Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Towards next generation Savonius wind turbine: Artificial intelligence in

blade design trends and framework
Abdullah Al Noman a , Zinat Tasneem a , Md. Fahad Sahed a , S.M. Muyeen b ,∗, Sajal K. Das a ,
Firoz Alam c
a
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh
b Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
c School of Engineering (Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing), RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Currently, the Savonius wind turbine (SWT) has established itself as a reliable wind turbine solution,
Savonius blade profile particularly for small-scale wind farms. It is a reliable form of power generation owing to its self-starting
Power augmentation devices capability, lack of reliance on wind direction, and low vibration and noise. As a result, it has been gaining
Power co-efficient
popularity worldwide. The main technological challenge in this field, however, is the inferior efficiency of
Artificial intelligence
Savonius turbines compared to their other counterparts. A large number of studies have been conducted to
Next generation framework
enhance the power coefficient of SWT. These studies primarily focused on blade profile and augmentation
strategies using simulation-based optimization approaches. Some recent studies, in contrast, have attempted
to integrate Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the SWT optimization method. However, to ensure the maximum
efficiency and commercial feasibility of SWTs, additional strategy is required. Based on previous and current
research trends, this review presents a next-generation SWT blade design framework. The importance of AI
in output optimization at low computing costs has been emphasized. Finally, future design concerns have
raised the possibility of using a smart blade and digital twin model to enhance the efficiency of SWT blades.
Moreover, the existing roadblocks and their possible solutions are also highlighted.

1. Introduction
Renewable energy is a feasible solution to meet the world’s growing
energy demand. Among the clean renewable energy sources, wind
energy is the most extensively used form. In 2019, the global wind
energy harvesting capacity increased by 60.4 GW. This is 19% higher
than that of the previous year [1]. According to the Global Wind Report
2021, wind energy has a global energy generation capacity of approx-
imately 743 GW [2]. The widespread use of wind energy in every
possible sector has become evident. Therefore, aside from large-scale
onshore and offshore wind turbine (WT) projects, small or micro WTs,
particularly in remote or urban areas, are growing in popularity [3–5].
In addition to the traditional horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT),
vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT) are gaining considerable attention,
especially for small-scale wind farms [6,7]. The VAWT performance is
unaffected by wind direction changes. Moreover, because it has fewer
moving parts, it generates less noise and requires less maintenance. As
a result, they are well adapted to urban environments [8].
Based on the acting aerodynamic forces, VAWTs are further classi-
fied into Savonius (drag type), and Darrieus (lift type) wind turbines.
Despite its poor efficiency, the Savonius turbine is gaining popularity
owing to its high starting torque [9]. In contrast, the Darrieus turbine
has a higher power coefficient (Cp ) and is less susceptible to approach-
ing turbulent winds [10–12]. However, the lower starting torque and
complex design make Darrieus turbines more expensive [13,14]. During
the last two decades, Savonius wind turbine (SWT) has been preferred
over HAWT and DWT by researchers and developers owing to its
better reliability and self-starting capability. The promising features
and applications of SWTs are shown in Fig. 1. SWTs can provide
satisfactory performance in urban areas, such as rooftops of buildings,
highway dividers, and areas near railway tracks [8,15,16]. Wind energy
systems based on SWT are also effective for generating electricity
in isolated villages. Existing SWT designs have been employed for
moderately efficient hydrokinetic power generation [17]. Therefore,
it can be considered a viable wind turbine to avoid future energy
crises. Furthermore, precise design and optimization of the SWT blade

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: 1608008@student.ruet.ac.bd (A.A. Noman), zinattasneem@mte.ruet.ac.bd (Z. Tasneem), 1708033@student.ruet.ac.bd (Md.F. Sahed),
sm.muyeen@qu.edu.qa (S.M. Muyeen), sajal.das@mte.ruet.ac.bd (S.K. Das), firoz.alam@rmit.edu.au (F. Alam).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112531
Received 23 October 2021; Received in revised form 26 April 2022; Accepted 30 April 2022
Available online 13 July 2022
1364-0321/© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
A.A. Noman et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531

