I wb‡Kj DËi: L
08. me‡P‡q kw³kvjx †mŠiPzwjø ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kvb †`‡k? [29Zg wewmGm]
Page 35 of 59
K. hy³ivóª L. fviZ
M. Rvcvb N. †bcvj DËi: K
09. d‡UvB‡jKwUªK †Kv‡li Dci Av‡jv co‡j wK Drcbœ nq? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. we`y¨r L. Zvc
M. Pz¤^K N. wKQzB nq bv DËi: K
10. evsjv‡`‡k cigvYy kw³ Kwgkb MwVZ nq †Kvb m‡b? [27Zg wewmGm]
K. 1972 L. 1973
M. 1975 N. 1997 DËi: L
11. Zworkw³ kãkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq †Kvb h‡š¿i gva¨‡g? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. Ggwcødvqvi L. ‡Rbv‡iUi
M. jvDW w¯úKvi N. gvB‡µv‡dvb DËi: M
RxeweÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi RbK

RxeweÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv RbK w¯’iwPÎ
Dw™¢`weÁvb w_Id«v÷vm
eskMZ we`¨v ‡MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj
wPwKrmvweÁvb wn‡cv‡µwUm
A¨vbvUwg Auv‡`ª †fmvwjqvm

cÖvwYweÁvb Gwi÷Uj
kixiwe`¨v DBwjqvg nv‡f©
RxevYywe`¨v jyB cv¯‘i
‡kÖwYweb¨vmwe`¨v K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm
 cÖ_g Rxe‡bi D™¢e nq- RjR cwi‡ek|
 Jla/‡flR Dw™¢` weÁvb n‡jv- dvg©v‡KvjwR|
 QÎvKZ‡Ë¡i êÁvwbK bvg n‡jv-gvB‡KvjwR|
 K”Qc Pv‡li êÁvwbK bvg- Turtle culture|
 cvwL‡K gwngvwš^Z mixm„c e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib- nv·wj|
 Dw™¢` gvwUi ˆKwkK cvwb †kvlY K‡i- g~j‡iv‡gi gva¨‡g|
 ‘Bengal Plants’ eBwUi iPwqZv n‡jb- †WwfW †cÖBb|
 Dw™¢‡ì e¨vcb GKwU- †fŠZcÖwµqv (Physical Process)|
 RxeweÁv‡bi PviwU ¯Íi n‡jv- AvYweK, †Kvlxq, Rxe‡`n I RxemsMÖn|
Page 36 of 59
 ÔRxe †_‡KB Rx‡ei DrcwË nqÕ- G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib- jyB cv¯‘i|
 ÔeskMZwe`¨viÕ RbK †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj wQ‡jb GKRb- ag©hvRK|
 Mv‡Qi cÖvY Av‡Q cÖgvY K‡ib- m¨vi RM`xkP›`ª emy (gywÝM‡Äi Awaevmx)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki weÁvbx W. Avãyjøvn Avj gyZx jvf K‡ib- Kwj½ cyi¯‹vi|
 ÔAwiwRb Ae †¯úwmmÕ MÖ‡š’i †jLK Pvj©m WviDBb‡K ejv nq-weeZ©bev‡ì RbK|
RxeweÁv‡bi wewfbœ gZev` I cÖe³v
Rxb gM©vb
Biogenesis (evB‡qv‡R‡bwmm) jyB cv¯‘i
Biogenetic (evB‡qv‡R‡bwUK) Kvj© Av‡b©÷ †eqvi
cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb Pvj©m ievU© WviDBb
Mv‡Qi cÖvY Av‡Q (gZev‡ì cÖe³v) m¨vi RM`xk P›`ª emy
c¨vb‡R‡bwmm gZev‡ì cÖe³v Pvj©m WviDBb
‡Kvl gZev` ev †KvlZË¡-Gi cÖe³v ‡¯œB‡Wb I †mvqvb
Rvg©cvRg gZev` (Germplasm Theory) fvBmg¨vb
ev‡qv‡R‡bwUK ZË¡ ev cybive„wË gZev`-Gi cÖe³v ‡n‡Kj
AwR©Z ¸Yvewji DËivwaKvi gZev‡ì cÖe³v Ru¨v e¨vcwU÷ j¨vgvK©
Germ Theory of Disease-Gi cÖe³v jyB cv¯‘i/ievU© KP
Theory of Recapitulation (c~Yive„wË) Gi cÖe³v Av‡b©÷ †n‡Kj
wW¤^vby †_‡K mKj Rx‡ei m~ÎcvZ gZev‡ì cÖe³v DBwjqvg nv‡f©
cÖvwY‡Kvl I Dw™¢`‡Kv‡li cv_©K¨
‰ewkó cÖvwY‡Kvl (Animal Cell) Dw™¢` †Kvl (Plant Cell)
‡Kvl cÖvPxi ‡bB ‡mjy‡jvR wbwg©Z
cøvw÷W ‡bB _v‡K
‡Kvl Mnei wb¤œ‡kÖwYi cÖvYx e¨ZxZ _v‡K bv GK ev GKvwaK
‡m‡›Uªv‡mvg me©`v _v‡K mvaviYZ _v‡K bv
mwÂZ Lv`¨ MøvB‡Kv‡Rb ÷vP©/†k^Zmvi
Z_¨ cÖevn
 cÖvwY‡`‡ni †Kvb Kjvi †WbWªvBU we`¨gvb- ¯œvqy|
 eû wbDwK¬qvm wewkó †Kv‡li bvg- wm‡bvmvBU|
 cÖvwY‡Kv‡l jvB‡mv‡mv‡gi KvR- cwicvK|
 ‡Kvl Z‡Ë¡i cÖeZ©K- ¯øvB‡Wb I †mvqvb|
 GKwU c~Y©v½ ¯œvqy‡Kvl‡K e‡j- wbDib|
 ÿz`ª ivmvqwbK KviLvbv‡K ejv nq- †Kvl|
 Rxe‡`‡ni A‡K‡Rv †Kvl‡K aŸsm K‡i- jvB‡mv‡Rvg|
 ‡KvbwU‡K †Kv‡li KsKvj ejv nq- gvB‡µvwUDejm|
 wb‡¤œi †KvbwU Rxe‡Kv‡li wecvK wbqš¿Y K‡i- jvB‡mv‡Rvg|
wewfbœ A½vYyi AvwelKviK
A½vYy Avwe®‹viK mvj
‡Kvl cÖvPxi ievU© ûK 1665
wbDwK¬qvm ievU© eªvDb 1831
‡µv‡gv‡mvg ÷vmeyM©vi 1875
cøvw÷W wk¤úvi 1883
‡Kvl wSwjø b¨v‡Mjx 1885
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv KwjKvi 1898
MjwR e¯‘ K¨vwg‡jv MjwR 1898
gvB‡µvwUDweDjm ievwU©m I d«vwÝ 1953
jvB‡mv‡mvg `¨ `yÕ ‡e 1955
wbDwK¬Ijvm d›Ubv
 gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi bvgKiY K‡ib- †eÛv|
Page 37 of 59
 GKvwaK wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K- †ckx †Kv‡l|
 gvB‡UvKwÛªqv Abycw¯’Z _v‡K- Avw` †Kv‡l|
 eskMwZi êwkó¨ wbwnZ _v‡K- wbDwK¬qv‡m|
 ‡cÖv‡UvcøvR‡g me‡P‡q Nb I ¯úó ÿz`ªv‡½i bvg- wbDwK¬qvm|
 cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì mKj ‰RweK KvR m¤úbœ K‡i- †cÖv‡UvcøvRg|
 wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K bv- mxf‡Kvl, †jvnxZ KwYKv I AbyPwµKvq|
 wbDwK¬Ijvm enbKvix †µvgRg‡K e‡j- SAT ‡µv‡gv‡mvg|
 mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Aew¯’Z A½vYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q eo- cøvw÷W|
 ‡cÖv‡UvcøvRg‡K Rxe‡bi †fŠZ wfwË e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib- nv·jx|
 wbDwK¬qv‡mi †fZ‡i Avwg‡li ˆZwi Zij c`v_©‡K e‡j- wbDwK¬IcøvRg|
wUmy¨ ev Kjv (Tissuees)
 ‡hwU wUªcø‡qW wUmy¨- km¨wUmy¨|
 ‡jw›U‡mj eëüZ nq- M¨vmxq wewbg‡qi Rb¨|
 ¯’vqx wUmyï êwkó¨ n‡jv- †Kvl¸‡jv wefvR‡b Aÿg|
 ‡h †Kvl mRxe Ges cÖPzi †cÖv‡UvcøvRghy³- c¨v‡ibKvBgv|
 ‡h wUmyï †Kvl¸‡jv mRxe Ges †cÖv‡UvcøvRghy³- †Kv‡jbKvBgv|
 c¨v‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨‡Z †K¬v‡ivwdj _vK‡j Zv‡K e‡j- c¨v‡ibKvBgv|
 Rjxq Dw™¢‡ì eo evqyKzVzwihy³ c¨v‡ibKvBgv‡K ejv nq- A¨v‡ibKvBgv|
 ‡d¬v‡qg wUmy¨‡K ejv nq- mRxe wUmy¨|
 cwiYZ mxfb‡j _v‡K bv- wbDwK¬qvm|
 ¯’vqx wUmyï KvR n‡jv- Lv`¨ Drcv`b, mÂq, `„pZv cÖ`vb I cwienb Kiv|
 cwienb wUmy¨ ¸”Q ev fv¯‹zjvi ev‡Ûj MVb K‡i- RvB‡jg I †d¬v‡qg wUmy¨|
 ‡d¬v‡qg MwVZ nq- mxfbj, m½x‡Kvl, †d¬v‡qg c¨v‡ibKvBgv I †d¬v‡qg wUmy¨|
 ‡d¬v‡qg MwVZ nq- mxfbj, m½x‡Kvl, †d¬v‡qg c¨v‡ibKvBgv I †d¬v‡qg wUmy¨|
 ‡d¬v‡qg MwVZ nq- mxfbj, m½x‡Kvl, †d¬v‡qg c¨v‡ibKvBgv I †d¬v‡qg Zš‘ w`‡q|
 Dw™¢` gvwU †_‡K cvwb I LwbR jeY cvZvq cwienb K‡i- RvB‡j‡gi gva¨‡g|
wKQz cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v
cÖRvwZ ‡µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v cÖRvwZ ‡µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v
KeyZi 80wU gyiwM I KzKzi 78wU
‡Nvov 64wU Mvav 62wU
Miæ/QvMj 60wU ‡fov 54wU
gwnl 48/50wU weovj 38wU
avb MvQ 24wU
‡R‡b wbb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨vewj-
 mšÍvb †Q‡j ev †g‡q nIqvi Rb¨ `vqx- evev|
 wRbZ‡Ë¡i wfwË n‡jv- †g‡Ûjev`/ †g‡Ûj cÖ`Ë m~Î|
 ‡µv‡gv‡Rv‡g wR‡bi Ae¯’vb‡K ejv nq- †jvKvm|
 ‡g‡Û‡ji c„_KxKiY m~‡Îi e¨w³µg bq- Amg cÖKUZv|
 Rbb †Kv‡l (ïµvYy ev wW¤^vYy) A‡Uv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v- 22wU|
 gvbe‡`‡n cÖwZwU †`n †Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K- 23 †Rvov|
 23 †Rvov †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ga¨ mšÍv‡bi wj½ wba©viY K‡i- GK †Rvov|
 me©cÖ_g †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi MV‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv †`b- weÁvbx †nBR (1935)|
 ‡µv‡gv‡RvgB eskMwZi aviK I enK cÖgvY K‡ib- weÁvbx †ev‡fwi (1933)|
 ‡h ivmvqwbK c`v_©wU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wfZi _v‡K bv- wjwcW|
Rxe‰ewPÎ¨
 UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖvYx ˆZwi c×wZ- wRb cÖ‡KŠkj|
 ‡RwbwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖwµqvi cÖ_g †gl kveK- cwj|
 wiKw¤^‡bU DNA cÖhyw³ KZ av‡c m¤úbœ nq- cuvP av‡c|
 me©cÖ_g UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖvYx D™¢ve‡bi cÖ‡Póv mdj nq- 1982 mv‡j|
 wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA ‰Zwi Ki‡Z †KvbwU cÖ‡qvRb- Plasmid DNA|
 evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Drcvw`Z gvbe Bbmywjb‡K e‡j- wnDgywjb|
 ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi †ÿ‡Î †imwUªKkb GbRvB‡gi KvR- DNA AYyi wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b KZ©b|
Page 38 of 59
wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ
01. ‡KvbwUi Rb¨ cy®ú iw½b I my›ì nq? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. †µv‡gvcøv÷ L. †K¬v‡ivcøv÷
M. †µv‡gv‡Uvcøv÷ N. wjD‡Kvcøv÷ DËi: K
02. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢` †Kej g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvÂ‡j †`Lv hvq? [38Zg wewmGm]
K. †LRyi cvg L. mv¸ cvg
M. wbcv cvg N. Zvj cvg DËi: M
03. cÖvwYRM‡ì DrcwË I eskm¤§Üxq we`¨v‡K e‡j? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. ev‡qvjwR L. RyIjwR
M. †R‡bwUK N. B‡fvwjDkb DËi: M
04. wW.Gb. G AYyi wØ-‡nwj· KvVv‡gvi RbK †K? [35Zg wewmGm]
K. m¨vsMvi I cwjs L. IqvUmb I wµK
M. jyB cvš‘i I IqvUmb N. cwjs I wµK DËi: L
05. cÖvwYRM‡Zi DrcwË I eskm¤^Üxq we`¨v‡K e‡j? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. RyIjwR L. ev‡qvjwR
