3rd Form Manual

AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMETNT
NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM (NSC) CONTENT GUIDE

THIRD FORM (3rd)
Complied by:
Manning’s School
Agricultural Science Department
Reviewed July 2019 Page 1
MANNING’S SCHOOL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
THIRD (3rd) FORM NOTES
TOPIC: AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
PROJECT 9.1: GROW CROPS IN CONTROLLED or OPEN FIELD

ENVIRONMENT
SUB –TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO OPEN FIELD AND CONTROLLED

ENVIRONMENT
OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURE OPEN FIELD & CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
OPEN FIELD ENVIRONMENT
Open Field Farming or Environment also known as industrialized or Field farming. This
system had survived for hundreds of years, perhaps longer, which is testimony to its success in
many ways. This is also the growing of crops or rearing of animals in an open space; for
examples Orchard Cropping, Plantation, Coconut and Orange Orchards, and Grazing Livestock.
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
Controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) is a technology-based approach toward food

production. The aim of CEA is to provide protection and maintain optimal growing conditions
throughout the development of the crop. Production takes place within an enclosed growing
structure such as a Greenhouse or building. Plants are often grown using hydroponic methods in
order to supply the proper amounts of water and nutrients to the root zone. CEA optimizes the
use of resources such as water, energy, space, capital and labor. CEA technologies include
hydroponics, aeroponics, aquaculture, and aquaponics.
Controllable variables:
 Temperature (air, nutrient solution, root-zone, leaf)
 Humidity (%RH)
 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Complied by:
Manning’s School
 Light (intensity, spectrum, duration and intervals)
 Nutrient concentration (PPM, EC)
 Nutrient pH (acidity)
 Pests
CEA facilities can range from fully 100% environmentally controlled enclosed closed loop
systems, to fully automated glasshouses with computer controls for watering, lighting and
ventilation, to low tech solutions such as cloches or plastic film on field grown crops and plastic
covered tunnels. CEA methods can be used to grow literally any crop, though the reality is a crop
has to be economically viable and this will vary considerably due to local market pricing, and
resource costs.
Crops can be grown for food, pharmaceutical and nutriceutical applications. It can also be used
to grow algae for food or for bio-fuels. Using CEA methods increase food safety by removing
sources of contamination, and increases the security of supply as it is unaffected by outside
environment conditions, and by eliminating seasonality create stable market pricing which is
good for farmer and consumer alike. CEA is used in research so that a specific aspect of
production can be isolated while all other variables remain the same. Tinted glass could be
compared to plain glass in this way during an investigation into photosynthesis. Another
possibility would be an investigation into the use of supplementary lighting for growing lettuce
under a hydroponic system.
EXAMPLES OF OPEN FIELD & CONTROLLED

ENVIRONMENT
OPEN FIELD CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
 Contour Cropping Aeroponic

 Strip Cropping Hydroponics
 Alley Cropping Aquaponics
 Terracing Greenhouses
Complied by:
Manning’s School
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GROWING
CROPS IN OPEN FIELD ENVIRONMENT
Advantages
 It allowed a fair share of good and poorer soils;

 It was a co-operative system, encouraging sharing of oxen, plough, etc.;
 It was environmentally friendly- close to nature
Disadvantages
 It doesn’t allow experimentation- everyone had to grow the same crops in the same field
to avoid problems of cross- fertilization
 It was a waste of land- each year one field was left fallow
 Impossible to control the breeding of animals as they roamed on the common land
 Animal and plant disease and weeds spread easily
 Difficult to use large machinery on narrow strips
 Time wasting
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GROWING

CROPS IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
Advantages
 High production per unit area of land

 Extended harvests
 Easy control of pests and diseases
 Efficient water utilization
 Low cost of labour (spraying,, weeding, watering)
 High quality of crop produce
 Less exposure to chemical toxins
 Attractive to Youth
Complied by:
Manning’s School
Disadvantages
 High initial cost of investment

 High level of greenhouse management skill required
 Inappropriate structures
 Unsuitable growing conditions
 Inadequate technical support
 Poor record keeping
 Heavy reliance on imported inputs- variables availability (variables and growth media)
 Inadequate and inappropriate management practices
RESOURCES NEEDED TO GROW CROPS IN OPEN FIELD

ENVIRONMENT & CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
CONTROLLED OPEN- FIELD

Building Materials Land
Spraying Equipment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Measuring Tools
Measuring Tools Irrigation Equipment
Irrigation Equipment Pesticides
Pesticides, Fertilizers Hose, Plants
Hose, Plants Spraying Equipment
Garden Tools, Machinery Machinery, Garden Tools
Record Sheets Fertilizers, Record Sheets
Complied by:
Manning’s School
CULTURAL PRACTICES ASSOCIATED WITH
GROWING CROPS IN OPEN & CONTROLLED
 Mulching
This is the application of a layer of organic material (such as dry grass or leaves) or
inorganic material (such as plastic or stones) on the surface of the soil. The layer of
mulch conserves soil water by reducing evaporation from the soil. It also improves soil
fertility and controls weed growth.
 Irrigation
This is the application of water to the soil. It promotes growth and improves crop yields.
Usually carry out when there is no rainfall or not enough.
 Moulding
Moulding is the heaping up of soil around the base of plants with a hand Shovel, Fork or
Garden Hoe. This is done to support plants, cover plant roots and to aerate the soil.
 Pruning
Pruning is the cutting or removing of branches or parts of plants. Pruning helps to keep
plants strong and promotes proper flowering.
 Fertilizing
Fertilising is the application of organic or inorganic fertiliser to the soil to provide
nutrients for plant growth and development. There are different methods of applying
fertilizer to the soil.
 Staking
Certain plants, such as tomatoes need a stake for support. The stem of the plant is tied to
the stake with a cord. The stake support plants with weak stems, allows the plant to grow
upwards and keep fruits high above ground to prevent spoilage.
 Trellising
This is a technique adopted by many farmers. It keeps crops off the ground and increase
usable space as well as yield. Crops like Tomatoes, Cucumber, Melons, Squash and
Pumpkin benefit when trellis is used; it prevents fruit rotting.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
 Pest and Disease control
Chemicals pesticides are often used to control diseases, pests or weeds. Chemical control
is based on the substances that are toxic (poisonous) to the pest involved. Chemical and
Biological are the two most used methods.
 Weed Management
This is the approach to manage weeds using many tactics and combines the use of
complementary weed control methods such as Physical/Mechanical (hand pulling, tillage,
mowing, burning), Cultural, (crop rotation, reduce row spacing cover crop) Chemical
(herbicides) and Biological; this is the least used method.
Unit Questions
1. Explain in your own understanding, what is Open- field and Controlled Environment.
2. Discuss three (3) advantages and three (3) disadvantages of Controlled Environment
3. State three (3) advantages and three (3) disadvantages of Open-Field Farming
4. List three (3) crops each that you would considered suitable to grow in Open- Field and
Controlled environment.
5. Give two (2) examples each of Controlled Environment and Open-Field Farming.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
FARM RECORDS
There are two things a farmer needs to have for proper farm management; Farm Record and
Farm Accounts, especially for commercial farmers. Keeping both farm records and farm
account are vital for the successful operations of farming business.
A Farm Record is a document that is used to keep account of different activities, events,
materials etc. regarding the farm operations. Farm records are different from farm accounts in the
sense that farm accounts deal only with the financial aspects of all farm operations. Farm
accounts deals majorly with the farm expenditures and income and help the farmer to calculate
how his or her business is doing.
IMPORTANCE OF FARM
RECORDS
Record keeping is a very important aspect of farm management because it provides information
which the farmer can use in making decisions on his or her farm.
 Farm records help a farmer to keep stock and manage each aspect of the farm properly
 They are important for planning and budgeting. They provide a farmer with enough
information needed for proper planning and budgeting at every point in time.
 They help farmers know the progress and contributions of each aspect of the farm to its
overall success.
 They are important for farmer to achieve effective managerial control during production
 They can be very helpful when a farmer needs to access financial aids from banks or
other financial institutions.
 It enables the farmer to assess the viability of certain specific farm enterprises or of
his/her farm as a whole
 It enables farmer the farmer to pinpoint areas of weaknesses in the farm business which
require attention
 It enables him to implement remedial measures of control
Complied by:
Manning’s School
TYPES OF RECORDS
There are different types of farm records a farmer should keep to operation a successful farm
business. They include:
 Daily Farm Record

