Equency Control

Academic Use ONLY
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2023. http:www.fglongatt.org
ESTABILIDAD Y CONTROL DE LA
FRECUENCIA EN SISTEMAS ELÉCTRICOS
MODERNOS
Frequency Control
F. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD
fglongatt@fglongatt.org
#fglongatt #fglongattLab
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control
Disclaimer
This document has been created referencing sources of another author and recognising their originality of them, but some parts have been improved based on the
experience of this author. Please, treat this document as it. The author is not responsible for any error, confusion, on misinterpretation coming from the use of
this document. This document can contain typos and some error; the reader understands it and take responsibility for it.
The main documents (slides, etc.) are stored at the #ResearchGate repository:
#ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Francisco_Gonzalez-Longatt
A GitHub repository has been developed to store all scripts and numerical examples used in this
project:
#GitHub: https://github.com/fglongatt/
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#Email: fglongatt@fglongatt.org
Prof F. Gonzalez-Longatt 1
4
3
Frequency (Hz)
Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt
49.2
49.5
49.8
50.0
50.2
Academic Use ONLY
Prof F. Gonzalez-Longatt
Frequency Control
10s
Primary
POWER SYSTEMS
30s
Continous Service
Frequency Control
Frequency Control
60s Time
Occasional Service
Frequency Control processes
Secundary (to 30 mins)

FREQUENCY CONTROL IN ELECTRICAL
Reserve
30 mins
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2023. http:www.fglongatt.org All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2008-2023. http:www.fglongatt.org
2
Academic Use ONLY
Frequency Control Processes
Frequency Control Phases
50.2 Continous Service
10s 30s 60s Time 30 mins

Frequency (Hz)
50.0
49.8 INERTIAL RESPONSE: The speed of the
Primary synchronous generators also reduces and some of the
kinetic energy stored in the rotating mass is released
as electrical energy. This is a fast response and
@fglongatt
proportional to the rate of change of frequency. Reserve
49.5
49.2 Occasional Service
Frequency Control Phases
GOVERNOR ACTION: The automatic droop control
loop of the governor acts on the change in frequency
Continuous and opens the governor valve to increase the turbine’s
Service output.
50.2 This is a slower response and depends on the dead band
of the governor and time lag of the prime mover

Frequency (Hz)
50.0
49.8
Primary
Reserve
49.5
@fglongatt
Academic Use ONLY
Frequency Control Processes (9/10)
Summary of Frequency Controllers
• Primary Control: The action of turbine governors due to frequency changes when
reference values of regulators are kept constant.
• Secondary Control: The restoration of the rated frequency followed to the

primary control action, but now at the required increased value of power demand.
• Tertiary control: Objective depends on the organizational structure of a given

power system and the role that power plants play in this structure.
Terciary
UTC Control
SCADA
data
− EMS
+ f Secondary
fn r Control
@fglongatt
+
− f ref ACE Communication
f + PI
system
Pref
−
Ptie ref
Primary
Control
to remainder units
Academic Use ONLY
SYSTEM FREQUENCY RESPONSE
• This section presents the basic concepts, elements and models to be considered by the System
Frequency Response.
Frequency Control
Frequency Control processes
Continous Service
50.2

Frequency (Hz)
50.0
49.8
Primary
@fglongatt
Reserve
49.5

10
Academic Use ONLY
System Frequency Response Model
• Low order System Frequency Response (SFR) model that can be used for
estimating the frequency behavior of a large power system, or islanded
portion thereof, to sudden load disturbances.
• The SFR model is a simplification of other models used for this purpose, but it is
believed to include the essential system dynamics.
Ouputs
50.2
Inputs
System Time 30 mins

10s 30s 60s
Frequency
Frequency (Hz)
50.0
Response
model 49.8
49.5
@fglongatt
49.2
11
PRIMARY CONTROL
• This section presents the basic concepts, elements and models to be considered by Primary Control.
12
Academic Use ONLY
Fundamentals of Speed Governing
• The basic concepts of speed governing are best illustrated by
considering an isolated generation unit supplying a local load.
Valve/Gate Telec Pelec