for their application in urban areas were also analyzed in [15]. Roy
Nomenclature and Saha in [29] highlighted the effects of the blade materials, overlap
2D two dimensional ratio, and aspect ratio on the power coefficient (Cp ) of the SWT. They
AI artificial intelligence also summarized the impact of adding deflector plates, nozzles and
ducts, curtains, multiple stages that influence the behavior of a Savo-
ANN artificial neural network
nius rotor, and some SWT augmentation techniques. Recent research
AR aspect ratio
has revealed that the Savonius wind turbine has the potential to be a
CFD computational fluid dynamics
viable solution for the global energy shortage problem. The turbine’s
CNN convolutional neural network higher reliability and capacity to perform in a wide range of wind
𝐶𝑝 co-efficient of power conditions make it a perfect prospect for imminent energy production.
𝐶𝑡 co-efficient of torque However, when compared to other turbines, the efficiency of SWT is
CST class shape transfer quite low. Consequently, an appropriate structure, plan, and roadmap
DMV discrete vortex method are required to improve SWT’ performance. Thus future SWTs can be
DT digital twin expected to perform better in terms of efficiency, economic feasibility
DWT Darrieus wind turbine and reliability. In addition to blade design and augmentation parame-
FFNN feed forward neural network ters, the importance of the ML-based optimization is expected to play
a critical role in the development of next-generation SWT blades. In
GA genetic algorithm
this study, AI-based optimization approaches were found to be simple,
GP genetic programming
quick, and cost-effective. Based on an analysis of SWT blade evolution
HAWTs horizontal axis wind turbine and recent research trends, this paper also presents a framework with
IWO invasive weed optimization the potential of SWTs, the challenges in next-generation SWT design
ML machine learning and their possible solutions, and the SWT optimization approaches.
MLP multi-layer perceptron The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The evolu-
ODGV omni-directional-guide-vane tion of the SWT’ blade profile, as well as numerous augmentation
OR overlap ratio techniques and their performances, are discussed in Section 2. Recent
RH rotor house research trends regarding blades and several influencing parameters
RNN recurrent neural network are highlighted in Section 3. Section 4 presents some of the most
recent and up-to-date SWT characteristics observed in recent years. The
RVM relevance vector machine
application of AI as the next-generation optimizer in the context of SWT
RWT radial wind turbine
is summarized in Section 5. Section 6 discusses future research goals,
SSA salp swarm algorithm problems, and potential solutions for blade design SWTs. Finally, the
SVM support vector machine conclusions of this review are provided.
SWTs Savonius wind turbine
TSR tip speed ratio 2. Evolution of Savonius wind turbine blades
VAWTs vertical axis wind turbines
WTs wind turbines Finnish engineer Sigurd Johnnes Savonius built the first modernized
vertical-axis wind rotor in 1921. Flettner’s rotor theorem [47] was
used to create the model. To make the Flettner’ rotor, the Flettner
cylinder was split in half along the central plane. The turbine cross-
are necessary to ensure its reliability. Studies on blade design factors, section then resembled the letter S [29]. The turbine is spun by these
augmentation approaches, and the use of machine learning algorithms blades, which use the wind’ push force [19]. The blades are propelled,
for optimization are being conducted. Within addition to classic criteria in the airflow direction by the drag force. As the wind blows, they
such as blade geometry and number of blades, aspect ratio, and overlap continue to spinning. Savonius turbines are also known as low-speed
ratio, studies are prioritizing new features such as scooplets, omni- wind turbines because they work best when the wind speed is between
directional guide vane (ODGVs), slotted blades, deflector plates, and 4 and 10 m/s [29]. A small generator is operated using a rotating shaft.
radial wind turbines. Researchers claim to have obtained a higher The power coefficient (Cp ) is a typical measure used to evaluate the
power coefficient than that previously reported. Furthermore, in re- SWT efficiency. This parameter indicates how effectively the turbine
cent years, a new trend in AI-based blade optimization has emerged. extracts kinetic energy from the wind. However, the SWT efficiency
Currently, different machine learning techniques are being extensively is quite poor compared to HAWTs or DWTs. For SWT, the Cp value
utilized to improve the blade performance. Compared to the previous remained substantially below the betz limit (59.3%). Some studies have
simulation-based techniques, this optimization method is more accurate derived the mathematical foundations for calculating Cp for SWTs.
and cost-effective [18]. Despite the discovery of alternative equations for determining Cp ,
Because this is a promising research field, several studies and re- the primary governing equation remains essentially unaltered. Other
views have been conducted in this regard. Table 1 presents a full key research motivations for enhancing SWT efficiency are the torque
explanation of recent reviews and compares them to this review study. coefficient (Ct ), and tip speed ratio (TSR). TSR optimization helps to
Alom and Saha [21] demonstrated, the effects of various augmentation ensure appropriate torque and increased turbine efficiency. Researchers
methods and augmenters on the Cp of the SWTs during the past four have used various approaches to compute the power coefficient based
decades. A review article presented in [19] discussed the impact of on a specific proposed scenario and considerations utilizing these math-
various flow augmentation techniques on the Cp of VAWT as well as ematical models. Investigators have mostly concentrated on modifying
HAWT, and collected the optimal information regarding the augmen- the blade design and power-augmentation devices to enhance Cp . Since
tation technology for future research. Different VAWT design methods 1921, several studies have been conducted on the blade profiles and
and incorporation of the optimum turbine design information from the augmentation devices.Based on their With these research findings, the
aerodynamic perspective have been analyzed in [26]. However, an- power coefficient has g findings, the Cp value increased gradually.
other review paper has discussed studies that focused on the geometry The average value of Cp in these studies, lies between 20% and 30%,
and aerodynamic aspects of SWT aiming to attain maximum power indicating the need to utilize some exceptional tools (such as AI) in this
extraction [23]. The opportunities and challenges of VAWT, especially field. Section 2a explores the mathematical reasoning underlying the Cp

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A.A. Noman et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531

Fig. 1. Features and applications of SWTs, as a promising future of wind energy generation.