These are the records of all important daily activities and events that happen on the farm.
These records help the farmer keep track of past farming activities and plan for future
activities.
 Records of Farm Implements and Equipment ( Inventory )

This is used to keep an inventory of all the equipment on the farm and their quantity. It
can also contain date of purchase of the equipment and their description
 An example of a farm inventory record
Date: 30th July 2018
Asset Quantity Value Remarks

($)
Garden shovel 2 2,500 Good condition.
Garden hoe 2 2000 One missing spike.
Seeds 2 ounces 360 Will be sown in the coming
week.
Garden fork 3 7,500 One missing tine
Cutlass 5 1,500 One missing a handle
Watering can 2 600 Excellent condition
Knapsack sprayer 1 5,600 Good condition
Total 20,060
Complied by:
Manning’s School
 Record of Agricultural Inputs
This record is used to keep track of all agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, etc.
the record often also contains the amount of that was bought, the amount that has been
used, and what is left.
 Records of Livestock and livestock products

Farmers keep different records of livestock for each type of animals on the farm. Also,
for livestock that have products e.g. eggs from poultry, the farmer keeps a record that
accounts for the number of eggs laid every day. If a farmer has Cows for milk production,
he keeps record of the amount of litres of milk produced per day.
 Example of a layer bird egg collection record
 Records of Animal feeds

This record is used for keeping an inventory of the types of feed and the quantity
purchased, used, and also quantity in stock on a daily basis.
 Example of a Broiler feed record
Date Birds Arrived: July 16th, 2018
Number of Broiler Birds: 1000
Days Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7
Sunday 1bag 2bags
Monday 1bag 2bags
Tuesday 1bag 3bags
Wednesday 1bag 2bags
Thursday 1bag 2bags
Friday 1bag 3bags
Saturday 1bag 2bags
Total 7bags 16bags
 Production records
Production records are used to document everything that is produced on the farm. These
records are prepared every week; and then summed up at the end of the month and also at
the end of the year. Thus, there is a weekly record, a monthly record, and an annual
Complied by:
Manning’s School
record of everything produced on the farm. They help the farmer to keep track of how
well the farm is doing.
 Example of a Crop Production Record
Crop Plot Acres Yield Value Production
number ($) cost
($)
Year 2013
Callaloo 1 0.4 8 tons 80,000 6000

Tomato 2 0.4 7 tons 12,000 9900
Lettuce 3 0.2 3 tons 6000 5500
Sweet 4 0.2 4 tons 7000 5200
pepper
Carrot 5 0.1 1.5 tons 4500 3600
Sweet 6 1 6 tons 7800 5700
Potato
Total
 Records for farm use

Used for recording the date the land was prepared for farming, the number of plots or
hectares used in planting, the plants planted on the farm and where they are planted
 Farm Income and Expenditure records
Farm income records are used to keep a record of all income and expenditure
 Labour record
This type is used to keep the record of staffs, their salaries, and payment. It is also known
as worker record
 Vehicle records
It is used to keep a record of all vehicles used on the farm, petrol and oil used, and also
any repairs and servicing and the dates of the repair or servicing.
 Sales/Income Record
Sale records are used to keep a record of all sales made from the farm produce.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
 Crop Rotation Record
This is used for recording the different types of crops grown in the same area in
sequenced seasons. It is done so that the soil of farm is not used for only one set of
nutrients; it also helps in reducing soil erosion and increases soil fertility and crop yield.
 Profit and Loss record
This record is used to document the measures and reports of an enterprise’s expenses and
revenue during a specific period of time. It shows the financial status and progress during
the time surveyed of a business.
 Crop Protection (treatment)
Chemical treatment records contain information about all chemical treatments applied to
crops and livestock such as insecticides, herbicides, fertilizers and medications.
 Example of a Crop Protection record
Farm Enterprise: Sweet pepper production
Acreage: 2
Activity Number of Number of Wage per day Total
workers days
Application of 2 2 $1500.00 $6000.00
insecticide
 Example of a chemical application record
Name of Type of Plot Date applied Rate With Remarks

chemical crop number holding
period
Pak choi 02 16 December 2013
 Example of a fertilizer record

Date Quantity Purchasing Type Application Quantity Type Balance Remarks
Purchase Purchase cost ($) purchased date applied
5 10 bags 28,000 14-28-14 September 2 bags 11- 8 bags 3bags 11-
September 11-22-22 10 2013 22- 22-22 and
2013 22 5 bags
14-28-14
remain in
stock.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
 Budget Record
This is a record that shows estimates of the amount of money the farmer expects to make
(income) and to spend (expenditure) over a future period of time. Budgeting is an
important part of the management process. There are three (3) types of Budget:
 Partial Budget
A partial budget consists of an estimate of all the income and expenses that would change
if the farmer made a particular change to farming operations, for a certain period. Partial
budgets allow the farmer to evaluate whether a change in operations would increase
profitability and by how much.
 Example of a Partial budget
Proposed change: Purchase of a Combine to replace hiring. (800 acres of Rice).
Additional Additional Income