M. B‡fvwjkb N. †R‡bwU· DËi: N
06. ‡gŠgvwQi Pvl n‡jv? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. GwcKvjPvi L. ImwiKvjPvi
M. wcwmKvjPvi N. nwU©KvjPvi DËi: K
07. ‡Kvb weÁvbx †ivMRxevYy ZË¡ D™¢veb K‡ib? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. WviDBb L. jyBcv¯Íyi
M. wcÖ÷jx N. j¨fqwm‡q DËi: L
08. ÔwcwmKvjPviÕ ej‡Z wK †evSvq? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. †ikg Pvl L. †gŠgvwQ Pvl
M. grm¨ Pvl N. nvum-gyiMx Pvl DËi: M
09. ‡cwbwmwjqvg Avwe®‹vi K‡ib? [22Zg wewmGm]
K. ievU© ûK L. Ugvm GwWmb
M. †Rgm IqvU N. Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs DËi: N
10. Existentialism wK? [18Zg wewmGm]
K. GKwU `vk©wbK gZev` L. cÖvwYwe`¨vi GKwU ZË¡
M. f~-we`¨vi GKwU ZË¡ N.c`v_©we`¨vi GKwU ZË¡ DËi: K
11. ‡cvwjI wUKvi Avwe®‹vi †Rvbvm mK hy³iv‡óªi GK kn‡i gviv hvb, kniUvi bvg wK? [17Zg wewmGm]
K. La Martini L. La Zola
M. San Antonio N. San Hose DËi: M
12. ÔGwfKvjPviÕ ej‡Z wK eySvq? [14Zg wewmGm]
K. DÇqb msµvšÍ welqvw` L. cvwLcvjb welqvw`
M. evR cvwLcvjb welqvw` N.D‡ovRvnvR eë¯’vcbv DËi: L
13. gvkiæg GK ai‡bi? [32Zg wewmGm]
K.Acy®úK Dw™¢` L. ciRxex Dw™¢`
M. dv½vm N. AwK©W DËi: M
14. g~j †bB †Kvb Dw™¢‡`? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. dYxgbmv L. exiær
M. gm N. WviDBb DËi: M
15. AvK…wZ, Aem&nvb I Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ‡f‡` AveiYx wUmy¨ KZ ai‡bi?
[35Zg wewmGm]
K. 2 L. 3
M. 4 N. 5 DËi: L
16. K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi KviY wK? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. †Kv‡li A¯^vfvweK g„Zz¨ L. †Kv‡li A¯^vfvweK e„w×
M. †Kv‡li A¯^vfvweK e„w× N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv DËi: L
17. gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq KZ fvM †cÖvwUb? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. 70% L. 72%
M. 73% N. 80% DËi: M
Page 39 of 59
18. gvbe‡`‡n mvaviYfv‡e †Îv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K? [31Zg wewmGm]
K. 25 †Rvov L. 24 †Rvov
M. 23 †Rvov N. 20 †Rvov DËi: M
19. wb‡Pi †KvbwU DNA-Gi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em? [27Zg wewmGm]
K.BDivwmj L. †Mvqvwbb
M. wcwiWw·b N. A¨vmcvivwRb DËi: L
20. evsjv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g †Kvb gwnjv †U÷wUDe wkïi gv nb? [27Zg wewmGm]
K. cvifxb dv‡Zgv L. wd‡ivRv †eMg
M. iIkb Rvnvb N. KvwbR dv‡Zgv DËi: L
21. Adult cell ‡K¬vb K‡i †h †fovi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q Zvi bvg †Ìqv n‡q‡Q?
[26Zg wewmGm]
K. ‡kjx L. Wwj
M. gwj N. †bjx DËi: L
22. cÖ_g †U÷wUDe †eixÎq K‡e f~wgô nq? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. 27 †g L. 24 †g
M. 30 †g N. 31 †g DËi: M
23. Rx‡ei eskMwZi êwkó¨ enb K‡i? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. wbDwK¬qvm L. wbDwK¬Ijvm
M. †µv‡gv‡Rvg N. wbDwK¬IcøvRg DËi: M
24. ‡K¬vwbs c×wZ‡Z Rb¥MÖnYKvix †fovi bvg wK? [19Zg wewmGm]
K. bbx L. Uwg
M. †kjx N. Wwj DËi: N
25. Adult Cell ‡K¬vb K‡i †Kvb †`‡k GKwU †fovi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q? [18Zg wewmGm]
K. hy³ivR¨ L. hy³ivóª
M. A‡÷ªwjqv N. d«vÝ DËi: K
26. ‡Kvb RviK im cvK¯’jx‡Z `y» RgvU evuavq? [30Zg wewmGm]
K. †ccwmb L. GgvB‡jR
M. †iwbb N. wUªcwmb DËi: M
27. wewjiyweb ˆZwi nq? [27Zg wewmGm]
K.wcË_wj‡Z L. wKWbx‡Z
M. cøxnvq N. hK„Z DËi: M
mv‡jvK ms‡kølY
 ATP c~Y©iƒc n‡jv- Adenosine Triphosphate.
 kw³ Rgv K‡i iv‡L Ges cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i Ab¨ wewµqvq kw³ mieivn K‡i- ATP|
 ATP †K ejv nq- ˆRegy`ªv ev Ôkw³gy`ªvÕ (Biological coin or energy coin)
 ADP c~Y©iƒc n‡jv-Adenosine Diphosphate.
 AMP c~Y©iƒc n‡jv-Adenosine Monophsphate.
 mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi mgq ADP †mŠikw³ MÖnY K‡i ATP ‡Z cwiYZ nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq- d‡Uvdm‡dvivB‡jkb|
 Dw™¢` LwbR jeY †kvlY K‡i- Avqb wn‡m‡e|
 Dw™¢‡ì Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z cÖwµqvq cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³i Drm- Av‡jv|
 ‡KvbwU cÖv_wgK Lv`¨ Drcv`K- meyR Dw™¢`|
 Dw™¢‡ì cvZvi †h †Kv‡l mv‡jvKms‡køY nq bv- RvB‡jg bvwnKv I mxfbj|
 Rxe RMr Gi cÖv_wgK Lv‡`ï Drm- mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv|
 ‡h cÖwµqvq Rxe‡`‡ni ï®‹ IRb e„w× cvq Zv‡K e‡j- DcwPwZ wecvK|
 m~h©v‡jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z R‡ji AvqbxKiY‡K ejv nq- d‡Uvdm‡dvivB‡jkb|
k^mb
 meyR Dw™¢` Lv`¨ ˆZwi Kvi- cvZvq|
 k^mb cÖwµqvi evwn¨K cÖfveK- Aw·‡Rb|
 AevZ k^m‡b †KvbwU Drcbœ nq bv- H2O|
 mevZ k^m‡bi MøvB‡KvjvBwm‡m cÖvß †gvU ATP-38wU|
 mvaviYZ KZ ZvcgvÎvq k^mb cÖwµqv fvjfv‡e P‡j- (20- 45)|
 m~h©v‡jvK Qvov Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU ˆZwii cÖwµqv‡K e‡j- K¨v‡gvwmb‡_wmm|
Page 40 of 59
 Dw™¢‡` Kve©b WvB-A·vBW M¨vm †kvwlZ nq bv Ges Aw·‡Rb wbM©Z nq bv- iv‡Zi †ejvq|
 Dw™¢‡ì k^mb wµqvi nvi †ewk- dzj I cvZvi Kuywo, A¼ywiZ exR, g~j I Kv‡Ði AMÖfv‡M|
cÖ‡¯^`b
 cÎiÜ«xq cÖ‡¯^`b nq- cvZvi gva¨‡g|
 evqyi Av`ª©Zv e„w× †c‡j- cÖ‡¯^`b n«vm cvq|
 eo Mv‡Qi wb‡P VvÐv jv‡M- cÖ‡¯^`‡bi Rb¨|
 evqyi ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡j- cÖ‡¯^`b e„w× cvq|
 Dw™¢‡ì cvZvi gva¨‡g cÖ‡¯^`b nq- (90-95)%|
 m~‡h©i cÖLi Zv‡cI Mig nq bv- Mv‡Qi cvZv|
 evqyi Pvc Kg n‡j Kg Zv‡cB cvwb ev‡®ú cwiYZ nq d‡j- cÖ‡¯^`b ev‡o|
fvBivm
‡iv‡Mi bvg fvBiv‡mi bvg ‡cvlK †`n
AID HIV gvbyl
‡W½y d¬¨vwf fvBivm gvbyl
‡cvwjI ‡cvwjI fvBivm gvbyl
Bbd¬z‡qÄ (Influenza) Bbd¬z‡qÄv fvBivm gvbyl
fvBivj †ncvUvBwUm ‡ncvUvBwUm- we fvBivm gvbyl
nvwc©m (Herpes) nvwc©m wmg‡cø· gvbyl
‡Mv-emšÍ f¨vKwmwbqv (e„nËg Miæ
fvBivm
‡gvRvBK TMV ZvgvK
RjvZ¼ (Street ‡iwem (Rabies) KzKzi/gvbyl
Virus)
nvg (Measles) iæweIjv (Rubella) gvbyl
gv¤úm (Mumps Mumps Virus gvbyl
Virus)
evW© d¬z Bb‡d¬v‡qÄv UvBc-A gvbyl, cvwL, nuvm, gyiwM
(H5Nl)
‡mvqvBb d¬z HlNl ïKzi, gvbyl
Z_¨ cÖevn
 i¨vwem fvBiv‡mi Kvi‡Y m„wó nq- RjvZ¼ †ivM|
 cÖvYxi †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q eo fvBivm- Herpes Virus|
 cÖvYxi †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q ‡QvU fvBivm- Polio Virus|
 RjemšÍ nq- Varicella- Zoster Virus fvBiv‡mi Kvi‡Y|
 RjvZ¼ †ivM nq- weovj, KzKzi, wkqvj, †euwR, evN BZv¨vwì Kvg‡o|
 emšÍ, †cvwjI, RjvZ¼, RwÛm †iv‡Mi wUKv ˆZwi Kiv nq-fvBivm n‡Z|
 ‡mvqvBb d¬z †iv‡Mi fvBivm- HlNl|
 ‡mvqvBb d¬z †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq- gvbyl I ïKi|
 ‡W½y R¦i m„wói Rb¨ `vqx fvBivm-d¬¨vwf fvBivm, hvi evnK GwWm gkv|
 dvB‡jwiqv †ivM m„wó K‡i- wKD‡j· gkv|
 Ôw÷ªU fvBivmÕ (Street Virus) ‡h †iv‡Mi RxevYyi bvg- †iwem|
 wPwKrmvweÁvb welqK †h Dw³ wVK bq- G‡bvwdwjm gkvi Kvg‡o †W½y R¦i nq|
 ‡cvwjI, RjvZ¼, RwÛm, emšÍ cÖf…wZ †h RvZxq †ivM-fvBivm|
 fvBivm Gi MV‡b †h †RvovwU mwVK- †cÖvwUb Ges wbDwK¬K GwmW|
Lv`¨ I cvwbi gva¨‡g Qovq ‡ncvUvBwUm A, E fvBivm|
i³ I ex‡l©i gva¨‡g Qovq ‡ncvUvBwUm B,C,D, fvBivm|
wRKv fvBivm bvgKiY nq DMvÛvi wRKv e‡bi
bvgvbymv‡i|
wRKv fvBivm bvgKiY nq DMvÛvi wRKv e‡bi
bvgvbymv‡i|
wRKv fvBivm n‡jv GwmW gkvevwnZ fvBivm|
Page 41 of 59
B‡evjv fvBiv‡mi Avwe®‹viK n‡jb W. wcUvi wK‡qvU|
wbcv fvBiv‡mi cÖavb evnK n‡jv ev`yo|
SARS m„wó nq K‡ivbv fvBivm Øviv|
B‡evjv fvBiv‡mi f¨vKwmb n‡jv VSV
e¨vK‡Uwiqv (Bacteria
‡iv‡Mi bvg †ivM m„wóKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqvi bvg ‡ivM we¯Ív‡ii gva¨g
h²v Mycobacterium tuberculosis evqy
wbD‡gvwbqv Streptococcus pneumoniae evqy
wWc‡_wiqv Corynebacterium diptheriae evqy
ûwcsKvwk Bordetella pertussis evqy
‡gwbbRvBwUm Neisseria meningitidis evqy
UvBd‡qW Salmonella typhi Lv`¨, cvwb
c¨vivUvBd‡qW Salmonella paratyphi Lv`¨, cvwb
K‡jiv Vibrio cholerae Lv`, cvwb
abyósKvi Clostirdium tetani ÿZ¯’vb w`‡q
Dw™¢`‡`‡n e¨vK‡UwiqvNwUZ wKQz †ivM
Dw™¢‡ì bvg ‡ivM
Avjyi cuPv †ivM ¯‹¨ve
AvL AvVv Siv †ivM
avb eøvBU †ivM
‡jey K¨vsKvi
kmv DBë
Mg UzÐz †ivM
U‡g‡Uv K¨vsKvi †ivM, DBëv
wmg eøvBU †ivM
mqvweb eøvBU †ivM
KwZcq Dw™¢‡ì êÁvwbK bvg
Dw™¢‡ì ‰eÁvwbK bvg Dw™¢‡ì ‰eÁvwbK bvg
bvg bvg
avb Oryza sativa Mg Triticum aestivum
cvU Corchorus fzÆv Zea mays
capsularis
‡Mvjvc Rosa centifolia wcuqvR Allium cepa
Kjv Musa, sapientum ‡c‡c Carica papaya
‡Mvj Avjy Solanum KuvVvj Ariocarpus
tuberosum heterophyllus
mwilv Brassica napus ‡MIqv Excoecaria agallocha
Avg Mengifera indica ‡gnMwb Swieteria mahagoni