Steam Turbine G
or @fglongatt
Tmec Pmec Load PL
Water Governor
Speed
Inertia
H
Frequency Dependence
D
Classic Generator supplying an Isolated load

13
SYSTEM FREQUENCY RESPONSE MODEL:

DYNAMIC OF GENERATORS
14
Academic Use ONLY
Dynamic of Generators
Pmset Pmec Pelec • The main interest, in this study, is the
angular frequency deviation (i):
T G
Generador Pload
i = i − 0
Turbine @fglongatt
(prime-mover) Electric
Load
• Considering the 1st derivate with
• The frequency dynamic of the i-th respect to the time:
synchronous generator directly d i di
=
connected to the system is described as: dt dt
di  • As a consequence the swing equation
= 0 (Tmeci  pu  − Teleci  pu )
dt 2H i results:
• The initial condition for above equation d i 02
the pre-disturbance frequency, is dt
=
2H ii
(Pmeci  pu  − Peleci  pu )
normally the nominal frequency f(t0) =
f0.
15
• Considering the i-th generator, the • Because of the strong coupling of the
equation results: generation units, i =
2H iS i d ( i ) 0
= (Pmeci − Peleci ) H =
 HS i i i
0 dt i S i i
• The goal is to derive the differential S = S Bi

equation for the entire system i
containing N generators.
=  H i i i
• A summation of all the equations H i
1 d ( i ) 
P
N N
2 H iSBi Pmec =
i =1 0 dt
=   (P
i =1
0
meci − Peleci )
i
meci
i
Pelec = P i
eleci
16
Academic Use ONLY
• The principal frequency dynamics of the • A very simple and useful model can be
system can be described by the derived if some more assumptions are
nonlinear differential equation: made.
d (  ) 02
Pmec = P meci = Pmec 0 + Pmec
= (Pmec − Peelec ) i
2HS 
dt Pelec = P
i
eleci = Pload + Ploss
• The dynamics can also be expressed in
terms of frequency instead of angular Pelec = Pelec 0 + Pload + Ploss
• frequency. Pmec 0 = Pelec 0
• It is because of  = 2f and d/dt = Pmec 0 = Pload 0 + Ploss 0
2df/dt follows
Pelec 0 = Pload 0 + Ploss 0 Ploss = 0
d ( f ) f
= 0 ( Pmec − Pelec )
dt 2HS 
17
• Now the incremental swing equation is • Linearized model of the power system
written as: frequency dynamics
d (  ) 0
dt
=
2HS 
( Pm − Pload ) Pload
• In terms of frequency:
@fglongatt
- f0
d ( f ) f0
= ( Pm − Pload ) f
dt 2HS  ( 2HS ) s
+
System Inertia
Pmec
18
Academic Use ONLY
Dynamic of Generator
• When there is a demand change
(Pmec), it is reflected
Pmec + Pa @fglongatt
instantaneously as a change in 1
f
the electrical Power Output
Pelec of the generator.
− 2Hs
Pelec
d ( f )
Pmec − Pelec = 2H Linearized model of the power system
dt frequency dynamic: Transfer function
relating speed and power
d ( f ) ( Pmec − Pelec )
=
dt 2H
19
SYSTEM FREQUENCY RESPONSE MODEL:

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF THE LOAD
20
Academic Use ONLY
Frequency response of the load
• Loads are either frequency- • This is due to the fact that kinetic
dependent or frequency- energy can be stored in the rotating
independent. masses of the motors.
• In real power systems, a frequency
dependency of the aggregated system  d f 
f
Pload − Pload
f0
= Pload
f
= Kl f + g  
load is clearly observable.  dt 
• This has a stabilizing effect on the • where
system frequency f.
• Pf0load: Load power when f = f0,
• Apart from a component depending
directly on f, large rotating motor loads • Kl: Frequency dependency,
cause an additional contribution • g(df/dt): Function that models the
depending on df/dt. loads with rotating masses.
21
• The function g(df/dt): will now be • Few mathematic conversions:
derived.
• The rotating masses (W) have the following 2W0 d f 2W0  d f 
PM  =  
kinetic energy: f0 dt f0  dt 
1 • Finally:
W (f ) = J ( 2 f )
2
2 Pload 1
• The power consumed by the motor f = K l f = f
(Pmotor): f Dl
• The values of W0 and Dl are obviously
highly dependent on the structure of the
dW load and can be variable over time.
Pmotor =
• and dt • Especially W0 is only a factor in power
systems with large industrial consumers
running heavy rotating machines.
d W • The constant Dl has typical values such
Pmotor = that the variation of the load is equal to 0,
dt
…,2 % per % of frequency variation.
22
Academic Use ONLY
• Block diagram o the dynamic load • Model of power system without control
model Frequency-
System load change
dependent loads
Pload
1 1
Dl + Pload
f
+
Dl + f +
f
f Pload 2W0
+
Pe
s
f0 f0 f
2W0 + 2HSb s
s Rotating mass loads
f0
Pmec
Power generation
change
Rotating
component of the
load
23
SFR: Load Response to Frequency Deviation
• The overall frequency-dependent • The system block diagram including
characteristic of a composite the effect of the load damping is:
load may be expressed as:
Pmec + + Pa 1
f
− −
P ( f )
2Hs
D = load
f Pelec D
Pload
f D Pload
24
Academic Use ONLY
DYNAMIC OF AN UNCONTROLLED POWER
SYSTEM
This section shows a very simple example of the dynamic response of an controlled power system
25
Dynamic of an Uncontrolled Power system
• Note that this result is purely theoretic
as such large frequency deviations could
never occur in a real power system
because of various protection
mechanisms.
• Both loss of generation and loss of load
will be shown,
Parameters for time domain simulation of power system Theoretical frequency responses of uncontrolled power
Parameter Value Unit system (DL = 1/200 Hz/MW).
H 9.47 s Frequency-
dependent loads
System load change
Pload
SB 67 GW 1
Dl + P f
+
f load
+
f0 50 Hz +
2W0 Pe
DL 1/200 Hz/MW f0
s
f0 f
2HSb s
W0 100 MW/Hz Rotating mass loads
Pmec
Power generation
change
26
28
27
Academic Use ONLY
Frequency Control
Frequency Control
CONTROL IN THE POWER PLANT

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRIMARY
PRIMARY FREQUENY CONTROL
14
Academic Use ONLY
Implementation of the primary control in the power plant
• Considering a thermal generation unit: • Block diagram describing the primary
Reheater control law.
Steam
Power grid
Pmech = Pset,totalmec + e
Mechanical Electrical
power Power Power grid
Boiler Electrical
HP LP G Internal Turbine Shaft Power
Steam Pmec Pelec Turbine T G
Controller Pmec Pelec
Low Steam
Mechanical f
power
Valve High
Pressure Turbine
Turbine
Pressure
+ - +
Actuation Turbine + 1 −f
Measured
f, P K = fset = f0
Servo-motor Controller/ values S
Governor −Psetmec
Proportional
Reference cont rol law
f0, P0 values
• The measured power value corresponds
Schematic drawing of the primary control installed to Pmec in this notation, while in
in
a thermal unit. HP = High Pressure Turbine. LP practice the measurement can be done
= Low Pressure turbine. on the electrical side.
29
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY

CONTROL
30
Academic Use ONLY
Static Characteristic of primary control
• It is of particular interest to study the • The equation describing the primary
properties of the primary frequency control is given by
control in steady state.
1
f ( pu ) + ( Pmset0 − Pmset ,tot ) = 0
( f0 − f )
R
R(pu) • which can be written as
f0 ( pu )
f −f
R = − set 0 set ,tot
Pm 0 − Pm
f − f0  Hz 
R= 0
P set 
− Pm 0  MW 
set ,tot
m
• Finally, f − f0
Pset
m0 ( pu ) set ,tot
P
m ( p.u.) f
No load Full load R = − set ,tot 0 set
Pm − Pm 0
Static characteristic of primary control set
Pm 0
31
• The value of R determines the steady-state speed versus load
characteristic of the generation unit.
• The ratio of speed deviation (r)or frequency (f) deviation to change

in valve/gate position (Y) of power output (P) is equal to R.
percent speed or frequency change

Percent R = 100%
percent power output change
 f − f FL 
Percent R =  nL  100%
 f0 
32
Academic Use ONLY
f ( pu )
R=0
f0 ( pu )
R = 2% f = 2% f0
R = 4% f = 4% f0
0 1.0 Pmset ,tot ( p.u.)