Table 1
A comparison of this article with recently conducted review/survey studies (PY: published year, MLA: machine learning algorithm, ADP: aerodynamic design parameter, PAT:
power augmentation technology, BP: blade profile).
Author PY Review duration MLA ADP/PAT BP Review/Survey focus
Discussed the impact of various flow augmentation techniques on
Wong [19] 2017 1983–2016 ✗ ✓ ✗
the Cp of VAWT and HAWT, and the information regarding
augmentation technology for further research.
Zemamou 2017 1931–2017 ✗ ✓ ✗ Compared the performance of the modified SWT with the typical
[20] one; additionally, discussed the design parameters and the
augmentation techniques.
Alom [21] 2018 1978–2017 ✗ ✓ ✗ Demonstrated the effects of various augmentation methods and
augmenters on the Cp of the SWTs designed in the last four decades.
Chen [22] 2018 1929–2016 ✗ ✗ ✓ Discussed the performance of various SWT blade profiles and
highlighted the classification of SWT based on their blade profiles.
Alom [23] 2019 1929–2018 ✗ ✓ ✗ Discussed the studies that aimed to attain maximum power
extraction by focusing on the geometry and aerodynamic aspects of
SWTs.
Ghriybah 2019 1978–2019 ✗ ✓ ✗ Thoroughly analyzed various recent power augmentation techniques
[24] and demonstrated their effect on the SWT power coefficient (Cp ).
Doso [25] 2020 1978–2018 ✗ ✓ ✗ Summarized various studies on SWT’ rotor and factors influencing
its performance (mentioned a few specific & optimal values for
aspect ratios, overlap ratios), and discussed the effect of adding
endplates.
Barnes [26] 2021 1976–2020 ✗ ✓ ✗ Analyzed different VAWT design methods and incorporated
the information for optimum turbine design from the aerodynamic
perspective.
Dewan [27] 2021 2006–2020 ✗ ✓ ✗ Discussed about various design parameters and improvement
of the Cp of S-type VAWT with a several augmentation techniques.
Fanel [28] 2021 1982–2020 ✗ ✓ ✓ Summarized a few of recent studies on SWT’ rotor design
and mentioned several optimal models; additionally, declared the
Savonius turbine as a viable option in urban environment.
Current – 1978–2021 ✓ ✓ ✓ Discussed the evolution of the blade profile and augmentation
study techniques of SWTs. Highlighted AI-based optimization
techniques to provide precise output with a reduced
computational cost, existing challenges and future direction.

obtained in the studies covered in this paper. Section 2b describes the The primary issue with SWTs is the Cp value. Cp plays a significant
evaluation of SWTs in terms of their blade profiles and augmentation role in determining the percentage of wind energy extracted for a useful
devices, and discusses their designs and outcomes. work. It is measured as the ratio of the real or available wind power to
(a) Mathematical Formulations of Cp that extracted by the turbine rotor [48]. Essentially, turbines harvest

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A.A. Noman et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531

Table 2
Mathematical formulations used in various model configurations reviewed in this paper.
Author Model consideration Mathematical Parameters
formulation
Wong [19] & Two-Bladed SWT (conventional) A = frontal area of the turbine (𝑚2 )
Zemamou [20]
𝑃𝑇 𝑢𝑟𝑏 𝑇𝜔
Dewan [27] Three-Bladed SWT of guiding 𝐶𝑝 = = 1 Cl = Lift Coefficient
𝑃𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙
2
×𝜌𝐴𝑉 3
rotor house Cd = Drag coefficient
𝜋𝑁𝑇
Fanel [28] Highly cambered airfoil sections = 15𝜌𝐴𝑉 3
Cp = power coefficient
with conveyor-deflector curtain
Banerjee [30] Elliptic-Bladed SWT Crfc = resultant force coefficient
Tartuferi [31] SWT of multiple quarter blade Ct = torque coefficient
𝐹 ×𝑟
Sharma [32] SWT of layered multiple 𝐶𝑡 = 1 Ctstat = Static torque coefficient
2
×𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 𝑅
miniature blade
𝜔𝑅
Sharma [33] Single-dual-three-stage 𝑇 𝑆𝑅 = 𝑉
D = rotational diameter of the turbine (m)
SWTs for wind tunnel experiment
Emmanuel [34] Six-Bladed SWT F = mechanical load applied to the shaft (N)
Saha [35] & Two-Bladed SWT (conventional) Fd = Drag Force (N)
Menet [36] Fl = Lift Force (N)
Damak [37] 180◦ of twisted helical H = turbine rotor height (m)
Savonius rotor m = mass loaded on the pan (kg)
Alom [23] Two-Bladed SWT (conventional) N = rotational speed of the turbine (rpm)