Kwd Coffea arabica ‡jey Citrus aurantifolia
g~jv Raphanus stivus kvcjv Nymphaea nouchali
‡m¸b Tectona grandis my›ìx Heritiera fomes
wjPz Litchi sinensis wkg Dolichos lablab
 wØc` bvgKi‡Y _v‡K- 2wU Ask|
 wØc` bvgKi‡Yi `ywU Ask n‡jv- cÖ_gwU MY bvg wØZxqwU cÖRvwZ|
 Reve êÁvwbK bvg n‡jv- Habiscus rosa-simensis|
 gmyi Gi êÁvwbK bvg n‡jv- Lens culinaris
 ‡Qvjvi êÁvbwK bvg n‡jv- Cicer arietinum
 ‡mvbvgyM-Gi êÁvwbK bvg n‡jv- Vigna radiate
 ‡MvjAvjyi êÁvwbK bvg- Solanum tuberosum
 ‡gvUi Gi ‰eÁvwbK bvg- Pisum sativum
Page 42 of 59
 gvmKjvBi êÁvwbK bvg-Vigna mungo
 mqvweb-Gi êÁvwbK bvg-Glycine max
 ‡Lmvix-Gi êÁvwbK bvg-Lathyrus sativus
Dw™¢`
 mvbdvb© ejv nq- †Uwim dvb©‡K|
 w¯úiæwjbv n‡jv- GK cÖKvi ˆkevj|
 dvb© Dw™¢‡ì KvÐ‡K ejv nq- ivB‡Rvg|
 Pv I wjPzMv‡Qi gvivZ¥K †ivM m„wó K‡i- ˆkevj|
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU Amg †iYycÖm~ Dw™¢`- †mjv‡Rwbqv|
 ‡jvwnZ mvM‡ii cvwbi is jvj nIqvi Rb¨ `vqx- jvj ˆkevj|
 c„w_ex‡Z dvb© cÖRvwZi msL¨v- cÖvq 11000 (AwaKvskB Av`ª© DògÐ‡j evm K‡i)|
 mvBwi‡KvK°vm, A¨v‡µvgbvm, †K¬v‡ijv, ivB‡RvµvBwmm, †K¬v‡ivewUªm, WvqvUg, K¬vB‡Wv‡gvbvm BZ¨vw` n‡jv- GK‡Kvlx ˆkevj|
 WvB‡ewUm †ivwMiv w¯úiæwjbv eënvi K‡ib KviY- w¯úiæwjbv‡Z cÖPzi cwigvY †cÖvwUb, d¨vU I kK©iv Kg _v‡K|
fzj‡jB wec`...
 g~‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cÖRbb K‡i- Wvwjqv|
 AwK©W Kx ai‡bi Dw™¢`- civkÖqx|
 ‡je MvQ †h RvZxq Dw™¢`- ¸j¥|
 KPzixcv bv cvwb‡Z fv‡m- KvÐ duvcv e‡j|
 ‡hwU MvRi, †cuqvR I g~jvi g‡Zv- Avjy|
 gnvKvk M‡elYvq Lv`¨ I Aw·‡Rb Drcv`‡bi Drm wnmv‡e eëüZ nq- †K¬v‡ivjv Dw™¢`|
 evsjv‡`‡k mvBKvm (Cycas) Dw™¢` cÖvK…wZKfv‡e R‡b¥- PÆMÖv‡gi evwiqvXvjv e‡b|
 bMœRxex Dw™¢‡ì G‡Ûv¯úvg© (km¨) †Kvb ai‡bi- n¨vcø‡qW|
 mKj mcy®úK Dw™¢` n‡”Q- ¯^‡fvRx|
g~j, KvÐ, cvZv
 KvÐ Zz‡K _v‡K- †÷vgvUv|
 my›ìx Dw™¢`‡K ejv nq-jywKs Møvm|
 wKDwUKj I Aa© Z¡K _v‡K- Kv‡Ð|
 g¨vb‡MÖvf eb †KvbwU- my›ìeb|
 eû‡Kvlx KvÐ‡ivg _v‡K- wØexRcÎxi †ÿ‡Î|
 Dw™¢‡ì KvÐ iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q cvZvi KvR K‡i- cv_iKzwP|
 cvZv‡K ejv nq- Dw™¢‡ì Lv`¨ ˆZwii KviLvbv ev ivbœvNi|
 wPinwir Dw™¢‡ì eb evsjv‡`‡ki †h AÂ‡j †`Lv hvq- e„nËi wm‡jU, PÆMÖvg I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg|
 Mv‡Qi cvZv P¨vÞv I cÖmvwiZ nq- cÖPzi m~‡h©i Av‡jv cvIqvi Rb¨|
 ‡hme cvZv c~Y©Zv cÖvwßi ci S‡i hvq Zv‡K ejv nq-cY©‡gvPx cvZv|
dzj I dj
 D”P †kÖwYi Dw™¢‡ì cÖRbb A½ n‡jv-dzj|
 mcy®úK Dw™¢`‡K ejv nq- ¯^‡fvRx|
 g~jnxb Dw™¢` n‡jv- SuvwS|
 me‡P‡q my¯v^ `y dj n‡jv- Avg|
 me©v‡cÿv e„nr gyKzj n‡jv- euvavKwc|
 ‡Vmg~j _v‡K- fzÆv I †Kqv Dw™¢`|
 me‡P‡q ÿz`ª gyKzj n‡jv- åY|
 dj cvKvi Rb¨ `vqx- Bw_wjb|
 c„w_ex‡Z me©vwaK Drcvw`Z dj- Kjv|
 njy` i‡Oi Rb¨ `vqx n‡jv- R¨v‡š’vwdj|
 myßve¯’vq KvwU‡q åƒ‡Yi e„w× nIqv‡K ejv nq- A¼z‡iv`Mg|
 g~j, KvÐ, cvZv †bB wKš‘ †K¬v‡ivwdj Av‡Q- ˆkevj Dw™¢‡`|
Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi Drm
Lv`¨ Dcv`vb Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi Drm
kK©iv Dw™¢¾: Pvj, AvUv, Avjy, kvK-mewR, fzÆv, meyR cvZv,
(Carbohydrate) dj-g~j, wPwb| cÖvwYR: `ya, gay|
Avwgl (Protein) cÖvwYR: gvQ, gvsm, wWg, `ya, KwjRv, cwbi, Qvbv,
Page 43 of 59
Dw™¢¾: Wvj, wPbvev`vg, Pvj, AvUv, mqvweb, wk‡gi
exwP|
‡¯œn`ªe¨ (Lipid) cÖvwYR: gvLb, wN, Pwe©, wWg, WvjWv, wW‡gi Kzmyg|
Dw™¢¾: ev`vg, bvi‡Kj, mwilv, mqvweb, m~h©gyLx Ges
fzÆvi ˆZj|
LwbR jeY meyR kvK-mewR, dj-g~j, km¨ `vbv, gvQ, gvsm, wWg
(Mineral Salt) `ya|
cvwb (Water) wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g I cÖK…wZ †_‡K|
cÖvYxMRr
ce© msÁv D`vniY
‡cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv GK‡Kvlx AvYyexÿwYK cÖvYx‡ì †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv ev Avw`cÖvYx A¨vwgev (Amoeba proteus), Euglena,
ejv nq| g¨v‡jwiqv RxevYy, Avgvkq RxevYy|
cwi‡div Giv sponge cÖvYx bv‡g cwiwPZ G‡ì‡K wQ`ªvwqZ cÖvYx ¯‹vBdv, ¯úbwRjv, mvgyw`ªK ¯úÄ|
e‡j|
wbWvwiqv wbWvwiqv c‡e©i cÖvYxiv wØåƒY¯Íix G‡±vWvg© I G‡ÛvWvg© nvBWªv (Hydra vulgaris), †Rwjwdm|
AšÍf©~³| G‡ì AwaKvsk cÖRvwZ mvgyw`ªK|
cøvwU‡njwgbw_m K…wgRvZxq cÖvYx G c‡e© Ae¯’vb K‡i| G‡ì †iPbA‡½i wdZvK…wg (Taenia solium), hK…Z K…wg|
bvg n‡jv wkLv †Kvl
‡bgv‡UvWv Giv cÖvwY‡`‡ni e¨vcK ÿwZmvab K‡i †MvjK…wg, dv B‡jwiqv K…wg|
A¨vwbwjWv G‡ì †bwd«wWqv bvgK †iPbA½ _v‡K †Ku‡Pv (cÖK…wZi jvOj), †RuvK|
A‡_©v‡cvWv GwU cÖvwYRM‡Zi me‡P‡q eo ce©| mgMÖ cÖvwYRM‡Zi wPswo, cÖRvcwZ †ikg‡cvKv, †gŠgvwQ, ‡Zjv‡cvKv,
cÖvq 75% cÖvYx G c‡e© emevm K‡i| G c‡e©i cÖvYx‡ì gvwQ BZ¨vw`|
mwÜc`x cÖvYx ejv nq|
gjv¯‹v Giv gvsmj cv w`‡q PjvPj K‡i kvgyK, wSbyK, A‡±vcvm|
GKvB‡bvWvg©vUv G c‡e©i mKj cÖvYxB mvM‡i evm K‡i| G‡ì mvM‡ii ZvivgvQ, mgy`ª kkv, mc© Zviv, KKzgvwiqv BZ¨vw`|
†mŠ›`h© ejv nq
KW©vUv gvbylmn DbœZ cÖvYx G ce©f~³| gvbyl, b‡UvKW©, ‡giæ`Ð
wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ

01. Kv‡e©vnvB‡Wª‡U C, HGes O -Gi AbycvZ KZ? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. 1:1:2 L. 1:2:1
M. 1:3:2 N. 1:3:1 DËi: L
02. wW‡g †Kvb wfUvwgb †bB? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. wfUvwgb-G L. wfUvwgb-we
M. wfUvwgb-wm N. wfUvwgb-wW DËi: M
03. Lv`¨ ˆZwii Rb¨ Dw™¢` evqy †_‡K MÖnY K‡i? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. Aw·‡Rb L. Kve©b WvB-A·vBW
M. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb N. Rjxq ev®ú DËi: L
04. e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †Kv‡l wb‡P †KvbwU Dcw¯’Z? [38Zg wewmGm]
K. cøvmwUW L. gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
M. wbDwK¬Ijvm N. †µvgvwUb e¯‘ DËi: N
05. wb‡Pi †KvbwU fvBiv‡mi Rb¨ mZ¨ bq? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. wWGbG AviGbG _v‡K
L.ïaygvÎ Rxe‡`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i msL¨ve„w× K‡i
M.ùvwUK `vbvq iƒcvšÍwiZ N. ivB‡ev‡Rvg _v‡K DËi: N
06. ‰`wbK Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq mvgyw`ªK gvQ/ ˆkev‡ji AvšÍfz©w³, †Kvb †iv‡Mi cÖv`yfv© e Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e? [37Zg
wewmGm]
K. nvB‡cv-_vBiqwWRg L. ivZKvbv
M. Gwbwgqv N. †KvqvwkqKi DËi: K
07. Pv cvZvq †Kvb wfUvwgb _v‡K? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. wfUvwgb ÔBÕ L. wfUvwgb Ô‡KÕ
M. wfUvwgb Ôwe Kg‡cø·Õ N. wfUvwgb ÔGÕ DËi: M
08. wb‡P †KvbwU Avwgl RvZxq Lv`¨ nR‡g mvnvh¨ K‡i? [36Zg wewmGm]
Page 44 of 59
K. wUªcwmb L. jvB‡cR
M. Uvqwjb N. A¨vgvB‡jR DËi: K
09. fvBivmRwbZ †ivM bq †KvbwU? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. RwÛm L. GBWm
M. wbD‡gvwbqv N. †PvL IVv DËi: M
10. ÔAwMœkîÕ wK dvm‡ji DbœZ RvZ ? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. avb L. Kjv
M. cvU N. Mg DËi: L
11. mylg Lv‡`ï Dcv`vb KqwU? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. 4 wU L. 6wU
M. 5wU N. 8wU DËi: L
12. ‡Kvb Lv‡`¨ †cÖwUb †ewk? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. fvZ L. Miæi gvsm
M. gmyi Wvj N. gq`v DËi: M
13. nvo I `vuZ‡K gReyZ K‡i? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. Av‡qvwWb L. Avqib
M. g¨vM‡bwmqvg N. K¨vjwmqvg I dmdivm DËi: N
14. Rwgi jeYv³Zv wbqš¿Y K‡i †KvbwU ? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. K„wÎg mvi cÖ‡qvM L. cvwb †mP
M. gvwU‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb a‡i ivLv N. cÖvK…wZK M¨vm cÖ‡qvM DËi: L
15. Photosynthesis take place in? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. Roots of the plants L. Stems of the plants
M. Green parts of the plants N. All parts of the plants DËi: M
16. gvkiæg GK ai‡bi? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. Acy®úK Dw™¢` L. ciRxex Dw™¢`
M. dv½vm N. AwK©W DËi: M
17. ‡W½y R¦‡ii evnK †Kvb gkv? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. A¨v‡bvwdwjm L. GwWm
M. wKD‡j· N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq DËi: L
18. mv‡jvKms‡kølY me‡Pq †ewk cwigv‡Y nq? [26Zg wewmGm]
K. meyR Av‡jv‡Z L. bxj Av‡jv‡Z
M. jvj Av‡jv‡Z N. †e¸bx Av‡jv‡K DËi: M
19. av‡bi dz‡j civM ms‡hvM N‡U? [11Zg wewmGm]
K. evZv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ L. cvZv Øviv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q
M. KxUcZ‡½i mvnv‡h¨ N. dz‡j dz‡j ms¯ú‡k© DËi: K
20. Nb cvZvwewkó e„‡ÿi wb‡P iv‡Z Nygv‡bv ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z bq, KviY MvQ n‡Z?
[24Zg wewmGm]
K. AwaK cwigv‡Y Aw·‡Rb wbM©Z nq
L. AwaK cwigv‡Y Kve©Y WvB-A·vBW wbM©Znq
M. AwaK cwigv‡b Kve©b g‡bv-A·vBW wbM©Z nq
N. welv³ mvqvbvBW wbM©Z nq DËi: L
21. me©cÖ_‡g †h Ddwg avb G †`‡k Pvjy n‡q GL‡bv eZ©gvb i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv?
[11Zg wewmGm]
K. Bwi-8 L. Bwi-1
M. Bwi-20 N. Bwi-3 DËi: K
22. RjR Dw™¢` mn‡R fvm‡Z cv‡i, KviY? [10Zg wewmGm]
K.Giv A‡bK †QvU L. G‡ì Kv‡Û A‡bK evqy KzVzix _v‡K
M. Giv cvwb‡Z R‡b¥ N. G‡ì cvZv A‡bK Kg _v‡K
DËi: L
23. g~j †bB †Kvb Dw™¢‡`? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. dYxgbmv L. exiær
M. ¸j¥ N. gm DËi: N
24. av‡bi dz‡j civM ms‡hvM N‡U? [11Zg wewmGm]
Page 45 of 59
K. evZv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ civM S‡i c‡o L. cvZv Øviv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q
M. KxUcZ‡½i mvnv‡h¨ N. dz‡j dz‡j ms¯ú‡k© DËi: K
25. g¨vwjK GwmW? [26Zg wewmGm]
K. AvgjwK‡Z cvIqv hvq L. Kgjv‡jey‡Z cvIqv hvq
M. Av½y‡i cvIqv hvq N. U‡g‡Uv‡Z cvIqv hvq DËi: N
26. ‡Kvb wfUvwgb ÿZ¯’vb n‡Z i³ cov eÜ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i? [26Zg wewmGm]
K. wfUvwgb-wm L. wfUvwgb-we
M. wfUvwgb-we2 N.wfUvwgb-‡K DËi: N
i³
 i‡³i DrcwË ¯’vb- åæ‡Yi †g‡mvWvg©|
 mviv †`‡n i³ GKevi m¤ú~Y© cwiåg‡bi Rb¨ mgq jv‡M- gvÎ 1 wgwbU ev Zvi †P‡q Kg|
 ‡Zjv‡cvKv/Avi‡kvjvi i³ mv`v ev eY©nxb nq- wn‡gv‡Møvweb bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y|
 i³ MwVZ nq- i³im I i³KwYKvi mgš^‡q|
 i‡³i NbZ¡ cvwbi †P‡q †ewk- 4.5 ¸Y|
 ‡`n‡Kvl n‡Z i³ MÖnY K‡i- eR©¨ c`v_©|
 kxZj i³wewkó cÖvYx- e¨vO|
 i³ Drcv`‡bi KviLvbv ejv nq- Aw¯’‡K|
 i³ jvj e‡Y©i nIqvi KviY- A‰Re je‡Yi Rb¨|
 mviv †`‡n i³ GKevi m¤ú~Y© cwiåg‡bi Rb¨ mgq jv‡M- 1 wgwbU
 i‡³i eR©¨ c`v_© n‡jv- BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW, Kve©b WvB-A·vBW BZ¨vw`|
 ‡`n‡Kvl i³ n‡Z MÖnY K‡i- Aw·‡Rb I Lv`¨mvi|
 cøvRgv †cÖvwUb ‰Zwi nq- hK…‡Z|
 i³i‡m wn‡gv‡Møvweb _v‡K- †K‡Puvi|
 A¨vjeywgb, †MøvweDwjb, wdweª‡bv‡Rb cÖf…wZ n‡jv- cøvRgv †cÖvwUb|
 ‡Ku‡Pvi i‡³ wn‡gv‡Møvweb _v‡K- i³ i‡m|
 RBC fv½‡bi d‡j ˆZwi nq- wewjiæweb I wewjfvwW©b|
 i‡³ †jvwnZKwYKv Kg‡j- i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q|
 i‡³i †jvwnZ KwYKv ˆZwi nq †Kv_vq- †jvwnZ Aw¯’g¾vq|
 ‡jvwnZ i³KwYKv cwigvcK h‡š¿i bvg- Haematocrit (wng¨v‡UvwµU)|
 ‡`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv e„w× K‡i- †k^Z i³KwYKv|
 i³ RgvU euvavi cÖwµqvi bvg- i³ ZÄb (Blood clotting)|
 ‡Ruv‡K Kvgov‡j mn‡R i³ RgvU euv‡a bv- †Ruv‡Ki jvjvq wn‡ivwWb bvgK c`v_© _vKvi Kvi‡Y|
 D”P i³Pv‡ci Rb¨ `vqx- A¨v‡Wªbvj MÖwš’|
 ü`‡ivM I †÷ªv‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY n‡jv- D”P i³Pvc|
 Spinal Anaesthesia Gi RwUjZv n‡jv- wb¤œ i³Pvc|
 i³ Pvc gvcK hš¿wU n‡jv- wùM‡gvg¨v‡bvwgUvi (Sphgmomanometer)|
 eq¯‹ †jv‡Ki Zzjbvq wjDwKwgqv ‡iv‡M †ewk f‚‡M _v‡K- wkïiv|
ü`wcÐ Ges ü`‡ivM (Heart & Heart Disease):
 K‡ivbvwi _ª‡¤^vwmm †ivMwU n‡jv- ü`wc‡Ði|
 ürwcÐ †h ai‡bi A‰bw”QK †cwk wb‡q MwVZ- ü`‡cwk|
 cyiæl‡ì nv‡U©i IRb bvix‡ì †_‡K- Aa© AvDÝ †ewk nq|
 gvbe‡`‡n cÖwZ wgwb‡U ü`wcÐ ¯úw›`Z nq- (70-80) evi (M‡o 72 evi)|
 mvaviY 60 wgwbU/(60) Gi bx‡P ü`¯ú›`b n‡j Zv‡K e‡j- Bradycardia|
 ü`wcÐ eÿ MnŸ‡ii evg w`‡K `yB dzmdz‡mi- gvSLv‡b Aew¯’Z GKwU wÎ‡KvYvKvi duvcv A½|
 ü`wc‡Ði cÖwZwU ¯ú›`‡b ü`wc‡Ði cwieZ©b¸‡jvi †h PµvKvi cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡K ejv nq- KvwW©qvK Pµ ev ü`Pµ e‡j|
fzj‡jB wec`...
welq Z_¨ wPÎ
gvby‡li ü`wcÐ Pvi cÖ‡Kvô wewkó|
Page 46 of 59
mKj cvwLi ü`wc‡Ði cÖ‡Kvô 4wU|
gv‡Qi ü`wc‡Ði cÖ‡Kvô n‡jv 3wU|
nvU© n‡jv cÖavbZ ‡ckxeûj hš¿|
wZb ü`wcÐ wewkó cÖvYx n‡jv A‡±vcvm I K¨vUj wdm|
nv‡U©i IRb nq mvaviYZ 8 †_‡K 9 AvDÝ|
Kzwgi I nv½‡ii ü`wc‡Ði cÖ‡Kvô 4wU
nv‡U©i mvDÛ n‡jv 4 ai‡bi|
e¨v‡Oi ü`wcÐ 3wU|
 nv‡U© †gvU fvj&f i‡q‡Q- 4wU|