No load Full load
33
Ideal steady-state characteristics of a governor with speed droop
Frequency or
f In the (P,f) plane the
speed (p.u) R= intersection of the
generation and the load
f f NL P characteristic
f 0 = 0
f = 
f FL
0.0 1.0 Power output or

P valve/gate position
(p.u)
34
Academic Use ONLY
• If the generating units in a power
system do not have the same droops, an
equivalent droop Req for the whole
power system can be calculated
according to the following expression
Pn ,i
1
R
=−i i
Req
i
P n ,i
35
ISOCHRONOUS GOVERNOR
36
Academic Use ONLY
Isochronous Governor
• Isochronous means constant speed.
• An isochronous governor adjust the Initial Final
r
Rotor Speed
turbine gate/valve to bring back to the 0
nominal or scheduled value.
Rotor Speed
• an isochronous governor keeps the
frequency constant independent of the
Machanical Power
Pmec Mechanical
generator loading (zero droop). Power
Pmec = PL
Schematic of an Isochronous generator
Time (sec)
Valve/Gate Pmec Pelec Response of generating unit with
Steam Turbine G isochronous
or
Water Integrator -K 0 Speed
r ref.
37
• An isochronous governor keeps the frequency constant independent of the generator
loading (zero droop).
f ( pu )
R=0
f0 ( pu )
0 1.0 Pmset ,tot ( p.u.)

No load Full load
38
Academic Use ONLY
f ( pu ) f ( pu )
f0 ( pu ) f0 ( pu )
fss = 0 fss = − RP
Frequency response of a generating unit equipped with:

a) Isochronous governor b) Speed droop governor
39
Governor with Speed-Droop Characteristic (2/6)
• The Isochronous governor cannot be used when there are two or more
units connected to the same system.
• For stable load division between two or more units operating in parallel,
the governor are provided with a characteristic so that the speed drops
as the load is increased.
Valve/Gate
Shaft
Steam Turbine Pmec To generator

− + −  Speed
or
Y r
Water Integrator -K
−
0
r ref.
R
Governor with Steady-State Feedback
40
Academic Use ONLY
SHARING LOAD IN PARALLEL UNITS
41
Load Sharing by Parallel Units
• If two or more generators with drooping governor characteristics
are connected to a Power system, there w ill be a unique frequency at
which they will share a load change.
f f
f0
f1 f f
P10 P1I P1 P20 P2I P2

42
Frequency Control
P2
44
43
Academic Use ONLY
Pd
−
+
1
R
CONTROL
Servo
1 + Tg s
1
1 + Tc s
Turbine
Steam Turbine WITHOUT Reheat
Frequency Control
Frequency Control
−
Pmec +
Pelec
Steam Turbine
1 Pa
Ms + D
f ( s )
Simplified SFR Model with Disturbance Input for a
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY
22
Academic Use ONLY
Steam Turbine WITH Reheat
Simplified SFR Model with Disturbance Input for a
Re-heat Steam Turbine
Pd + 1 1 +  Tr s Pmec + Pa 1
f ( s )
− 1 + Tg s (1 + Tc s )(1 + Tr s ) − Ms + D
1 Servo Turbine
Pelec
R
45
Hydraulic Turbine
Simplified SFR Model with Disturbance Input for a Hydraulic
Turbine
1 + Tr s 1 − Tw s Pmec +
Pd + Pa 1
f ( s )
− (1 + Tg s )  Rr Tr s + 1 T
1+ w s
2 − Ms + D
1
Pelec
R
46
Academic Use ONLY
SFRM: Frequency
48
NON-Static Characteristic of primary control
• The Proportional Controller with a Gain 1/R is the main
characteristic of this type of governor.
− 1
r K Y
− s
R
Block diagram with steady-state feedback
1 1
r − Y
R 1 + TG s
1
Reduced Block Diagram TG =
RK
49
51
50
Academic Use ONLY
=
D
M eq
=
7