Cost (A.C) (A.I)
Fixed Costs
Depreciation $4,000.00 None
Interest $1,200.00
Taxes $60.00
Insurance $150.00
Total Fixed Cost $5,410.00
Variable Costs
Repairs $860.00
Fuel/Oil $680.00
Additional Labour $600.00
Total Variable Cost $2,140.00
$7,550.00
Reduced Income (R.I) Reduced Costs (R.C)
None Harvesting Charge: 800 acres
@$10.00/acres = $8,000.00
A. Total A.C.+R.I = $7,550.00 +$0.00 = $7,550.00
B. Total A.I +R.C = $0.00 +$8,000.00 = $8,000.00

Net Change in Profit = B-A
= $8,000.00 -$7,550.00
= $450.00
Complied by:
Manning’s School
 Complete / Whole Farm Budget
A complete budget (whole farm budget) consists of an estimate of all the income and
expenses for the whole farm, including all farm activities for a certain period. They can
be based on a short time period such as one year (an annual budget) or longer time
periods such as three years of five years for long term planning. A complete budget may
be used for year-to-year planning of a farm, for planning long terms business strategies,
when a farmer starts a new farm, when a farm is taken over by new management or
owners or if there are other major changes in the resources of the farm.
 Example of a complete budget for one year for a mixed farm
Income $
Sweet pepper 2000lbs @ 2,000.00
100/lb.
Pork sale 1060 lbs@300/lb. 150,000.00
Broiler carcass 3500lbs@150/lb. 525,000.00
Okra 590lbs@50/lb. 295,000.00
Total Income (TI) 481,500.00
Variable Costs
Chemicals (pesticides and insecticides) 3,800.00
Fertilizer 11,000.00
Seedlings 2,200.00
Piglets 20, 000.00
Feed 80, 000.00
Medication 2,020.00
Transportation 5,500.00
Labour 9,000.00
Incidentals 2,000.00
Total Variable Costs (TVC) 135,520.00
Fixed Costs
Rent 20,000.00
Purchase of machinery 40, 000.00
Insurance 3,000.00
Depreciation 1,500.00
Total Fixed Costs (TFC) 64,500.00
Complied by:
Manning’s School
Gross Income (GI) = TI
= $481,500.00
Total Expenses (TE) = TVC + TFC

= $ 135,520.00 + $ 64,500.00
= $ 200,020.00
Net Profit = GI – TE
= $ 481,500.00 - $ 200,020.00
= $ 281,520.00
 Cash Flow Budget

A cash flow budget is a summary of all cash inflows and cash outflows over a period of
time.
January February
Beginning Cash Balance $1,000.00 $500.00
Cash Inflow
Farm Sales $2,000.00 $12,000.00

Capital Sales $0.00 $5,000.00
Miscellaneous cash income $0.00 $0.00
Total Cash Inflow (add1 to 4) $3,000.00 $17,500.00
Cash Outflow
Farm Expenses $ 3,500.00 $1,800.00

Capital Purchases $10,000.00 $0.00
Miscellaneous expenses $500.00 $200.00
Total Cash Outflow $14,000.00 $2,000.00
Cash Balance (inflow –outflow) $-11,000.00 $15,500.00

Borrowed funds needed $11,500.00 $0.00
Loan Repayments $0.00 $0.00
Ending Cash Balance (cash bal. + Brrwed funds +Loan repayments) $500.00 $4,000.00
Debt Outstanding $11,500.00 $0.00
Complied by:
Manning’s School
Unit Questions
1. Explain what is Record Keeping?
2. State three (3) reasons of having records on your Farm.
3. List four (4) types of records used in a Farming Enterprise and explain any two (2).
4. Differentiate between Partial Budget and Complete Budget.
5. Create four (4) samples of important records.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
CROP PEST MANAGEMENT MEASURES AND STRATEGIES SUITABLE FOR
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
Crop Pest Management
Managing pests (weeds, insects and plant diseases) in agriculture; this involves the safe and
environmentally sound use of pesticides to control crop pests when and where needed, as well as
integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that avoid total reliance on chemical pesticides.
Integrated Pest Management is a broad interdisciplinary (flexible) approach using scientific

principles of crop protection to combine into a single cropping system combine with a variety of
management strategies and tactics to reduce pest populations. IPM emphasizes the growth of a
healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro ecosystems and encourages natural pest
control mechanisms. IPM is a flexible approach which makes the best use of all available
technologies to manage pest problems effectively and safely. IPM requires competence in three
areas: Prevention, Monitoring and Intervention.
PREVENTION – Prevent the build-up of pests; includes a range of practical strategies that
suit local conditions.
 Understand conditions
 Select varieties
 Manage crops pest / insect
MONITORING - Monitor crops for both pests and natural control mechanisms; involves
scouting for pests (insects, diseases and weeds) to determine if, when and how intervention
should occur.
 Inspect field
 Identify issues
 Determine action
INTERVENTION - Intervene when control measures are needed; involves physical,

biological and chemical methods to preserve the economic value of crops with minimal effects
on the environment.
 Choose method
 Plan approach
 Intervene responsibly
Complied by:
Manning’s School
IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)
Integrated Pest Management is important for the following reasons:

 Environmentally Friendly
 Avoid the build-up of immunity
 Encourages good agricultural practices
 Is cost effective
ADVANATGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATED PEST

MANAGEMENT (IPM)
Advantages to IPM
The decreased use of chemical application in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) may result in
the following advantages:
 Will reduce risks to the health of staff members.
 Reduce the risk of deterioration and disfigurement of holdings.
 It may result in a financial savings.
 The environmental improvements made to the facility to implement an IPM program will
enhance the long-term stability of the holdings over and above protection against pests.
 IPM may be the only solution to some long-term pest problems where chemical
application has not worked.
 IPM ultimately allows the institution to have greater control over and knowledge of pest
activity in their facility.
 IPM is the best management technique of choice for major institutions.
Disadvantages to IPM
 IPM will require more staff time than traditional pest management, even if
implementation is contracted to a pest management company.
 IPM will require the coordinated effort of all staff members to properly implement.
 IPM may initially be more expensive than traditional pest management.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
 Initially complicated decision-making
 Low or nil tolerance to insect contamination for low value crops
 Limited market tolerance to blemishes
 Lack of market rewards for IPM grown product
 Crop monitoring results that can be difficult to interpret.
IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)
There are several key components or steps in the implementation of Integrated Pest Management
(IPM);
 Correct Pest Identification- This is the foundation of all decision making, where the
identifying the type of pest and the stages of damage caused.
 Understanding of pest and crop dynamics - you must have enough information about
the biology of the pest encountered to access the potential risk that the pest poses and
determine the best possible management strategy.
 Planning Preventative Strategies- as the preferred management strategy in IPM; a

careful examination of the field history and all aspects of the crop production system
should be made to determine if the crop can be grown or treated to prevent pest
populations from exceeding economic levels.
 Monitoring – involves periodic assessment of pest, natural control factors, crop

characteristics, and environmental factors to the need for control and effectiveness of any
management action.
 Decision Making – This involves an evaluation of the monitoring information to assess

the relevant economic benefits versus the risks of pest management actions.
 Selection of Optimal Pest control Tactics – to manage the problem while minimizing
economic, health and environmental risks.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
 Implementation – once the management options are selected, they should be deployed
on a timely manner with precision and completeness.
 Evaluation- always takes time to follow-up and evaluates pest control actions to
determine if you got your money’s worth. Review what went wrong but more importantly
what went right.
THE USE OF ECONOMIC THRESHOLD INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