 K…wÎg ü`wcÐ ˆZwii Dcv`vbwU n‡jv- cwjBDwi‡gb|
 K…wÎg pacemaker Avwe®‹vi Kiv nq- 1969 mv‡j|
 me©cÖ_g 1896 mv‡j ü`wc‡Ð A‡¯¿vcvPvi K‡i- Rvg©vwb|
 jwmKv i³Z‡š¿ cÖZ¨veZ©b- jwmKv bvjxi gva¨‡g|
 cøvw÷K mvR©vwii cÖPjb cÖ_g nq- fvi‡Z, cÂg kZ‡K|
 ü`¯ú›`b, k^vmKvh© cÖf…wZi MwZi nvi wb‡`©kb h‡š¿i bq- KvB‡gvMÖvd|
 ‡gwW‡Kj cwifvlvq K‡ivbvwi AvU©vwi wWwRR ejv nq- nvBcvi‡Ubkb‡K|
 wPwKrmKMY heart attack Gi c~e©jÿY e‡j g‡b K‡ib- A¨vbwRbv †ivM‡K|
 nv‡U©i ms‡KvPb cÖmviY †h h‡š¿i gva¨‡g K…wÎgfv‡e Kiv‡bv hvq Zvi bvg-‡cm‡gKvi|
 gvbe‡`‡n cÖwZ¯’vcb‡hvM¨ K…wÎg pacemaker Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- Wiliam Chardock I Wilson Great Batch bvgK `yRb
Av‡gwiKvb weÁvbx|
¯œvqy I ¯œvqy‡hvM
 ÿzavZ© ¯œvqy n‡jv- †fMvm ¯œvqy|
 me©v‡cÿv we¯Í…Z ¯œvqy n‡jv- †fMvm ¯œvqy|
 ¯^v` MÖnYKvix ¯œvqy n‡jv- †dwmqvj ¯œvqy|
 NªvY MÖnYKvix ¯œvqy n‡jv- Ajd¨vKUix ¯œvqy|
 gvbe gw¯Í‡¯‹ KZ¸‡jv wbDib _v‡K- 10 wewjqb|
 me©v‡cÿv e„nr ¯œvqy n‡jv- UvB‡Rwgbvj ¯œvqy|
 kÖeY I fvimvg¨ iÿvi ¯œvqy n‡jv- AwWUix ¯œvqy|
 gvbe‡`‡ni ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿Y K‡i- nvB‡cv_¨vjvgvm|
 gvbyl hLb wPšÍv K‡i ZLb gw¯Í‡®‹i †h AskwU KvR K‡i- †mwieªvj|
 kxZ, MÖx®§, j¾v, †µva cÖf„wZ Abyf‚wZ †eva _v‡K- _¨vjvgv‡m|
 Z_¨ a‡i ivLvi †ÿ‡Î bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ †ewk ÿgZv m¤úbœ- bvix|
 ‡`‡ni fvimvg¨ wbqš¿Y Kiv hvi KvR- jNy gw¯Í‡®‹i|
 gvbe‡`‡ni A½Zš¿mg~n‡K mgš^q K‡i- ¯œvqyZš¿|
gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹i AvqZb 1500 wm.wm
¯œvqyZ‡š¿i GKK nj wbDib
‡mwieªvj‡K ejv nq ¸iægw¯Í®‹
gw¯Í‡®‹ wbDib _v‡K 10 wewjqb
myly¤øv ¯œvqyi msL¨v 31 †Rvov
gw¯Í®‹ †_‡K ¯œvqy wbM©Z nq 12 †Rvov
Page 47 of 59
gw¯Í®‹ myiwÿZ _v‡K K‡ivwUi g‡a¨
gvB‡µvev‡qvjwR
 MICRO A_©- ‡QvU|
 Madcow ‡ivM Avwe®‹vi nq- 1996 mv‡j|
 ‡hme RxevYy †ivM m„wó K‡i, Zv‡ì ejv nq- c¨v‡_v‡Rb|
 cwbi ˆZwi‡Z †KvbwU eënvi nq- obacillus|
 `ya †ewkÿY ivL‡j UK nq KviY- `y‡a j¨v‡±vR _v‡K| `y‡ai e¨vK‡Uwiqv j¨v‡±vR‡K j¨vKwUK Gwm‡W cwiYZ K‡i †d‡j|
 wfwiIb n‡jv- fvBivm msµwgZ †ivM|
 wfwiqb †h ai‡bi fvBivm- msµgYÿg|
 `ya‡K Rxevbygy³ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq- cv¯‘ivqb (Pasteurization)|
 `ya RxevYygy³ nq- 30 min G 63 c Ges 15s G 72 c ZvcgvÎvq DËß K‡i nVvr 50 F ZvcgvÎvq bvwg‡q Avb‡j|
 `ya RxevYygy³ Kivi G cÖwµqv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- divmx weÁvbx jyB cv¯‘i|
 Antony Von Leeuwen Hoek ÿz`ª Rxe¸‡jv‡K AwfwnZ K‡ib- Animalcules ev Ôÿz‡` RxeÕ bv‡g|
 Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv ÔbvBUÕ Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ K‡ib- Edward Jenner ‡K|
 Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs †cwbwmwjb Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib- 1945 mv‡j|
 Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wewmGmAvBAvi Gi weÁvbxiv Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AvenvIqvq mviv eQi Drcv`bÿg †h ˆkevj Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb-
w¯úiæwjbv (Spirulina)|
 AYyRxeweÁv‡bi RbK ejv nq- G›Uwb fb wjD‡qb ûK‡K|
 Father of Bacteriology ejv nq- jyB cv¯‘i‡K|
 Roe¯‘ †_‡K Avcbv-Avcwb Rxe m„wói gZev`‡K e‡j- ¯^Ztù‚Z© gZev` (Spontaneous Theory)|
 A¨vwi÷Uj ¯^Ztù‚Z© gZev` eY©bv K‡ib- Historie Animalum MÖ‡š’|
 ¯œvqy‡Kvl ev wbDi‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ-¯œvqywUmy¨|
 gvby‡li myly¤œvKv‡Ði ev ¯úvBbvj Kv‡W©i ˆ`N©¨- 18 BwÂ|
 ¯§„wZ msiÿY K‡i gw¯Í‡®‹i- wn‡cvK¨v¤úvm (Hippocampus)|
 ‡Kvl‡`n †_‡K Drcbœ †ek j¤^v kvLvnxb Zš‘wUi bvg- A¨v·b (Axon)|
 Zxeª k^vm K‡ói ZvrÿwYK wPwKrmv n‡jv- Supine Position Ges Oxygen|
Dw™¢‡ì cywó Dcv`v‡bi AfvRwbZ jÿ‡Yi ZvwjKv
Dcv`vb AfveRwbZ jÿY
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb  bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi Afv‡e †K¬v‡ivwdj m„wó‡Z weNœ N‡U| d‡j cvZv¸‡jv njy` nq, G‡K †K¬v‡ivwmm
(N) e‡j|
 ‡Kv‡li e„w× I wefvRb n«vm cvq, ZvB Dw™¢‡ì e„w× K‡g hvq|
 dz‡ji msL¨v K‡g hvq Ges †`wi‡Z dzj a‡i|
dmdivm  dmdiv‡mi Afve n‡j cvZv jvj I †e¸wb is aviY K‡i|
(P)  cvZvq g„Z AÂj m„wó K‡i|
 cvZv, dzj I dj S‡i †h‡Z cv‡i|
 dmj cvK‡Z I d‡ji ex‡R cwiYZ n‡Z wej¤^ N‡U|
 Dw™¢` Le©vKvq nq|
Aw·‡Rb  ‡cÖv‡UvcøvRg I Ab¨vb¨ ˆRe c`v_© MVb Ges k^m‡bi e¨vNvZ I Mv‡Qi g„Zz¨ N‡U|
(O)
Kve©b (C)  ‰Re c`v‡_©i MVb I mv‡jvKms‡kølY e¨vnZ nq|
cUvwmqvg  cUvwmqv‡gi Afv‡e cvZvi kxl© I wKbviv njy` nq Ges g„Z AÂj m„wó nq|
(K)  kxl© I cvk^© gyKzj g‡i hvq|
 Dw™¢‡ì e„w× Kg nq|
K¨vjwmqvg (Ca)  K¨vjwmqv‡gi Afv‡e KwP cvZvq †K¬v‡ivwmm nq|
 dzj †dvUvi mgq Dw™¢‡ì KvÐ ïwK‡q hvq|
 Dw™¢` nVvr †bwZ‡q c‡o|
 Dw™¢‡ì ea©bkxj kxl© AÂj g‡i hvq|
g¨vM‡bwmqvg (Mg)  g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi Afv‡e meyR is nvjKv n‡q hvq|
 mv‡jvK ms‡kl‡Yi nvi K‡g hvq|
 Rxe‡bi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q cvZv S‡i hvq|
 cvZvi me wkivmg~‡ni gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b AwaK nv‡i †K¬v‡ivwmb nq|
Page 48 of 59
†jŠn  ‡jŠ‡ni Afv‡e cÖ_‡g KuvP cvZv i is njKv n‡q hvq|
(Fe)  miæ wkivi gaëZ©x ¯’v‡bB cÖ_g nvjKv nq|
 KLbI KLbI m¤ú~Y© cvZv weeY© nq|
mvjdvi  mvjdv‡ii Afv‡e cvZv nvjKv meyR nq Ges cvZvq jvj I †e¸wb `vM †`Lv hvq|
(S)  KwP cvZvq †ewk Ges eq:e„× cvZvq Kg †K¬v‡ivwmm nq|
 Kv‡Ði kxl© g‡i hvq Ges WvBe¨vK †iv‡Mi m„wó nq|
 Kv‡Ði ga¨ce© †QvU, d‡j Dw™¢` Le©vK…wZi nq|
†evib  g~‡ji e„w× K‡g hvq|
(B)  kvLvi kxl© g‡i hvq|
 dz‡ji Kuywoi Rb¨ e¨nZ nq|
 KvÐ LmL‡m n‡q †d‡U hvq|
 KwP cvZvi e„w× K‡g hvq Ges cvZv weK…Z nq|
Avqib (Fe)  Mv‡Qi KwP cvZv njy` e‡Y©i n‡q hvq|
Kcvi (Cu)  Dw™¢` Pviv Ae¯’vq gviv hvq|
wR¼ (Zn)  Dw™¢‡ì cvZvi AKvi n«vm cvq|
civMvqb
 civMvqb‡K ejv nq- civMms‡hvM|
 gvby‡li mvnvh¨ K…wÎg fv‡e civMvqb NUvq- KvK‡ivj, jvD, Kzgov, cUj|
 Rsjx Kjvi civMvqb NUvq- ev`yo|
 ‡h dzj KL‡bvB cÖùzwUZ nq bv Zv‡K e‡j- wK¬‡÷vM¨vg|
 dzj wewPÎ e‡Y©i nq- †µv‡gvcøv‡÷i Rb¨|
 ¯^-civMvqb nq- wkg, P‡g‡Uv, Kvwj wRivq|
 Kv‡jv wcucovi mvnv‡h¨ †h Dw™¢‡ì civMvqb nq- Wzgyi|
 cvwLi gva¨‡g civMvqb N‡U- Muv`v, MÜivR, †Mvcvj|
 g~‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cÖRbb nq- Av`v, njy`, Avjy, IjKPz, wcuqvR, mvwRbv, wRMv, euvk BZ¨vw`|
 mvKv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖRbb nq- Kjv, cyw`bv, Avbvim, P›`ªgwjøKv BZ¨vw`|
 mvaviYZ dzj †dvUvi Av‡MB civMvqb N‡U- ¯^civMvq‡b|
cvZvi mvnv‡h¨ eske„w× K‡i cv_iKzwP|
‡Mvj Avjy‡K ejv nq iƒcvšÍwiZ KvÐ|
ev`y‡oi Øviv civMvqb N‡U K`g dz‡ji|
evZv‡mi gva¨‡g exR Qovq AvK›`|
Mf©vkq wb‡l‡Ki ci cwiYZ nq d‡j|
wW¤^K wb‡l‡Ki ci cwiYZ nq ex‡R|
ayZiv, Rev †h ai‡bi dzj me„šK Í |
KPz, iRbxMÜv n‡jv Ae„šK Í dzj|
AÜKv‡i AsKzwiZ nq Muv`v dzj|
wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ
01. gw¯Í‡®‹ †Wvcvwgb ˆZwii †Kvl¸‡jv bó n‡j wK †ivM nq? [38Zg wewmGm]
K. Gwc‡jcwm L. cviwKbmb
M. c¨vivjvBwmm N. _ªg‡evwmb DËi: L
02. B‡÷i mswkøóZv †bB †Kvb wk‡í? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. g`¨ wk‡í L. iæwU wk‡í
M. mvBwUªK GwmW Drcv`b N. GK †Kvlxq †cªvwUb ˆZwi‡Z DËi: M
03. gvby‡li i³ †jvwnZ KwbKv †Kv_vq mwÂZ _v‡K? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. ü`h‡š¿ L. e„‡°
M. dzmdz‡m N. cøxnv‡Z DËi: N
04. gw¯Í®‹ †Kvb Z‡š¿i A½? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i L. †iPbZ‡š¿i
M. cwicvKZ‡š¿i N. k^vmZ‡š¿i DËi: K
Page 49 of 59
05. wn‡gv‡Møvweb †Kvb RvZxq c`v_©? [34Zg wewmGm]
K.Avwgl L. †¯œn
M. Av‡qvwWb N. †jŠn DËi: M
06. AwZwi³ Lv`¨Z †_‡K wjfv‡i mwÂZ myMvi n‡jv? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. MøvB‡Kv‡Rb L. Møy‡µvR
M. d«z‡±vR N. my‡µvR DËi: K
07. gvbe‡`‡n kw³ Drcv`‡bi cÖavb Drm? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. cwicvK L. Lv`¨ MÖnY
M. k^mb N. i³ msenb DËi: M
08. BDwiqv mvi †_‡K Dw™¢` wK Lv`¨ Dcv`vb MÖnY K‡i? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. dmdivm L. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
M. cUvwkqvg N. mvjdvi DËi: L
09. Rwgi jeYv³Zv wbqš¿Y K‡i †KvbwU? [34Zg wewmGm]
K.K„wÎg mvi cÖ‡qvM L. cvwb †mP
M. gvwU‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb a‡i ivLv N. cÖvK…wZK M¨vm cÖ‡qvM DËi: L
10. wK‡mi Afv‡e dm‡ji cwicK¡Zv wejw¤^Z nq? [30Zg wewmGm]
K. `¯Ív L. mvjdvi
M. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb N. cUvwkqvg DËi: M
11. Dw™¢‡ì cvZv nj‡` n‡q hvq wK‡mi Afv‡e? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi L. dmdiv‡mi
M. BDwiqvi N. cUvwmqv‡gi DËi: K
12. bvifvm wm‡÷‡gi ÷ªvKPvivj Ges dvskbvj BDwbU‡K wK e‡j?
[25Zg wewmGm]
K. †i‡d«vb L. wbDib
M. _vBgvm N. gv÷ †mj DËi: L
13. gw¯Í‡®‹i ÿgZv ÿq †c‡Z _v‡K ¯œvqy †Kv‡li? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. GK-PZz_©vsk aŸsm n‡q †M‡j L. A‡a©K aŸsm n‡q †M‡j
M. GK-ZzZxqvsk †e‡o †M‡j N. GK-PZz_©vsk †e‡o †M‡j DËi: K
14. Mv‡Qi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq Av‡Q? [27Zg wewmGm]
K. N, P, K, S I Zn L. Na, P, K, S I Zn
M. N, B, K, S I Al N. N, P, K, SI Al DËi: K
15. evZv‡mi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wKfv‡e gvwUi De©iZv e„w× K‡i? [15Zg wewmGm]
K. mivmwi gvwU‡Z wgwkÖZ n‡q ‰Re e¯‘ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i
L. e¨vK‡Uwiqvi mvnv‡h¨ Dw™¢‡ì MÖnY Dc‡hvMx e¯‘ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i
M. cvwb‡Z wg‡k gvwU‡Z †kvwlZ nIqvi d‡j
N. gvwUi A‰Re jeY‡K cwiewZ©Z K‡i DËi: M
16. g¨v‡jwiqv RxevYy enbKvix gkvi bvg Kx? [16Zg wewmGm]
K. GwWm L. G‡bvwdwjm
M. wKD‡j· N. g¨vb‡mvbvBb DËi: L
c„w_ex m„wói BwZnvm

welq Z_¨ cÖevn wPÎ
weÁv‡bi RbK ‡_wjm
AvaywbK weÁv‡bi RbK iRvi †eKb
weMe¨vs m„wói Av‡Mi gyn~‡Z©i cøv¼ Iqvj|