0.75
t  5 = 46.6seg

= 9.3seg
EXAMPLE_I.mdl
SFR Model: Example (1/3)
Pload = 5%
t  0,60seg
SFR MODEL: EXAMPLE
• MATLAB® Simulink implementation
Frequency Control
Frequency Control
M = 3.5 p.u
D = 0.75 p.u
25
Academic Use ONLY
SFR Model: Example (2/3) f ss = 1 p.u + Lim f ( t )
t →
• Results Pload
f ss = 1 p.u −
D
0.05 p.u
f ss = −
0.75
f ss = 0.06 p.u
d f ( t )
dt t =0
Pelec = Pload + Df

Pelecss = 0.05 + 0.75  −0.06
Pelecss = 0
52
SFR Model: Example (3/3)
Load Step Change
Dynamic behaviour of the

Derivate of frequency
df/dt [p.u/s]
d f ( t ) Pload
=−
dt t =0
M eq
d f ( t ) 0.05 p.u
=−
dt t =0
7 seg
d f ( t ) p.u
= −0.00714
dt t =0
seg
Time [sec]
53
Academic Use ONLY
SYSTEM FREQUENCY RESPONSE MODEL
• Inertia (H) effect.

• Effect of R.
• Effect of Changes on Tr.
• Steam Turbine WITHOUT Reheat.
• Steam Turbine WITH Reheat.
54
System Frequency Response Model (1/6)
System Frequency Model of the Typical Reheat Turbine Governor Model
Pelec + Pa
1 f
2Hs + D
−
Pmec K m (1 + FH TR s )
R (1 + TR s )
FH = Fraction of total power generated by the HP turbine
TR = Reheat time constant, seconds
H = Inertia constant, seconds
D = Damping Factor
Km = Mechanical Power Gain Factor
55
Academic Use ONLY
SFR Model: Inertia (H) Effect (2/6)
• System frequency response variation of H increments of 0.5.
H= 3.00
TR = 0.05 Pd= -0.20

H=5.00 D = 1.00 TR = 8.0
FH= 0.30 KM= 0.95
Frequency Response for Varying Values of H

56
SRF Model: Effect of R (3/6)
• System frequency response variations of R with increments of 0.01.
R=0.05
H = 4.00 Pd= -0.20

D = 1.00 TR = 8.0
R= 0.10 FH= 0.30 KM= 0.95
Frequency Response for Varying Values of R

Frequency Control
57
Academic Use ONLY
SFR Model: Effect of Changes on Tr (4/6)
• System frequency response variations of TR with increments of 1.0
TR = 6.0
TR= 10.0
K = 0.05 Pd= -0.20
D = 1.00 H = 4.00
FH= 0.30 KM= 0.95
Frequency Response for Varying Values of TR

58
Example: Nordic Power System (4/8)
• This includes Sweden, Norway,
Finland and the east of Denmark.
• The connection between Eastern
Denmark (Zealand) and Western
Denmark (Funen and Jutland) is
HVDC hence decoupling west
Denmark from the rest of the
Nordic system.
• The installed conventional production is
about 49,000 MW hydropower and
42,000 MW nuclear and other
thermal power.
• The amount of wind power is steadily
increasing and the increase in installed
wind power was 16% in year 2011 http://www.nordpoolspot.com/
Nordic Power System Map

59
Academic Use ONLY
Example: Nordic Power System (5/8)
• Minimum inertia (Hmin): minimum load: 30,000 MW
• 15000 MW hydropower (operated at 80% of its rated power), and 15000

MW nuclear power (operated 100%)
SnH = 162,500 MWs
• Maximum inertia (Hmax): maximum load: 60,000 MW.