(IPM)
Economic Threshold Management – this is the pest density at which management should be
taken to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury level threshold.
Economic Injury level (EIL) – the lowest (smallest) pest population level that will cause
economic damage or the critical population density where the loss caused by the pest equals in
monetary value to the cost of management.
The Injury Threshold - The injury threshold is the level at which pest numbers are high enough
to cause unacceptable injury or damage. The injury level is the maximum number of pests that
can be tolerated.
Action Threshold - The action threshold is the point at which treatment should take place to
prevent the pest population from reaching injury threshold. The action threshold will differ with
the type of treatment. It depends on how the treatment works.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
CONTROL METHODS USED IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)
All available information is used in an IPM program to select the best treatments. Two or more
treatments are often used together. Most treatments fall into one of the following groups:
 Cultural Method
Cultural methods suppress pest problems by minimizing the conditions they need to live
(water, shelter, and food). Cultural practices are things you can do to discourage pest
invasion such as good sanitation, removing debris and infested plant material, proper
watering and fertilizing, growing competitive plants, or using pest resistant plants.
Cultural controls disrupt the pest or host life cycle. This makes the environment less
suited to support the pest.
 Mechanical/Physical
This method controls pests with physical methods or mechanical devices such as
knocking pests off of plants with a spray of water, using barriers and traps, cultivating,
soil solarization, or heat treatment. These treatments use equipment, devices, barriers, or
extreme temperatures to reduce pests.
 Biological
This is the use of beneficial organisms called natural enemies to manage pests. In natural
ecosystems pest species are kept under control by climatic conditions, food availability
and natural enemies. Natural enemies are organism that feed on or otherwise kill target
pest. They may be predatory insects or parasitoids, fungi, bacteria, viruses or animals
such as insect feeding birds.
 Behavioural Method
In Behavioural methods the release of insect pheromones is used. These are chemicals
produced by insects to send signals to others over a large area. Sex pheromones can be
used to confuse male insects and disrupt mating.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
 Chemical
Chemicals can be part of IPM, but only as a last resort and only after all the other
methods have tried. Ensure that the pest problem is serious enough to warrant a pesticide
treatment. Always use the least toxic, yet effective, materials available and use them in
ways that reduce human exposure and protect the environment. Once pests are
controlled, use preventative non-chemical methods to keep them from returning.
Unit Questions
Group Work
1. Research crop pest management measures and explain how they are suitable for
Integrated Pest Management.
 Cultural Practices: Irrigation, Pruning, Staking, Tying, Mulching, Moulding.
2. State at least two (2) environmental benefits and practical benefits of practicing IPM
on your Farm.
3. Explain Crop Pest Management and how it is important in Farming.
4. Give three (3) advantages of IPM and explain any one
5. List three (3) disadvantages of IPM and explain any one
6. Explain what is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
7. State at least four (4) importance of Integrated Pest Management
8. Research at least six (6) careers associated with crop production using Integrated Pest
Management (IPM); Identify institutions and qualifications that provides training for
at least four (4) careers researched.
9. Create a career Flow chart/tree.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON PEST
All adult insects have two characteristics in common; they have three pairs of joined legs, and
they have three body regions – the Head, Thorax, and Abdomen.
Head- Attached to the insect head are the antennae, eyes, and mouthparts. All of these parts vary
in size and shape and can be helpful in identifying some pest insects.
Antennae are paired appendages usually located between or below the eyes. Antennae vary
greatly in size and form and are used in classifying and identifying insects. Some of the common
antennae types are:
 Filiform – threat-like; the segments are nearly uniform in size and shaped like a cylinder
( ground beetle, Cockroach)
 Moniliform – look like a string of beads; the segment are similar in size and round in
shape (termites).
 Serrate – saw-like; the segment are more or less triangular ( Click Beetle)
 Clubbed – segments increase in diameter away from the head (Japanese Beetle)
Complied by:
Manning’s School
 Plumose – feathery, most segments with whorls of long hair (male mosquito)
Mouthparts are different in various insect groups and are often used in classification and
identification. The type of mouthpart determines how the insect feeds and what sort of damage it
does. It is important that the applicator have the knowledge of the types of insect mouth parts.
Thorax – The Thorax, or middle body segment, has three pair of legs and sometimes one or two
pairs of wings (forewings, hind-wings).
Abdomen – The Abdomen of the insect is built of segments. Along the side of the segments are
openings called Spiracles, which the insect uses to breathe. The abdomen contains digestive and
reproductive organs. Parts of the abdomen used in identification include: the ovipositor, male
genitalia, and cerci.
INSECT/PEST COMMON TYPES