mxgv‡K e‡j
weMe¨vs Z‡Ë¡i AvaywbK RbK ejv w÷‡db nwKs‡K|
nq
ÔI‡cb Bb‡d¬kb w_IwiÕi RbK ejv w÷‡db nwKs‡K|
nq
Page 50 of 59
 GWzBb nvej gnvwe‡kî cÖmviY Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- 1929 mv‡j|
 1927 weMe¨vs ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib- †ejwRqv‡gi †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx wR. †j‡gUvi (G. Lemaiter)|
 m¤úªwZ †h `ywU †`‡ki mxgv‡šÍ weÁvbxiv weMe¨vs cixÿv K‡i‡Q- myBRvij¨vÛ I d«vÝ|
 Aaiv KYvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avwe®‹v‡ii †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb †h c`v_© weÁvbx- Gg Rvwn` nvmvb|
 K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvq Av‡qvwRZ GK †mwgbv‡i w÷‡db nwKs Ôgnvwe‡kî D™¢e I wbqwZÕ msµvšÍ ZË¡ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib- 1998 mv‡j|
 Ôgnvwe‡kî D™¢e I wbqwZÕ ZË¡wUi bvg †`qv n‡q‡Q- ‘Open Inflation Theory ev Ôgy³ ùxwZ ZË¡Õ|
 ÒweMe¨vs Gi ci gnvwek^ cÖwZwbqZ m¤úªmvwiZ n‡”Q| AbšÍKvj a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e GB cÖmviY A_©vr, mg‡qi KL‡bv g„Zz¨ NU‡e bv| cÖwZ
wgwb‡U gnvwe‡kî 1 jvL †KvwU Nb Av‡jvKel© ùxwZ nq|Ó Dw³ K‡i‡Qb- weÁvbx nvej|
gnvKl© I AwfKl©
 c„w_exi †K‡›`ª g Gi gvb- k~b¨|
 AwfKl© ej n‡jv- e¯‘i GKwU †K›`ªgyLx ej|
 f‚-c„‡ô gva¨vKl©YRwbZ Z¡i‡Yi gvb- m‡e©v”P|
 g Gi gvb Av`k© aiv nq- 45Aÿvs‡k mgy`ª mgZ‡j|
 gva¨vKl©Y ev AwfK‡l©i Rb¨ c„w_exi N~Y©‡bi d‡j- Avgiv wQUwK‡q cwo bv|
‡R‡b wbb
 IRb GK ai‡bi- ej|
 IR‡bi GKK- wbDUb|
 AvšÍR©vwZK c×wZ‡Z f‡ii GKK- wK‡jvMÖvg (Kg)|
 c„w_exi †h AÂ‡j †Kvb e¯‘i IRb me‡P‡q Kg nq- wbiÿxq AÂj|
 K…wÎg DcMÖ‡n e¯‘i IRb c„w_ex‡Z Gi IR‡bi Zzjbvq- k~b¨|
 ‡Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K c„w_ex †_‡K Puv‡` ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b wb‡j e¯‘i fi- GKB _v‡K wKš‘ IRb cwiewZ©Z nq|
mij †`vjK (Simple Pendulum)
 ‡`vjK Nwo `ªæZ P‡j- kxZKv‡j|
 mij †`vj‡Ki myZvi ˆ`N©¨ Kg‡j- †`vjbKvj K‡g|
 cošÍ e¯‘i m~Î †h weÁvbx cÖ`vb K‡ib- M¨vwjwjI|
 welye‡iLv A‡cÿv †giæ‡Z AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb- †ewk nq|
 AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb evo‡j, mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj- K‡g|
 GKwU †cøy-jvg Nwo welye‡iLv †_‡K †giæ‡Z wb‡j NwowU- dv÷ n‡e|
 kxZKv‡j †`vjK Nwoi Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ K‡g hvq e‡j †`vjbKvj n«vm cvq| d‡j NwowU- `ªæZ P‡j|
‡mŠiRMr
 ‡mŠiRM‡Zi me‡P‡q `ªæZZg MÖn n‡jv- eya|
 ‡mŠiRM‡Zi me‡P‡q †ewk DcMÖn Av‡Q- kwb MÖ‡n (53wU)|
 cø‡Uvi MÖ‡ni gh©v`v evwZj K‡i- IAU; 24 AvM÷ 2006|
 m~h©‡K †K›`ª K‡i N~Y©vqgvb †R¨vwZ®‹gÐjx‡K ejv nq- †mŠiRMr|
 AvaywbK †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi RbK n‡jb- wb‡Kvjvm †Kvcvwb©Kvm|
 ‡mŠiRM‡Zi †gvU DcMÖ‡ni msL¨v- 173wU| Gi g‡a¨ c„w_exi 1wU, g½‡ji 2wU, e„n¯úwZi 67wU, kwbi 62wU, BD‡ibv‡mi 27wU,
†bcPz‡bi 14wU|
 ‡mŠiRM‡Zi ¯^xK„wZ `vbKvix ms¯’v bvg-IAU(mì `ßi cÖvM, †PK cÖRvZš¿)|
KmwgK †i (Cosmic Ray):
 gnvRvMwZK iwk¥ n‡jv- we`y¨r PvR©hy³|
 wf±i d«vwÝm †nm wQ‡jb GKRb- c`v_© weÁvbx|
 gnvRvMwZK iwk¥ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- weÁvbx †nm|
 (Cosmic Ray) ‡K evsjvq ejv nq- gnvRvMwZK iwk¥|
 gnvk~b¨ †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z AvMZ iwk¥‡K e‡j- gnvRvMwZK iwk¥|
 gnvRvMwZK iwk¥ c„w_exi evqygÐ‡ji Dcwifv‡M AvNvZ Ki‡j ˆZwi nq- †cÖvUb|
eøvK‡nvj ev K…òMnŸi (Black hole):
 K…òwee‡ii AvqZ‡b- mmxg|
 gnvwe‡kî Aw¯ÍZ¡ I cÖK…wZ welqK aviYvi bvg-eøvK‡nvj|
 K…òMnŸi ev K…òwee‡i gnvKl©RwbZ AvKl©Y-cÖej _v‡K|
 K„ò wee‡ii NbZ¡, fi, AwfKl©R Z¡iY, gyw³‡eM- cÖvq Amxg|
 eøvK‡nvj ev K…òMnŸi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib-gvwK©b weÁvbx Rb ûBjvi|
 K…òweei †_‡K †Kvb Av‡jv Avm‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j- Avgiv Kv‡jv †`wL|
Page 51 of 59
 K…òweei bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ AÂ‡ji mxgv‡K e‡j- NUbv w`MšÍ (Event horizon)|
evwigÐj(Hydrosphere)
 Rjfv‡Mi cwigvY †ewk- `wÿY †Mvjv‡a©|
 fviZ gnvmvM‡ii e„nËg Øxc- gv`vMv¯‹vi|
 c„w_exi AveZ©‡bi d‡j m„wó nq- mgy`ª †¯ªvZ|
 wngevn n‡jv- wekvj AvKv‡ii PjšÍ eid LÐ|
 AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi‡K ejv nq- ˆkevj mvMi|
 AvqZ‡b c„w_exi e„nËg mvMi- `wÿY Pxb mvMi|
 cwðgv evqy cÖevwnZ GjvKvq mgy`ª‡¯ªvZ cÖvewnZ nq- cwðg †_‡K c~e© w`‡K|
 Av‡gwiKv‡K BD‡iwkqv Ges Avwd«Kv †_‡K wef³ K‡i‡Q-AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi|
 Avwd«Kv I A‡÷ªwjqv‡K wef³ K‡i‡Q Ges `wÿY Gwkqv‡K wN‡i †i‡L‡Q- fviZ gnvmvMi|
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv
‡WW wm GKwU- n«`| AvqZ‡b c„w_exi e„nËg mvMi-`wÿY Pxb mvMi|
me‡P‡q eo mvMi-f‚ga¨mvMi| ‡giæ AÂ‡ji cvwb- kxZj I fvix|
me‡P‡q †QvU mvMi-evwëK mvMi| we‡kî e„nËg DcmvMi- †gw·‡Kv DcmvMi|
cwiPjb e„wó nq- wbiÿxq AÂ‡j| AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi‡K ejv nq- ‰kevj mvMi|
c„w_ex‡Z gnvmvM‡ii msL¨v-5wU| fviZ gnvmvM‡ii e„nËg Øxc- gv`vMv¯‹vi|
evqygÐ‡ji wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi ZvwjKv
Dcv`v‡bi bvg kZKiv nvi Dcv`v‡bi bvg kZKiv nvi
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb (N2) 78.02% Aw·‡Rb (O2) 20.71%
Kve©b WvB A·vBW (CO2) 0.03% AvM©b (Ar) 0.80%
a~wjKYv I KwYKv 0.01% Rjxqev®ú 0.41%

wbqb, wnwjqvg, wµcUb, †Rbb, I‡Rvb, wg‡_b I bvBUªvm A·vBW 0.02%
Z_¨ cÖevn...
 bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cÖavb Drm n‡jv- evqygÐj|
 evqygÐ‡j me©vwaK cvIqv †h M¨vm- bvB‡Uªv‡Rb|
 gvbyl me‡P‡q †ewk gvÎvq ‡h `~lY cÖwµqvq AvµvšÍ nq- evq`~lY|
 evqygÐ‡j Rjxq ev®ú Nbxf‚Z nIqvi d‡j †`Lv hvq- wkwki I Kzqvkv|
 Aerology kv‡¯¿i cÖviw¤¢K cw_K…Z n‡jb- wjIb wUBmvwi‡qK wW eU© I wiPvW© A¨vmg¨vb|
 evqygÐj †h wZbwU Dcv`vb Øviv MwVZ- wewfbœ cÖKvi M¨vm, Rjxq ev®ú-a~wjKYv I KwYKv|
 evqygÐ‡ji we¯Í…wZ f‚-c„ô †_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K cÖvq 10,000 wK.wg. ch©šÍ n‡jI Gi cÖvq-97 fvM Dcv`vbB f‚-c„ô †_‡K cÖvq 30
wK.wg. Gi g‡a¨ mxgve×|
mvB‡K¬v‡bi wewfbœ bvg

NywY©S‡oi bvg ‡`k/AÂj
mvB‡K¬vb evsjv‡`k I fviZxq AÂ‡j
DBjx DBjx A‡÷ªwjqvq
UvBdzb Rvcvb I cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq AÂ‡j
‡evwMI ev ev¸BI wdwjcvB‡b
‡Rvqvb K¨vwiweqvb AÂ‡j
n¨vwi‡Kb Av‡gwiKv I AvUjvw›UK gnvmMvixq AÂ‡j
‡R‡b wbb
 cÖvkœZ gnvmvMixq So‡K ejv nq- UvBdzb|
 `wÿY Gwkqv‡Z N~wY©So‡K ejv nq- mvB‡K¬vb|
 mvB‡K¬vb kãwU Gm‡Q †Kvb fvlv †_‡K- wMÖK|
 AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMixq So‡K ejv nq- n¨vwi‡Kb|
 evsjv‡`‡k AvNvZ nvbv me©‡kl NwY©S‡oi bvg- †gviv|
 mviv eQ‡i e‡½vcmvM‡i †h ZvcgvÎv _v‡K- 27 †m. Gi †ewk|
 mvaviYZ wbiÿ‡iLvi hZ wWMÖxi g‡a¨ N~wY©So n‡Z cv‡i- (10-30) wWMÖx|
 mvaviYZ mvB‡K¬vb ˆZwi‡Z mvM‡ii ZvcgvÎv n‡j- (26/27) wWMÖx †m. Gi †ewk|
mybvwg(Tsunami):
Page 52 of 59
 mybvwg nq bv- AMfxi cvwb‡Z|
 mybvwg n‡jv- GKwU mvgw`ªK R‡jv”Q¦vm|
 AMfxi cvwb‡Z mybvwg iƒc †bq- R‡jv”Q¦v‡m|
 mybvwg Zvi kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j- AMfxi cvwb‡Z|
 mybvwgi †XD‡K ejv nq- †XD‡qi †ijMvwo ev I‡qe †Uªb|
 Av›`vgvb mvM‡i f‚wgK‡¤úi d‡j mybvwg msNUb nq- 1941 mv‡j|
 c„w_exi BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q eo mybvwg msNwUZ nq- 26 wW‡m¤î 2004|
 23 †deªæqvwi 2009 mybvwg Rv`yNi Db¥y³ nq- B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Av‡Pn-‡Z|
 mybvwgi GKwU †XD‡qi P‚ov †_‡K Av‡iKwU †XD‡qi P‚ovi `~iZ¡ n‡Z cv‡i-100 gvBj|
weeZ©b
weeZ©‡bi avc
Kve©b WvB A·vBW, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
wg‡_b, A¨v‡gvwbqv, Rjxqev®ú
ivmvqwbK weeZ©b A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW
wbDwK¬K GwmW, †cÖvwUb
wmDwK¬I‡cÖvwUb
‡cÖv‡UvfvBivm
ivmvqwbK weeZ©b fvBivm
e¨vK‡Uwiqv
‡cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv
eû‡Kvlx Rxe
eû‡Kvlx Rxe
Dw™¢` cÖvYx
‡Rvqvi-fvUv (Tide):
 g~L¨ †Rvqvi nq- P‡›`ªi w`‡K|
 cÖ‡Z¨K ¯’v‡b †Rvqvi-fvUv nq- 2 evi
 ‡MŠY †Rvqvi nq- P‡›`ªi wecixZ w`‡K|
 ‡Rvqv‡ii ci fvUvi m„wó nq- 6 NÈv 13 wgwbU ci|
 cÖwZ gv‡m fivKUvj Ges givKUvj nq- 2 evi K‡i|
 ‡Rvqvi Drcv`‡b m~‡h©i ÿgZv P‡›`ªi- bq fv‡Mi Pvi fvM|
 DcK‚‡j †Kv‡bv GKwU ¯’v‡b cici `ywU †Rvqv‡ii g‡a¨ eëavb cÖvq-12 NÈv|
 me© cÖ_g †Rvqvi-fvUv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q ê`y¨wZK kw³ †K›`ª ¯’vwcZ nq- 1966 mv‡j (d«v‡Ý)|
wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ
01. evqygÐ‡ji †Kvb ¯Í‡i eRªcvZ N‡U? [38Zg wewmGm]