• 30000 MW hydropower and 30000 MW nuclear power
SnH = 325,000 MWs
J. Björnstedt “Integration of Non-synchronous Generation: Frequency Dynamics” Doctoral Dissertation. Lund University, Sweeden, 2012
60
Influence of Varying System Inertia (6/8)
• Frequency at loss of 1400 MW production with different inertia
Normal operating reserve of

600 MW with 6000 MW/Hz
150.000MWs
and a disturbance reserve of
200.000MWs 1200 MW with 3000 MW/Hz
250.000MWs
300.000MWs
100.000MWs
J. Björnstedt “Integration of Non-synchronous Generation: Frequency

Dynamics” Doctoral Dissertation. Lund University, Sweeden, 2012
61
Academic Use ONLY
Different Load Levels (7/8)
Frequency at loss of 1400 MW production with different load power
SnH = 200.000 MWs
60.000MW
50.000MW
The load power reduction due to
frequency sensitivity close to 50
40.000MW
Hz is negligible and does not
30.000MW affect the initial df/dt

62
Different Frequency Control Response (8/8)
Frequency at loss of 1 400 MW production with different disturbance
reserve
PL = 40.000 MW
SnH = 200.000 MWs
Operating reserve is kept at

4.800 MW 600 MW, the disturbance
3.600 MW reserve is increased.
2.400 MW The governor droop setting is
0.04 which correspond to a
1.200 MW frequency response variation
between 3.000 MW/Hz and
12.000 MW/Hz

63
Academic Use ONLY
SECONDARY CONTROL
• This section presents the basic concepts, elements and models to be considered by Secondary Control.
64
Secondary Control (1/8)
• If the turbine–generators are equipped with governing systems, following a
change in the total power demand, the system will not be able to return to the initial
frequency on its own, without any additional action.
Changing more settings Pref of f

individual governors will move
upwards the overall
generation characteristic of f0
the system.
Eventually this will lead to the

restoration of the rated
frequency but now at the
required increased value of power
demand.
Pref 1 Pref 1 Pref 1 Pmax Pmec
65
Academic Use ONLY
Secondary Control: Isolated System (2/8)
• In an isolated power system, automatic secondary control may be
implemented as a decentralized control function by adding a
supplementary control loop to the turbine–governor system.
_  1
ref _ KA Pmec
s
+ _
 R
K P +
S + _
Pref
Supplementary control added to the turbine governing system
66
Secondary Control: Interconnected System (3/8)
• Not all the generating units in a system that implements
decentralized control need be equipped with supplementary loops and
participate in secondary control.
• Usually medium-sized units are used for frequency regulation while

large base load units are independent and set to operate at a prescribed
generation level.
• Combined cycle gas and steam turbine power plants the

supplementary control may affect only the gas turbine or both the steam
and the gas turbines.
67
Academic Use ONLY
Secondary Control: Interconnected System (4/8)
• In an interconnected power system consisting of a number of different control
areas, secondary control cannot be decentralized because the supplementary
control loops have no information as to where the power imbalance occurs so that a
change in the power demand in one area would result in regulator action in all the
other areas.
• Such decentralized control action would cause undesirable changes in the power
flows in the tie-lines linking the systems and the consequent violation of the
contracts between the cooperating systems.
• To avoid this, centralized secondary control is used.
68
Secondary Control: AGC-Tie-Line Control (5/8)
• In interconnected power systems, AGC is implemented in such
away that each area, or subsystem, has its own central
regulator.
Remainder
PT − ( PL + P tie ) = 0 PT
Control
Area
Ptie Control
Areas
PL
• The objective of each area regulator is to maintain frequency at the

scheduled level (frequency control) and to maintain net tie-line
interchanges from the given area at the scheduled values (timeline
control).
69
Academic Use ONLY
Non-Intervention Rule (6/8)
• If there is a large power balance disturbance in one subsystem (caused for
example by the tripping of a generating unit), then regulators in each area should
try to restore the frequency and net tie-line interchanges.
• This is achieved when the regulator in the area where the imbalance originated
enforces an increase in generation equal to the power deficit.
• Each area regulator should enforce an increased generation covering its own area
power imbalance and maintain planned net tie-line interchanges.
• This is referred to as the non-intervention rule.
70
• The regulation is executed by changing the power output of turbines in the area
through varying Pref in their governing systems.
f K f PL  MW 
R = = Kf 
fn  Hz  1 Pref 1
_ + f Pf
f ref R 2 Pref 2
_
ACE Pref