OF MOUTHPARTS
Piercing and Sucking: Aphid
Boring: Weevil
Biting and Chewing: Army worm
Biting: Cutworm
Tunnels: Leaf-miner
Sucking: Mite
Complied by:
Manning’s School
LIFE CYCLE OF COMMON INSECT
PEST
There are two (2) different life cycle of pest;
 Incomplete metamorphosis
 Complete metamorphosis
Incomplete metamorphosis is found in insects which have only three life stages. After the eggs
hatch, the nymph form resembles the adult in shape and form. As the nymphs increase in size,
molt and develop into adults, they may change color, develop wings and develop a reproductive
system. For examples: Cricket, Aphid, Grasshopper, Locust, and Cockroach.
Complete metamorphosis - Upon egg hatch, larvae begin feeding and growing and may change
size dramatically. The pupal stage is a period of great transformation. The pupae develop wings,
legs, compound eyes, antennae, mouthparts and internal organs all while in a period of
immobility and lack of external function. For examples: Ant, Bee, Beetle, Weevil and Flea
Complied by:
Manning’s School
COMMON TYPES OF INSECT PEST
Caterpillar Aphid Thrip
Whitefly Army worm Weevil
Diamond-back moth Slug Citrus leaf miner
Flee Beetle Termite Spider Mite
Complied by:
Manning’s School
STAGES OF INFESTATION OF CROPS
Note Briefly: Field trip observation on infestation of insect damage.
Students will be asked to recognize invasion of weeds and insect pest and implement corrective
measures based on integrated pest management principles
Unit Questions
Group Work
1. Identify and collect twenty (20) different specimen of insect pest that affects Crops
Production:
a. State the type of mouth part (s) each insect have,
b. Common Name; Order which they belong
c. At least three crops that they affect and;
d. Methods used to control
2. Identify and collect twenty (20) different specimen of weeds that affects crop
production:
a. State their common Name and Scientific Name
b. Methods used to control them
Complied by:
Manning’s School
AGRO- CHEMICALS
USE OF CHEMICAL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Modern agriculture relies heavily on synthetic chemicals called Agrochemicals that help to
improve the production of crops and livestock. These chemicals have been manufactured in
factories. They include pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, synthetic plant and animal hormones,
nutrients supplements for animals, and antibiotics.
Many chemical do not reach their target organisms and have harmful effect on the environment
and sometimes on humans also. It is particularly important that pesticides do not get into human
food. Pesticides residues on crops or in other foods present special problems. Their presence is
important not only in human terms, but also international trade. The term residue denotes not
only the original pesticide but also those compounds that may be formed from it. Extensive
regulations in developed countries deal with the problem of residues.
Agrochemicals are now used extensively in agriculture. Their use worldwide has resulted in
increased yields from crops and livestock. Increased yields have led to higher economic returns;
which means more money for the farmer. An increase in yield has also meant that greater
quantities of food are produced. This is important as the world population is growing at a very
fast rate. More food has resulted in improved human health and well- being.
In order to cultivate large, healthy crops that can be sold when harvested, farmer over the last 40
years have had to buy in large quantities of agrochemicals. Without these agrochemicals they
would have been unable to produce as much food. Farmers who refused to use agrochemicals
were therefore at a disadvantage. Also, the food produced without the use of agrochemicals may
be judged as being sub-standard. For example, without using pesticides, fruits may be deformed
by pests or diseases. The regular use of agrochemicals has therefore resulted in large amounts of
high-grade produce.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
CLASSFYING THE RANGE OF CHEMICALS USED
It is important to place agricultural chemicals in groups in order to better understand how they
work. This process is called Classification. Classification is the systematic arrangement in
groups or categories according to established criteria. Agricultural chemicals can be classified
based on a number of criteria:
 The target organism (pest or weed)

 The chemical structure of the agrochemical (each agrochemical has a complex
chemical structure and certain agrochemicals have similar structures)
 The way in which it is applied( liquid, powder, spray, gas)
 The method or mode of action
Pests cover a wide range of living organisms that may affect crop growth or health of livestock.
Examples of pests are:
 Insects
 Birds
 Nematodes and worms
 Rats and Mice
 Weeds
 Fungi
 Bacteria (these are microscopic pests)
Agrochemicals are classified according to target organism; they are given different names
depending on the organism which are targeted.
 Insecticides are chemicals which kills insects

 Vermicides (including Nematicides and anthelmintics) kill nematodes worms.
 Rodenticides kill rodents like rats and mice
 Herbicides /Weedicides kills weeds
 Fungicides kill fungi
 Bactericides kills bacteria
 Molluscides kills slugs
Complied by:
Manning’s School
Classification of agrochemicals based on method of application; there are many ways of
applying agrochemical. For example, many chemicals are sprayed on plants in a liquid form.
Fertilizers may be applied as granules or as liquids. Fumigants are applied as gases. Plant
hormones (such as a rooting compound) can be applied as powder. Insecticides are sometimes
liquids and sometimes powders.
CLASSIFICATION OF HEBICIDES/WEEDICIDES
Herbicide is an agrochemical used to kill weeds; excessive weed growth force crops to compete
with weeds for sunlight and nutrients, often leading to significant crop losses. Herbicides can be
classified by their method of action.
 Contact Herbicides – such as Paraquat destroy plant tissues that are in contact with the
chemical spray. Only the parts that have come into contact with the spray will die.
Contact herbicides are sprayed onto the weeds and destroy the chlorophyll (green
pigment) present in leaves. Generally, these are the fastest-acting herbicides. They are
used on annual plants which complete their life cycle in one season. They are ineffective
on perennial plants that are able to regrow from roots or tubers.
 Systemic Herbicides – Karmex is an example of systemic herbicides; they are sprayed

onto the leave (so- called foliar application). They are translocated (carried) throughout
the entire plant and destroy plant tissue from the root to shoot. This means that the entire
plant soon dies. Systemic herbicides are effective against perennials weeds which are
well established.
 Selective Herbicides – These are post-emergent agrochemicals that attack specific plant
types, while leaving other types of plants unharmed. They are extremely important in
crop cultivation and in lawn maintenance. A widely used example of this type of
herbicide is 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) which kills broad- leaved plants but
leaves grasses untouched ( grasses are narrow- leaved plants). On the other hand, grass –
selective herbicides kill only grasses but allow the growth of broad- leaved plants. These
Complied by:
Manning’s School
herbicides are important in the cultivation of broad- leaved crops such as tomatoes, peas
and fruit orchards.
 Non-selective Herbicides – These are chemical which destroys all types of weeds, both
grass weeds and broad- leaved weeds. They are useful for clearing the ground of weeds
but they do kill all plants with the area of application. An example is Glyphosate, which
was introduced first as non-selective herbicides. Developments in genetic engineering
mean that some varieties of crop plants are now resistant to Glyphosate, which means
that farmers can (if using genetically modified seed) use glyphosate as a selective
herbicides. Gramaxone is an example of Non-selective herbicide.
Herbicides can also be classified according to whether they attack weed seeds or fully grown
weeds.
 Pre- emergent herbicides – these are applied to the soil and prevent germination or early
growth of weed seeds. They do not destroy weed seeds; they just stop them from
growing; for example Dacthal.
 Post- emergent herbicides- these are applied to weeds that are already growing above
the ground. For Example Gramaxone
 Soil- borne herbicides- these are applied to the soil and are taken up by the roots of the
target weed. Example Dicamba
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES
Insecticides are used to control and kill pest and disease organism. They come in the form of
liquid and dust/powder. Insecticides can be classified by their mode of action.
 Stomach Poison – These are used in baits for biting or chewing insects. Insects die when
they ingest the bait. Example Lead arsenate
 Contact Insecticides – Affects the nervous system of insects. It is effective against
boring or sucking insects. Example Diazinon
 Fumigants – Affect the respiratory system of insects. For example Carbon Disulphide.
 Systemic -
Complied by:
Manning’s School
MIXING AGRO - CHEMICALS
At times, it is necessary to mix different chemicals. However, one must ensure that they are
compatible. The ability of chemicals to be mixed with each other harmoniously is compatibility;
for example mixing insecticides and fungicides.
Chemicals are mixed for the following reasons:
 Saves labour
 Saves time
 Fast growth
 A greater effect is obtained when they are mixed, different types of pests are controlled
Problems that may arise from mixing chemicals:
 Effectiveness of one or both chemicals may be reduced