K. Uª‡cvgÐj L. ÷ªv‡UvgÐj
M. †g‡mvgÐj N. ZvcgÛj DËi: K
02. eZ©gv‡b cwi‡ek-eÜe †Kvb M¨vmwU †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii K‡¤úªm‡i eënvi Kiv nq?
[38Zg wewmGm]
K. UvB‡K¬v‡ivUvBd¬z‡iv B‡_b L. ‡UUªvd¬z‡iv B‡_b
M. WvB‡K¬v‡iv WvBd¬z‡iv B‡_b N. AvM©b DËi: L
03. evqygÐ‡ji †h ¯Íi †eZvi Zi½ cÖwZdwjZ nq? [38Zg wewmGm]
K. ÷ªv‡Uvwùqv L. Uª‡cvwùqvi
M. Av‡qv‡bvwùqvi N. I‡Rvb¯Íi DËi: M
04. c„w_exi evwigÐ‡ji Rjivwki kZKiv KZfvM f~M‡f© aviY K‡i?
[38Zg wewmGm]
K. 2.05% L. 0.68%
M. 0.01% N. 0.001% DËi: L
05. c„w_exi evwigÐ‡ji Rjivwki kZKiv KZfvM f~M‡f© aviY K‡i?
[38Zg wewmGm]
K. 2.05% L. 0.68%
M. 0.01% N. 0.001% DËi: L
Page 53 of 59
06. awiÎx m‡¤§jb †Kv_vq AbywôZ nq? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. Avwd«Kvi †Rvnv‡bmev‡M©i L. eªvwR‡ji wiIwW‡Rwb‡iv‡Z
M. BZvwji N. hy³iv‡óªi IqvwksUb wWwm‡Z DËi:L
07. P‡›`ªi †Kv‡bv e¯‘i IRb c„w_exi IR‡bi? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. `k fv‡Mi GKfvM L. Qq fv‡Mi GKfvM
M. wZb fv‡Mi GKfvM N. Pvi fv‡Mi GKfvM DËi: L
08. e¯‘i IRb †Kv_vq me‡P‡q †ewk? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. †giæ AÂ‡j L. welye AÂ‡j
M. cvnv‡oi Ic‡i N. c„w_exi †K‡›`ª DËi: K
09. evqygÐ‡j kZKiv KZfvM AviMb we`¨gvb? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. 78.0 L. 0.8
M. 0.41 N. 0.3 DËi: L
10. ‡Kvb MÖ‡ni ZvcgvÎv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AwaK? [35Zg wewmGm]
K. ïµ L. c„w_ex
M. g½j N. eay DËi: K
11. cÖvK…wZK †Kvb Drm n‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk g„`y cvwb cvIqv hvq? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. b`x L. mvMi
M. n«` N. e„wócvZ DËi: N
12. BDwi M¨vMvwib gnvk~‡b¨ hvb? 33Zg wewmGm]
K. 1956 mv‡j L. 1961 mv‡j
M. 1964 mv‡j N. 1969mv‡j DËi: L
13. weM e¨vs Z‡Ë¡i cªe³v ? [33Zg wewmGm]
K. AvBb÷vBb L. wR j¨v‡gUvi
M. w÷‡db nwKs N. M¨vwjwjI DËi: L
14. gnvRvMwZK iwk¥ Avwe®‹vi K‡i †Kvb weÁvbx †bv‡ej cyi®‹vi jvf K‡ib?
[33Zg wewmGm]
K. ‡nm L. †Mvì÷vBb
M. iv`vi‡dvW© N. AvBb÷vBb DËi: K
15. f~c„‡ôi †mxi`xß I AÜKviv”Qbœ As‡ki ms‡hvM¯’j‡K wK e‡j? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. Qvqve„Ë L. ¸iæe„Ë
M. Elv N. †Mva~wj DËi: K
16. weM e¨vs Z‡Ë¡i AvaywbK ZË¡-e¨vL¨v †K Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb? [31Zg wewmGm]
K. w÷‡db nwKs L. wR j¨v‡gUvi
M. Avãym mvjvg N. GWzBb nvej DËi: K
17. ‡KvbwU evqyi Dc`vb bq? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb L. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
M. Kve©b WvBA·vBW N. dmdivm DËi: N
18. c„w_exi cÖ_g evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvM K…wÎg DcMÖn †KvbwU? [29Zg wewmGm]
K.AvwjevW© nj L. G‡Uªvjvi nj
M. I‡eix nj N. Kmgm DËi: K
19. Qvqvc_ Zvi wbR Aÿ‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i Ny‡i Avm‡Z †h mgq jv‡M Zv‡K e‡j?
[28Zg wewmGm]
K. †mŠi eQi L. KmwgK Bqvi
M. Av‡jvK el© N. cwjmvi DËi: L
20. m~h©Z ‡_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Av‡jv Avm‡Z KZÿY mgq jv‡M? [18Zg wewmGm]
K. 8.32 wgwbU L. 9.12 wgwbU
M. 7.96 wgwbU N. 10.56 wgwbU DËi: K
21. GB kZvãxi me‡P‡q D¾¡j a~g‡KZz †KvbwU? [18Zg wewmGm]
K.‡nwji a~g‡KZy L. †njec a~g‡KZz
M. ï‡gKvi-‡jfx a~g‡KZz N. †Kv‡bvwU bq DËi: L
22. AvKv‡k D¾¦jZg bÿÎ †KvbwU? [18Zg wewmGm]
K. aªæeZviv L. cÖwK&ªgv ‡m›UvivB
M. jyäK N. cyjn DËi: M
Page 54 of 59
23. a~g‡KZz ï‡gKvi †jfx-9 Gi cÖ_g fvOv UzKivwU K‡e e„n¯úwZ Mª‡n AvNvZ nv‡b? [16Zg wewmGm]
K. 15 RyjvB 1994 L. 16 RyjvB 1994
M. 17 RyjvB 1994 N. 18 RyjvB 1994 DËi: L
24. evsjv‡`‡ki f~-DcMÖn †K‡›`ªi msL¨v KqwU? [15Zg wewmGm]
K. GK L. `yB
M. wZb N. Pvi DËi: N
25. mgy`ª †¯ªv‡Zi Ab¨Zg KviY? [11Zg wewmGm]
K. evqy cÖev‡ni cÖfve L. mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z Zvc cwiPvjbv
M. mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z Nb‡Z¦i ZviZg¨ N. mgy‡`ªi N~wY©So DËi: K
gvbe‡`n
welq Z_¨ cÖevn wPÎ
‡Kv‡li gw¯Í®‹ ejv nq- wbDwK¬qvm‡K
gvbe‡`‡ni i‡³i cwigvY- 55 fvM
gvbe †`‡ni j¨ve‡iUix ejv nq- hK…Z‡K
gvbe †`‡ni †iv‡Mi `c©Y n‡jv- wRnŸv
gvbe kix‡ii DBÛ cvBc- k^vmbvjx
gvbe †`‡ni QuvKwb hš¿- e„° ev wKWbx
gvbe †`‡ni ivmvqwbK KviLvbv- †Kvl
gvbe †`‡ni Rvg©vb wPiæbx- nv‡Zi Av½yj
wec`Kvjxb ni‡gvb- A¨vwWªbvwjb ni‡gvb
Mv‡qi is cwieZ©b K‡i †h cÖvwY- wMiwMwU
 gvbe‡`‡ni ni‡gvb‡K ejv nq- ivmvqwbK `~Z (Wireless System)|

 gvbe‡`‡ni cvw¤ús †gwkb ev Circulatory machine ejv nq- nvU©‡K|
 gvbe kix‡ii Nervous System ‡K ejv nq- Telephone Network|
 gvbe‡`‡ni me‡P‡q eo A½- Z¡K|
 Z¡‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ k^vmKvh© Pvjvq- †Ku‡Pv|
 gvbe‡`‡ni Z¡‡Ki Aci bvg n‡jv-nvZ-cv‡qi Zvjy|
 Z¡‡K †hwU Kg _vK‡j Z¡K dm©v †`Lvq- †gjvwbb|
 ‡gjvwbb Lye †ewk cwigvY _vK‡j Mv‡qi is nq- Kv‡jv|
 gvby‡li Z¡‡Ki wVK wb‡P _v‡K- †gjvwbb bvgK GK cÖKvi wcM‡g›U|
 ‡`‡n †gjvwb‡bi cÖavb KvR n‡jv- m~h©iwk¥i ÿwZKi cÖfve †_‡K †`n‡K iÿv Kiv|
wewfbœ Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki GbRvBg
kK©iv (Carbohydrate)
DrcwË ¯’j GbRvB‡gi bvg cwicv‡Ki d‡j Drcbœ c`v_©
jvjvim Uvqvwjb I gj‡UR
AMœ¨vkq A¨vgvB‡jR Møy‡KvR, d«z‡±vR, M¨vj±R
Avwš¿K im A¨vgvB‡jR, gj‡UR, j¨vK‡UR, my‡µR
cvK¯’wj kK©iv cwicv‡K cvK¯’wj‡Z †Kvb GbRvBg †bB|
Avwgl ev †cÖvwUb (Protein)
DrcwË ¯’j GbRvB‡gi bvg cwicv‡Ki d‡j
Page 55 of 59
Drcbœ c`v_©
cvK¯’wj wbw®Œq †ccwm‡bv‡Rb ev †ccwmb I wR‡jwU‡bR
AMœ¨vkq wbw®Œq wUcwm‡bv‡Rb ev wUcwmb I Kv‡e©vw·‡ccwU‡WR A I B Bjv‡÷R, †KvjvwR‡bR
A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW
Avwš¿K im A¨vgvB‡bv †ccUvB‡WR, UªvB‡ccUvB‡WR, †cÖvwj‡WR
Pwe© ev wjwcW (Fat/ Lipid)
DrcwË ¯’j GbRvB‡gi bvg cwicv‡Ki d‡j
Drcbœ c`v_©
cvK¯’wj jvB‡cR ev UªvBweDUv‡iR
AMœ¨vkq jvB‡cR, dm‡dvjvB‡cR I †Kv‡j‡÷ij G÷v‡iR d«¨vwU GwmW I wMømvij
Avwš¿K Avwš¿K jvB‡cR, g‡bvwMømvwi‡WR, †jwmw_‡bR
im
Z_¨ cÖevn
 GbRvBg ˆZwi nq- RxweZ †Kv‡li wfZ‡i|
 ‡KvbwU mvB‡UvcøvRgxq wbR©xe e¯‘- GbRvBg|
 jvjvi‡m †h ai‡bi GbRvBg _v‡K- Uvqvwjb|
 GbRvB‡gi Rb¨ Dchy³ ZvcgvÎv-(30-40)C|
 cvK¯’jx‡Z †h Jla ZvovZvwo †kvlY nq- Zij|
 gvby‡li jvjvi‡m †Kvb GbRvBg _v‡K- Uvqvwjb|
 wewjiæwe‡bi gvÎv †e‡o †M‡j †Kvb †ivM nq- RwÛm|
 hvi Rb¨ wc‡Ëi is meyR ai‡bi nq- evBj wcM‡g›Um|
 AvB‡jU Ae †j½vi‡nÝ Kvi Kjv¯’vwbK êwkó¨- AMœ¨vkq|
 ‡h im kK©iv I Avwgl Dfq‡K †kvlY K‡i- AMœ¨vkq im|
 GbRvBg †h RvZxq c`v_©- ˆRe ivmvqwbK I Avwgl RvZxq c`v_©|
 RviK im ej‡Z eySvq- AbyNUK|
 GbRvB‡gi cÖK…wZ iƒc- Kj‡qW|
 wc‡Ëi e‡Y©i Rb¨ `vqx- wewjiæweb|
 ‡cÖvwUb cwicvK ïiæ nq- cvK¯’jx‡Z|

jvjvMÖwš’i wbtm„Z i‡mi bvg jvjvim|
M¨vw÷ªK im‡K ejv nq cvPK im|
GbRvBg m„wó nq ‡`n †Kvl †_‡K|
wewjiæweb †Kv_vq ˆZwi nq cøxnvq|
gvby‡li Abœbvjx KZ †m.wg. j¤^v 25cm|
‡cŠwóK bvjxi ˆ`N©¨ 8-10 wgUvi|
gvbe‡`‡ni †iv‡Mi KviY I cÖwZKvi