_ _
Ptieref Ptie i Prefi
+ ACE = −Ptie − R f
Ptie n Prefn
Functional diagram of a central regulator
λR, called the frequency bias factor ACE: area control error
71
Academic Use ONLY
• For such a PI regulator the output signal is:
where βR and TR are the regulator parameters
1 t
Pref =  R ( ACE ) +  ( ACE ) dt Usually a regulator with a small, or even zero,
participation of the proportional element is used,
TR 0 that is an integral element.
f
1 Pref 1
_ + f Pf
f ref R 2 Pref 2
_
ACE Pref

_ _
Ptieref Ptie i Prefi
+
Ptie n Prefn
Functional diagram of a central regulator
72
TERTIARY CONTROL
• This section presents the basic concepts, elements and models to be considered by Tertiary Control.
73
Academic Use ONLY
Tertiary Control (1/2)
• Tertiary control is additional to, and • Under open market In such a market
slower than, primary and secondary structure the task of tertiary control is
frequency control. to adjust, manually or automatically,
• The task of tertiary control depends on the set points of individual turbine
the organizational structure of a governors in order to ensure the
given power system and the role that following:
power plants play in this • Adequate spinning reserve in the units
structure. participating in primary control.
• Optimal dispatch of units participating in
• Under the vertically integrated secondary control.
industry structure, the system • Restoration of the bandwidth of secondary
operator sets the operating points of control in a given cycle
individual power plants based on the
economic dispatch, or more generally
optimal power flow (OPF).
74
Tertiary Control (2/2)
• Tertiary control is supervisory with respect to the secondary control that corrects
the loading of individual units within an area.
• Tertiary control is executed via the following:
• Automatic change of the reference value of the generated power in individual units.
• Automatic or manual connection or disconnection of units that are on the reserve of the tertiary control.
10 min
Export
t
Import
6 7 8 9 10 h
Set point value of power interchange
Agreed hourly schedule
A schedule of changes in the required value of power interchange

75
77
76
Academic Use ONLY
Download links
Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
• Repositorio de GitHub del Prof.
https://github.com/fglongatt
DOCUMENTATION
Frequency Control
Frequency Control
nzalez-Longatt
• Repositorio ResearchGate:
https://www.researchgate
.net/profile/Francisco_Go
38
Academic Use ONLY
ESTABILIDAD Y CONTROL DE LA
FRECUENCIA EN SISTEMAS ELÉCTRICOS
MODERNOS
Motivation
F. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD
fglongatt@fglongatt.org
#fglongatt #fglongattLab
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Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Secundary (to 30 mins)

Frequency Control Processes

50.2 Continous Service

10s 30s 60s Time 30 mins

49.2 Occasional Service

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Frequency Control Processes

10s 30s 60s Time 30 mins

49.2 Occasional Service

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Frequency Control Processes (9/10)

• Secondary Control: The restoration of the rated frequency followed to the

• Tertiary control: Objective depends on the organizational structure of a given

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Frequency Control Processes

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

10s 30s 60s Time 30 mins

49.2 Occasional Service

System Frequency Response Model

System Time 30 mins

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Fundamentals of Speed Governing

Valve/Gate Telec Pelec

Classic Generator supplying an Isolated load

SYSTEM FREQUENCY RESPONSE MODEL:

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

• The goal is to derive the differential S = S Bi

• A summation of all the equations H i

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

SYSTEM FREQUENCY RESPONSE MODEL:

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

CONTROL IN THE POWER PLANT

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Static Characteristic of primary control

• The ratio of speed deviation (r)or frequency (f) deviation to change

percent speed or frequency change

Static Characteristic of primary control

0 1.0 Pmset ,tot ( p.u.)

Static Characteristic of primary control

0.0 1.0 Power output or

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

0 1.0 Pmset ,tot ( p.u.)

Frequency response of a generating unit equipped with:

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Governor with Speed-Droop Characteristic (2/6)

Prof. F. Gonzalez-Longatt Frequency Control

Load Sharing by Parallel Units