 Phytotoxicity ( is the capacity of a compound such as a plant protection product that
cause temporary or long-lasting damage to plant) may occur
 Precipitation may occur, closing nozzles and filters of spraying equipment
 The toxicity of one chemical may increase.
FORMULATIONS OF CHEMICALS
A few chemicals are soluble in water and are sold as aqueous solution. The majorities is only
slightly soluble and are formulated as:
 Dust
 Wettable Powders (W.P) -
 Emulsifiable Concentrate (E.C)
 Soluble Concentrate (S.C)
Lethal Dose 50
LD 50 is a measurement of the toxicity of a chemical. It is measured in mg/kg. The lower the LD

50 the more toxic the chemical is, example; chlordane 457mg/kg and Gramaxone is 100mg/kg
Complied by:
Manning’s School
AGRO- CHEMICALS SAFETY
Chemicals are dangerous and sometimes fatal. As such they are handled with care; when
purchasing chemicals never buy without labels. On the label there are certain instructions:
 Rate of Application
 Precaution in case of accidental poisoning
Safety precaution when handling chemicals come in three different categories: Pre-
Operational, Operational and Post Operational.
Pre- Operational (Before)
 Appropriate protective clothing are worn, gloves, boots, hat, respirators, long sleeve shirt
and long pants.
 Check sprayer for leaks. Make sure it is in proper working conditions
 Read directions on label and mix accordingly, using a stirrer.
Operational (During)
 Spray early morning or late in the evening

 Do not spray against the wind. Avoid spray drift while spraying
 Do not eat, smoke or drink while spraying
Post – Operational (After)
 Get rid of excess chemicals in a safe place, not near waterways. Dig a hole and pour the
chemical into it.
 Burn or bury empty containers
 Wash sprayers properly
 Wash clothing after using chemicals
 Take a bath after applying chemicals
 Keep chemicals under lock and key in a cupboard when they are not in use
Complied by:
Manning’s School
EQUIPMENT USED TO APPLY AGRO-CHEMICALS
AGRO CHEMICALS
 Duster – A duster is used to apply powdered chemicals, air being the carrier
 Sprayer – In the liquid form, the chemical is carried in water or oil and the machine used
is a sprayer.
 Mist Blower- Sometimes both are and liquid are used as carriers for the chemical and the
machine used is called a mist blower. A mist blower is a low volume sprayer and there
is a controlled droplet application (CDA)
 A knapsack – carried by means of straps, is an example
examp of high volume sprayer.
 Aeroplanes – are used in the application of ultra- low volume of chemicals, that is no
water is used; just chemicals.
TYPES OF SPRAYER
Mist Blower Sprayer
Knapsack Sprayer Aeroplane Sprayer

Complied by:
Manning’s School
PERSONAL
SONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND THEIR USES OR
FUNCTIONS
Respirator Goggles
Chemical Gloves Coverall/ Overall
Water Boot
Complied by:
Manning’s School
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING AGRO-
CHEMICAL
Advantages
 It increases crop yield and improves poor quality land
 Manures improves soil texture, recycles nitrogen and introduces essential bacteria
 Pasture is improved so animal fatten quicker
 Crops grow faster- particularly when hybrid seeds are used
 Prevent diseases found in fresh fruits and vegetables
 Improve crop production and harvest productivity
 Reduction of pest and diseases in crop yield
 They are cost effective
Disadvantages
 Crops grow better, but so does weeds. Therefore herbicide sprays are required too
 Better quality plants attract insects so pesticides may be needed
 Excess nitrogen from fertilizers gets into water supplies, causing fish to die
 Artificial fertilizers, applied without organic additions, do not improve soil structure
 Chemical may disrupt the natural balance in ecosystem
 Injury of non-target plants and animals
 Reduced control of the target
 Decreases biodiversity
 Chemicals may cause a decline in population or even cause extinction of species
Complied by:
Manning’s School
Unit Questions
1. Why used chemicals in the environment?
2. State three (3) range in which Agro-chemicals maybe classified.
3. What are the four ways in which Herbicides may be classified? Give an example of
each type.
4. Differentiate among the following terms: Pre-emergence, Post-emergence and Soil-
borne.
5. Explain Stomach poison insecticides, Fumigants and Contact insecticide with one
example each.
6. Why are chemical mixed?
7. Can two chemicals mixed effectively? Explain your answer.
8. Safety precaution when handling chemicals come in three different categories; Pre-
Operational, Operational and Post Operational. Give two precautions for each.
9. Collect pictures of equipment use in chemical control and the necessary PPE (Paste in
your notebooks)
10. Draw and label a Knapsack sprayer
11. List three (3) advantages of using chemicals in the environment and three (3)
disadvantages.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT
Students will be assessed on the following:
1. Carry out cultural practices required to grow crops
2. Accurately calculate chemical need
3. Select and use appropriate PPE
4. Safely mix and apply pesticides
5. Store tools, equipment and chemical safely
6. Demonstrate the use of a sprayer and maintaining it
7. Demonstrate land preparation. Crop establishment, crop maintenance, harvesting,
packaging and marketing.
8. Measure dimensions of cropping unit; calculate area of cropping unit,
9. Demonstrate planting of crops in open or controlled environment and carry out daily
maintenance of crops
10. Demonstrate development of records to capture data involved
Complied by:
Manning’s School
TOPIC: AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
PROJECT 9.2: MINI-ENTERPRISE
SUB –TOPIC: MINI-ENTERPRISE
MINI-ENTERPRISE
Mini-enterprise is sometimes called a small business, a small-scale enterprise is a business that

employs a small number of workers and does not have a high volume of scales. Such enterprises
are generally privately owned and operated sole proprietorship, corporations or partnerships.
TYPES OF ENTERPRISES
There are three (3) main types of enterprises used today;
 Sole Proprietorship
This is also known as Sole Trader; individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship is a type
of enterprise that is owned and run by one persons; in which there is no legal distinction
between the owner business entity.
 Partnership
This is an arrangement where parties, known as partners, agree to cooperate to advance
their mutual interest. The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses,
interested – based organization, schools, government or combinations.
 Cooperation
This is an association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic,
social, and cultural needs and aspirations through jointly- owned and democratically
controlled enterprise. It is basically enterprises that has the freedom of governing itself or
control its owned affairs.
DECISION MAKING
Decision making is the process of making a choice between a numbers of important options and
committing to a future course of action. When making good decision, an individual must weigh
the positives and negatives of each option, and consider all the alternatives. For effective
decision making, an individual must be able to forecast the outcome of each option as well, and
based on all these items, determine which option is the best for that particular situation.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
DECISION MAKING PROCESS
Decision making is the process of making choices by;
 Identify and define the problem or opportunity

 Identify alternative solutions
 Collect data and information
 Analyze the alternatives and make a decision
 Implement the decision
 Monitor and evaluate the results
 Accept responsibility
STEPS IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS
A step- by-step decision- making process can help you make more deliberate, thoughtful
decisions by organizing relevant information and defining alternatives. This approach increases
the chance of choosing the most satisfying alternative possible. There are seven (7) effective
steps involved in decision making.
 Identify the decision