wewfbœ †iv‡Mi Avwe®‹vi I Avwe®‹viK
Avwe®‹viK Avwe®‹vi
GWIqvW© †Rbvi emšÍ wUKv
ievU© ûK ‡Kvl
Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs ‡cbwmwjb
wjD‡qb ûK e¨vK‡Uwiqv, AYyexÿY hš¿
i›U‡Rb G·‡i
n¨vwbg¨vb ‡nvwgIc¨vw_
wKb‡j UvBd‡qW RxevYy
weªKjvB msµvgK R¦‡ii wUKv
ievU© KP h²vi RxevYy I K‡jiv RxevYy
BD Gb eªÿPvix KvjvR¦i
‡Rvbvm mK ‡cvwjI wUKv
wmRwPK wWc‡_wiqv RxevYy
Page 56 of 59
fb †fnwis wWc‡_wiqv cÖwZ‡laK
K¨vjg¨vU I ¸‡qwib h²vi wUKv
m¨vi †ivbvì im g¨v‡jwiqv RxevYy
GWIqvW© †Rbvi em‡šÍi wUKv
ni‡Mvwe›` †Lvivbv K…wÎg Rxb
w`wgwÎ AvBfv‡bv fvmKx fvBivm
Gbfvqm Ges Rb wcejm nv‡gi wUKv
‡Rvbvm B m¨vK ‡cvwjI wUKv
wiW cxZR¦i
j¨v‡fib g¨v‡jwiqv RxevYy
jyB cv¯‘i RjvZ¼ cÖwZlaK, A¨vb_ªv·,
cv¯‘ivB‡Rkb
wewfbœ cÖvYxi gva¨‡g †h mKj †ivM Qovq
nvwc©m-Gi evnK gvbyl wWc‡_wiqvi evnK weovj
dvBUvm-Gi evnK DKzb Kvjv R¦‡ii evnK evwj gvQ
evW©-d¬z-Gi evnK Gwfqvb Bbd¬z‡qÄv
Z_¨ cÖevn
 ‡W½y R¦‡ii evnK †Kvb gkv- GwWm|
 ievU© ûK †KvbwU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- †Kvl|
 cvwb evwnZ †ivM- Wvqwiqv, K‡jiv, UvBd‡qW|
 KvjvR¦i Qovq †Kvb cÖvYxi gva¨‡g- evwj gvwQ
 ÔwRKv fvBivmÕ †Kvb †`‡k me©cÖ_g Qovq- eªvwRj|
 wWc‡_wiqvi cÖwZ‡laK Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- fb †fnwis|
 c¨vivUvBd‡qW †h RvZxq †ivM- cvwb evwnZ †ivM|
 UvBd‡qW RxevYy Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- g¨vK wKb‡j|
 ÔemšÍÕ †iv‡Mi wUKv †K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- †Rbvi|
 Av‡jKR¨vÛvi †d«wgs Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- †cwbwmwjb|
 ¯§iYkw³ n«vm cvq †Kvb Lwb‡Ri Afv‡e- Avqib, wRsK|
 B‡evjv fvBiv‡m G ch©šÍ me‡P‡q ÿwZMÖ¯’ †`k- jvB‡ewiqv|
 Ôw÷ªU fvBivm (Street Virus) †h †iv‡Mi RxevYyi bvg- †iwem|
wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ
01. ‡W½y †ivM Qovq? [38Zg wewmGm]

K. Aedes aegypti gkv L. House flies
M. Anopheles gkv N. Bu`yi I KvV‡eovjx DËi: K
02. K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq †h wewKiY eënvi Kiv nq Zv n‡jv? [38Zg wewmGm]
K. Avjdv †im L. weUv †im
M. Mvgv †im N. G·-‡im DËi: M
03. gv-Gi i‡³ †ncvUvBwUm-we fvBivm _vK‡j beRvZ‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨SzuwK eë¯’vcbv wK nIqv DwPZ? [38Zg wewmGm]
K.30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ f¨vKwmb w`‡Z n‡e
L. 7 w`b BbwKD‡eU‡i ivL‡Z n‡e
M. R‡b¥i 12 N›Uvi g‡a¨ f¨vKwmb I GBPweAvBwR kU w`‡Z n‡e
N. R‡b¥i 1 gvm ci †KejgvÎ HBIGkU w`‡Z n‡e DËi: M
04. evwYwR¨Kfv‡e †gŠgvwQ cvjb‡K ejv nq? [38Zg wewmGm]
K. wcwmKvjPvi L. GwcKvjPvi
M. †gwiKvjPvi N. †mwiKvjPvi DËi: L
05. gvbe‡`‡n †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a cÖv_wgK cÖwZiÿvšÍ‡ii AšÍfz©³ bq †KvbwU?
[37Zg wewmGm]
K. jvB‡ivRvBg L. M¨vwUªK Rym
M. wmwjqv N. wj‡ùvmvBU DËi: N
Page 57 of 59
06. wkïi gb¯ÍvwË¡K Pvwn`v c~iY wb‡Pi †KvbwU Riæwi? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. ¯^xK…wZ L. †¯œn
M. mvdj¨ N. DwjøwLZ meKwU DËi: N
07. i³ wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi KvR wK? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. Aw·‡Rb cwienb Kiv L. †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Kiv
M. i³ RgvU eva‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv N. Dc‡i DwjøwLZ me KqwUB DËi: K
08. Bbmywjb wbsm„Z nq †Kv_v †_‡K? [34Zg wewmGm]
K.AMœ¨vkq n‡Z L. c¨vbwµqvm n‡Z
M. wjfvi n‡Z N. wcUzBUvix cø¨vÛ n‡Z DËi: L
09. AwZwi³ Lv`¨ †_‡K wjfv‡i mwÂZ myMvi n‡jv? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. MøvB‡Kv‡Rb L. Møy‡KvR
M. d«z‡±vR N. my‡µvR DËi: K
10. gvbe‡`‡n kw³Z Drcv`‡bi cÖavb Drm? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. cwicvK L. Lv`¨ MÖnY
11. ‡Kvb Wv‡ji m‡½ j¨v_vivBRg †iv‡Mi m¤úK© Av‡Q? [34Zg wewmGm]
K.Aoni L. †Qvjv
M. †Lmvix N. gUi DËi: M
12. Wvqv‡ewUm †ivM m¤ú‡K© †h Z_¨wU mZ¨ bq Zv n‡jv? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. G †ivM gvbe‡`‡ni wKWwb bó K‡i
L. wPwb RvZxq Lvevi †ewk †L‡j G †ivM nq
M. G †ivM n‡j i‡³ Møy‡Kv‡Ri gvÎv e„w× cvq
N. Bbmywj‡bi Afv‡e G †ivM nq DËi: L
13. ‡KvbwU Gw›Uev‡qvwUK? [33Zg wewmGm]
K. Bbmywjb L. †ccwmb
M. †cwbwmwjb N. Bw_wjb DËi: M
14. RwÛm AvµvšÍ nq? [33Zg wewmGm]
K. hK„Z L. wKWwb
M. cvK¯’jx N. ü`wcÛ DËi: K
15. Gw›Uev‡qvwU‡Ki KvR? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai ÿgZv e„w× Kiv L. RxevYy aŸsm Kiv
M. fvBivm aŸsm Kiv N. `ªæZ †ivM wbivgq Kiv DËi: L
16. ‡gŠgvwQi Pvl n‡jv? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. GwcKvjPvi L. †mwiKvjPvi
M. wcwmKvjPvi N. nwU©KvjPvi DËi: K
17. ‡Kvb RviK im cvK¯’jx‡Z `y» RgvU evuavq? [30Zg wewmGm]
K. †ccwmb L. GgvB‡jR
18. GbwRI cøvw÷ n‡”Q? [30Zg wewmGm]
K. ürwc‡Ði g„Z wUmy¨ ‡K‡U †d‡j †`qv
L. ürwc‡Ði eÜ wkiv †ijy‡bi mvnv‡h¨ dzjv‡bv
M. ürwc‡Ði wUmy¨‡Z bZzb wUmy¨ ms‡hvRb
N. ürwc‡Û bZzb wkiv ms‡hvRb DËi: L
19. gvby‡li ¯úvBbvj K‡W©i ‰`N©¨ KZ? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. 15 BwÂ L. 17 BwÂ
M. 18 BwÂ N. 20 BwÂ DËi: M
20. gvby‡li ü`wc‡Ð KZwU cÖ‡Kvô _v‡K? [27Zg wewmGm]
K. `ywU L. PviwU
M. QqwU N. AvUwU DËi: L
21. wiwjiæweb ˆZwi nq? [27Zg wewmGm]
K. wcË_wj‡Z L. wKWbx‡Z
M. cøxnvq N. hK…‡Z DËi: M
22. gvby‡li Mv‡qi is †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i? [27Zg wewmGm]
K. †gjvwbb L. _vqvwgb
Page 58 of 59
M. K¨v‡ivwUb N. wn‡gv‡Møvweb DËi: K
23. wbD‡gvwbqv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq gvbe‡`‡ni? [26Zg wewmGm]
K. dzmdzm L. hK„Z
M. wKWwb N. cøxnv DËi: K
24. bvifvm wm‡÷‡gi ÷ªvKPvi Ges dvskbvj BDwbU‡K wK e‡j? [25Zg wewmGm]
K. †b‡d«b L. wbDib
M. _vBgvm N. gv÷ †mj DËi: L
25. AMœ¨vkq †_‡K wbM©Z wPwbi wecvK wbqš¿YKvix ni‡gvb †KvbwU? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. †cwbwmwjb L. Bbmywjb
M. ‡dwjK GwmW N. A¨vwg‡bv GwmW DËi: L
26. eûgyÎ †iv‡M †Kvb ni‡gv‡bi ìKvi? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. Bbmywjb L. _vBiw·b
M. Gb‡Wªv‡Rb N. G‡÷ªv‡Rb DËi: K
27. bvoxi ¯ú›`b cÖevwnZ nq? [16Zg wewmGm]
K. agwbi †fZi w`‡q L. wkivi †fZi w`‡q
M. ¯œvqyi †fZi w`‡q N. j¨vKwUqv‡ji ‡fZi w`‡q DËi: K
28. Avgv‡ì †`n‡Kvl i³ n‡Z MÖnb K‡i? [10Zg wewmGm]
K. Aw·‡Rb I Møy‡KvR
L. Aw·‡Rb I i‡³i Avwgl
M. BDwiqv I Møy‡KvR
N. GgvB‡bv GwmW I Kve©b WvB-A·vBW DËi: K
29. ‡iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc eënvi nq? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. wKWwbi cv_i Mjv‡Z L. wcËcv_i Mjv‡Z
M. MjMÐ †ivM wbY©‡q N. bZzb cigvYy ˆZwi‡Z DËi: M
30. welai mv‡c Kvgov‡j ÿZ¯’v‡b _v‡K? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. cvkvcvwk `y‡Uv `vu‡Zi `vM
L. A‡bK ¸‡jv †QvU †QvU `vu‡Zi `vM
M. ÿZ¯’vb †_iK cÖPzi i³cvZ n‡Z _v‡K
N. ÿZ¯’v‡b cÖQzi wel †j‡M _v‡K
31. ‡cwbwmwjqvg Avwe®‹vi K‡ib? [22Zg wewmGm]
K. ievU© ûK L. Ugvm GwWmb
M. Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs N. IRgm IqvU DËi: M
32. fvqvMÖv wK? [19Zg wewmGm]
K. GKwU RjcÖcvZ L. bZzb GKwU Jla
M. mvov RvMv‡bv Pjw”P‡Îi bvg N.bZzb Rvnv‡Ri bvg DËi: L
33. Ô‡÷ªvKÕ AvKw¯§K AÁvb ev g„Zyï KviY n‡Z cv‡i – GwU wK? [15Zg wewmGm]
K. ürwc‡Ði m‡Rv‡i ms‡KvPb ev eÜ n‡q hvIqv
L. gw¯Í‡®‹ i³ÿiY Ges i³ cÖev‡ni evav
M. ü`wc‡Ûi Askwe‡k‡li AmvoZv
N. dzmdzm nVvr weKj n‡q hvIqv DËi: K
34. ÔGwfKvjPviÕ ej‡Z wK eySvq? [14Zg wewmGm]
K. DÇqb msµvšÍ welqvw` L. cvwKcvjb welqvw`
M. evR cvwLcvjb welqvw` N. D‡ovRvnvR eë¯’vcbv DËi: L
Page 59 of 59

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mvaviY weÁvb

bs wefvM welq gvb

wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ

01. evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv gvcvi h‡š¿i bvg wK? [40Zg wewmGm]

c`v‡_©i fi Av‡Q, ¯’vb `Lj K‡i, ‡hgb: evZvm, cvwb

LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq welq

c`v‡_©i bvg eY©bv

wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ

wewfbœ Gwm‡Wi e¨envi (Uses of Various Acids)

wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© RviK I weRvi‡Ki D`vniY

wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ

01. ‡mvwWqvg Gwm‡U‡Ui ms‡KZ ? [40Zg wewmGm]

Zvc I ZvcMwZ we`¨v

wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ

wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ

kw³i wewfbœ Drm:

kw³i Awebk^iZv (Indestrucribility of energy)

f‚Zvc kw³ (Geo-thermal energy):

wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ

01. we`y¨r kw³‡K kã kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq †Kvb h‡š¿i gva¨‡g?

RxeweÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi RbK

eskMZ we`¨v ‡MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj

A¨vbvUwg Auv‡`ª †fmvwjqvm

kixiwe`¨v DBwjqvg nv‡f©

RxevYywe`¨v jyB cv¯‘i

‡kÖwYweb¨vmwe`¨v K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm

Avg Mengifera indica ‡gnMwb Swieteria mahagoni

wewmGm weMZ cÖkœ

gv‡Qi ü`wc‡Ði cÖ‡Kvô n‡jv 3wU|

nvU© n‡jv cÖavbZ ‡ckxeûj hš¿|

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