 Gather relevant information
 Identify the alternatives
 Weigh the evidence
 Choose among alternative
 Take action
 Review your decision and its consequences
IDENTIFYING BUSINESS
OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE
There are several ways in identifying more business opportunities in Agriculture. They include
the following four main ways;
 Listen to your potential clients and past leads. When you are targeting potential
customers listen to their needs, wants, challenges and frustration with your industry.
 Listen to your customers
 Look at your competitors
 Look at industry trend and insights.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
AGRICULTURE OPPORTUNITIES
Agriculture businesses can be started with little or no training. There is no need for a special
degree to start, though you may need to spend some time learning about the intricacies of the
business. Some lucrative business ideas and opportunities that an individual may or can engage
in, in towns or villages rather remaining unemployed are as follows;
 Urban Agriculture – this does not need a huge space to get into the agriculture business.
If you have a city or sub-urban home, you can still plant some crops in small or vertical
containers to get the most out of your space.
 Farmer’s Market Vending - This can be done whether you live in the city or in the
country, you can take the food that you grow or produce and sell it at local farmers’
markets to earn an income.
 Herb Growing – Herbs like Basil, Parsley and Mint can make for great agriculture
products. You can grow it at your home or farm and sell it.
 Vegetable Farming – Plant a variety of different vegetables and harvest them to sell or
make into different products.
 Livestock Feed Manufacturing – Even if you don’t have enough space to actually farm
livestock, you can still contribute to the industry by manufacturing feed for livestock.
 Fruit Growing – Grow and harvest various types of fruits to sell or make into other fruit
based products.
 Field Crop Farming – Soybeans, cloves and other types of crops require a fair amount
of field space to grow, but if you have the land, you can harvest specific crops to sell to
food producers.
 Nursery Operation – start you own nursery where you grow and sell different types of
plants to consumers or businesses.
Complied by:
Manning’s School
SWOT ANALYSIS
SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning technique used to help a person or organization identify
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats related to business competition or project
planning.
S W O T
Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
 Things your  Things your  Underserved  Emerging
company does company market for competitors
well lacks specific products
 Changing
 Qualities that  Things your  Few competitors regulatory
separates you company in your area environment
from your does better
competitors than you  Emerging need  Negative
for your products press/media
 Internal  Resource or service coverage
resources such limitations
as skilled  Press/media  Changing
knowledgeable  Unclear coverage of your customer
staff unique company attitudes
selling toward your
 Tangible assets propositions company
such as
intellectual
property,
capital,
proprietary
technologies
etc,
SWOT ANALYSIS EXAMPLE
S W O T
Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
 Unique taste  low profits  Market boom  Gluten – free
 Quality  no business  Could expand to societal trends
ingredients website add pastries  Drought
 Friendly staff  competition  Can implement  Negative
has more loyalty program reviews
offerings
Complied by:
Manning’s School
MARKET RESEARCH
Market Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information

about a target market, consumers, competitors and the industry as a whole. It is the foundation of
any successful company and it can be used for a number of different purposes – from identifying
a new market to launching a new business. Market Research is the process of assessing the
viability of a new good or service through research conducted directly with the consumer. This
practice allows a company to discover the target market and record opinions and other input
from consumers regarding interest in the product.
The purpose of market research is to gather data on customers and potential customers. The
collected data aids business decision making. This therefore reduces the risks involved in making
these decisions. Market Research helps entrepreneurs make well- informed decisions, take the
guesswork out of innovation and funnel resources into ideas and project that hold the most
potential. Businesses at different stages of growth carry out market research for different reasons.
IMPORTANCE OF MARKET
RESEARCH
 Easily Spot Business Opportunities

 Form partnerships with other businesses
 Create profitable order upgrades
 Find new locations to sell to
 Lower business Risks
 Test new designs and products before launching
 Find out why customers don’t come back
 Get insights on problem areas
 Create Relevant Promotional Materials
 Know Where to Advertise
 Buying ads on social media
 Placing flyers and posters
 Targeting ads
Complied by:
Manning’s School
 Outsell Competitors
 Target dissatisfied customers
 Find an underserved customer segment
 Identify unaddressed customer needs
 Set Better Goals for your Business
 Decision - Making Becomes Simple
SOME REASONS WHY BUSINESSES

USED MARKET RESEARCH
 To determine the feasibility of a new business: if market research indicates there’s

little or no demand for the product or service, the business is unlikely to succeed.
 To identify and develop potential new market
 To keep close tabs on marketing trends- this develop strategies on how to stay ahead of
the curve or adapt to changing market conditions.
 To test demand for new products or features.
 To determine optimal product placement – how, when and where should a product
enter the market.
 To improve and innovates their business – identifying issues with certain businesses
aspects such as customer service early helps companies overcome costly disruptions later.
 To boost the success of their promotional campaigns. By gauging customers sentiment

and understanding how their brand is perceived, businesses can better shape their
branding and marketing
Complied by:
Manning’s School
STEPS IN CONDUCTING MARKET
RESEARCH
There are two (2) types of Market Research data: Primary and Secondary Information
 Primary Information
This is first hand data gathered from original sources. You either collect the data yourself
or hire someone to do it for you, but the bottom line is that you control the process from
A-Z.
 Secondary Information
This is information and data that has been gathered by others and is publicly available
either online or offline. This could be data published in newspapers, reports, journals and
so on, or information freely available online. The downside here is that everyone has
access to this same information and you have no control over the collection methods.
The types of information collected through both primary and secondary sources can be either
qualitative or quantitative.
 Qualitative –information helps you gain a better understanding of how people feel about
certain topics, what they think and how/why they make choices that they do.
 Quantitative – information base on statistics and trends to be more structured, closed

question, questionnaires and surveys fall under this type of information.
Sources of Primary Market Research Information
Although primary research is often more expensive and time consuming, it is the best way to get
the information that your business need. The most popular primary research tools are:
 Customer surveys
 In-depth interviews
 Focus groups and
 Observation
Complied by:
Manning’s School
Sources of Secondary Market Research Information
This often referred to as ‘desk research’, secondary market research is best suited for gathering
broad insights into market trends and predictions and analyzing the current situation in terms of
competitions. The most popular secondary research sources are:
 Government reports and studies

 Trade or industry –specific journals, magazines, newspapers
 Television and radio
 Academic papers and educational resources
 Literature reviews
 Online articles and case studies
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN ESTABLISHING

AN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE
When planning to start an Agricultural enterprise, one must take into consideration the following
factors for an effective business enterprise.
 Available Market for Produce

 Management
 Available Capital
 Financing (source of financing, budgeting and cash Flow)
 Infrastructure requirement and availability (water, road, transportation and
electricity)
 Land requirement and availability
 Decision making
Complied by:
Manning’s School
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Sustainable agriculture can be defined in many ways, but ultimately it seeks to sustain farmers,
resources and communities by promoting farming practices and methods that are profitable,
environmentally sound and good for communities. Sustainable Agriculture fits into and
complements modern agriculture. It rewards the values of producers and their products. It draws
and learns from organic farming. It works on farms and ranches large and small, harnessing new
technologies and renewing the best practices of the past. This is farming in a sustainable ways
based on an understanding of ecosystem services, the study of relationship between organisms
and their environment.
BENEFITS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN

AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
There are many benefits of sustainable agricultural enterprise. One of the major benefits to the
environment is that sustainable agriculture. This will help to maintain:
 Maintaining Soil Quality

 Reducing Soil degradation and erosion
 Saving Water
 Focus on maintaining economic stability of farms and helping farmers improve their
techniques and quality of life.
 Increase Biodiversity by providing a variety of organism with healthy and natural
environment to live.
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL FARMING PRACTICES
As demand for food increases and climate change and ecosystem degradation impose new
constraints, sustainable Agriculture has an important role to play in preserving natural resources,
reducing greenhouse gas emissions, hasting biodiversity loss and caring for valued landscapes.
Several key sustainable farming practices have emerged, for example;
 Rotating crops and embracing diversity

 Planting crop cover
 Reducing or eliminating tillage
 Applying IPM
 Integrating livestock and crops
 Adopting Agro-forestry practices
 Managing whole systems and landscape
Complied by:
Manning’s School
SOURCES OF FINDING JOB OPPORTUNITIES
Individual are becoming more creative and utilizing new strategies in moving forward with their
careers. There are several sources in finding job opportunities, they include;
 Networking
 Referrals
 Career Websites
 Job Fair
 Company websites
 Recruitment Agencies
 Internships and
 Cold calling
 Newspaper
 Friends and Family
 Advertisement
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN SEEKING

EMPLOYMENT
There are several things to consider while weighting the options of that new position or
employment.
 Benefits
 Hours
 Culture
 Team
 Growth Opportunities
 Education Opportunities
 Company History and Stability
 Marketability Social Environment
 Passion
Complied by:
Manning’s School
CAREER PORTFOLIO RESUMES & JOB
APPLICATION
Careers Portfolio is used to plan organize and document education. Curriculum Vitae or Résumé
is a written overview of a person’s experience and other qualifications for a job opportunity.
SAMPLLE CURRICULUM VITAE/ RESUME
PATRICIA HOPE
Beckford Street
Westmoreland, Jamaica
Tel: 1 -876-888-7600
Email Address: PHope@gmail.com
Career Objective: To make a significant contribution to the Agriculture industry and life for
everyone. To provide quality extension services and driven professional
who always provide a pleasant experience.
Education: Knockalva Agricultural School 2008- 2010

Grange Hill High School 2003- 2008
Savanna –la- Mar Primary 1997 -2003
Qualifications: School Leaving Certificate

Caribbean Secondary Examination Council Certificate
Eight (8) CSEC subjects including Mathematics, English Language
Employment History: 2010- 2012 successfully completed a one year on the job training for
Farm Assistant
Other Information: I served as a prefect at school for two year, President of the Environmental
Club and member of 4Hclubassistant livestock manager on the school
farm,
References: Available Upon request
Complied by:
Manning’s School
SAMPLE APPLICATION LETTER
Beckford Street,
Savanna- la- Mar
Westmoreland
July 27th, 2019
The Human Resources Officer

Rural Agricultural Development Authority
Llandilo Road
Westmoreland
Dear Sir/Madam
Having read your advertisement in yesterday’s Daily Gleaner, I hereby apply for the vacant post
of an Extension Officer in your organization.
I would like to work for the RADA because it is a reputable organization where I believe that I
can improve my knowledge and skills and at the same time better myself financially.
I possess the qualifications required for the job as outlined in the enclosed resume. Presently I
am doing a short course in Hydroponic system.
Should you consider me for the post, I promise to work in the interest of your organization. I am
available for an interview at any time.
Your Sincerely,
Patricia Hope
Complied by:
Manning’s School
Complied by:
Manning’s School

3rd Form Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3rd Form Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMETNT

NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM (NSC) CONTENT GUIDE

TOPIC: AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

PROJECT 9.1: GROW CROPS IN CONTROLLED or OPEN FIELD

SUB –TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO OPEN FIELD AND CONTROLLED

OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURE OPEN FIELD & CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT

OPEN FIELD ENVIRONMENT

Controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) is a technology-based approach toward food

EXAMPLES OF OPEN FIELD & CONTROLLED

OPEN FIELD CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT

 Contour Cropping Aeroponic

 It allowed a fair share of good and poorer soils;

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GROWING

 High production per unit area of land

 High initial cost of investment

RESOURCES NEEDED TO GROW CROPS IN OPEN FIELD

CONTROLLED OPEN- FIELD

 Daily Farm Record

 Records of Farm Implements and Equipment ( Inventory )

 An example of a farm inventory record

Date: 30th July 2018

Asset Quantity Value Remarks

 Records of Livestock and livestock products

 Records of Animal feeds

Callaloo 1 0.4 8 tons 80,000 6000

 Records for farm use

Name of Type of Plot Date applied Rate With Remarks

 Example of a fertilizer record

Additional Additional Income

A. Total A.C.+R.I = $7,550.00 +$0.00 = $7,550.00

B. Total A.I +R.C = $0.00 +$8,000.00 = $8,000.00

Total Expenses (TE) = TVC + TFC

 Cash Flow Budget

Farm Sales $2,000.00 $12,000.00

Farm Expenses $ 3,500.00 $1,800.00

Cash Balance (inflow –outflow) $-11,000.00 $15,500.00

1. Explain what is Record Keeping?

2. State three (3) reasons of having records on your Farm.

4. Differentiate between Partial Budget and Complete Budget.

5. Create four (4) samples of important records.

Crop Pest Management

Integrated Pest Management is a broad interdisciplinary (flexible) approach using scientific

INTERVENTION - Intervene when control measures are needed; involves physical,

Integrated Pest Management is important for the following reasons:

ADVANATGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATED PEST

IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

 Planning Preventative Strategies- as the preferred management strategy in IPM; a

 Monitoring – involves periodic assessment of pest, natural control factors, crop

 Decision Making – This involves an evaluation of the monitoring information to assess

THE USE OF ECONOMIC THRESHOLD INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

5. List three (3) disadvantages of IPM and explain any one

6. Explain what is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

7. State at least four (4) importance of Integrated Pest Management

INSECT/PEST COMMON TYPES

Piercing and Sucking: Aphid

Biting and Chewing: Army worm

There are two (2) different life cycle of pest;

Caterpillar Aphid Thrip

Whitefly Army worm Weevil

Diamond-back moth Slug Citrus leaf miner

Flee Beetle Termite Spider Mite

Note Briefly: Field trip observation on infestation of insect damage.

USE OF CHEMICAL IN THE ENVIRONMENT