Dewan [27] SWT under oriented zet PAvail = power available in the wind (W)
PTurb = power output from the turbine (W)
4𝑇
Roy [38] Conventional two-Bladed SWT 𝐶𝑡 = 𝜌𝐷2 𝐻𝑉 2
q = dynamic pressure
(OR of 0.15) having guide plates
𝑃𝑇 𝑢𝑟𝑏 𝑃𝑇 𝑢𝑟𝑏
Askary [39] Stationary & rotating SWT 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑃𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙
= 𝜌𝑅𝐻𝑉 3
R = rotational radius of the turbine (m)
g = the gravitational acceleration (m/s2 )
Salleh [40] Conventional Two-Bladed SWT = 𝐶𝑡 × 𝑇 𝑆𝑅 s = the spring balance reading (kg)
with Deflector
Storti [18] SWT with deflector plate r = radius of the pulley on the shaft (m)
Mahmoud [41] Two, Three & Four-Bladed SWT T = Torque (Nm)
𝑔𝑟𝜋𝑁(𝑚−𝑠)
Tian [42] Two-Bladed SWT with 𝐶𝑝 = 15𝜌𝐴𝑉 3
Tstat = Static Torque (Nm)
novel blade shapes
4𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡
Tian [43] Savonius wind rotor with 𝐶𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 = 𝜌𝐷2 𝑉 2 𝐻
TSR = tip speed ratio
different concave & convex sides
𝐹𝑑
Roy [44] Modified Two-Bladed SWT for 2D, 𝐶𝑑 = 1 V = wind speed (m/s)
2
×𝜌𝐴𝑉 2
incompressible, unsteady, second 𝐹𝑙
𝐶𝑙 = 1
order implicit coupled flow 2
×𝜌𝐴𝑉 2
√
Ferrari [45] Two-Bladed SWT (conventional) 𝐶𝑟𝑓 𝑐 = 𝐶𝑑2 + 𝐶𝑙2 𝑟ℎ𝑜 = density of air (kg/𝑚3 )
𝜋𝐷𝑁
𝑇 𝑆𝑅 = 60𝑉
𝑇𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡
Jeon [46] Helical SWT having endplate 𝐶𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 = 𝑞𝐴𝑅
𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑔𝑎 = rotational speed (rad/s)
𝑇
𝐶𝑡 = 𝑞𝐴𝑅
𝑃𝑇 𝑢𝑟𝑏
𝐶𝑝 = 𝑞𝐴𝑉
= 𝑇 𝑆𝑅 × 𝐶𝑡

power to the extent that wind can be slowed. Since the beginning of
SWT research, Cp has been the primary concern in the design, produc-
tion, and real-time installation [49]. It is linked to several fundamental
performance indicators such as the TSR, Ct , available power and torque
in the turbine, mechanical power and torque generated by the turbine,
and the lift and drag coefficient. Table 2 summarizes the various basic
formulations of Cp as well as other important factors used in the studies
discussed in this review. Although, the basic formula for calculating
Cp remains the same, we found five basic patterns for measuring it,
as shown in Table 2. Cp is proportional to the torque and rotational
speed in the first pattern; however, in this structure, TSR also has a
proportional relationship with the rotational speed. The second pattern
uses the same definition of Cp as the first, but Cp is computed in
terms of the extracted power, thus yielding a product of Ct and TSR.
In the third pattern, Cp is determined with turbine-taken load. As a
result, in addition to Cp , the quantities static torque and static torque
coefficient were added to the mathematical model. Because SWT is a
drag-based turbine, drag and lift forces are critical characteristics. As
a result, the fourth pattern focuses on the drag, lift, the resultant force
coefficient. Finally, the fifth formulation for measuring Cp takes into
account both the effect of the dynamic state and dynamic pressure
which again returns in the product of Ct and TSR. The parameters
utilized in the various equations in Table 2 are described in the far-right
column. These studies, which began in 1921, have served as catalyst
for the evaluation of SWT blades. Researchers have conducted several
investigations based on these mathematical formulations, such as mod-
ifying blade profiles and developing power-augmentation devices, as
discussed in the next section.
(b) Evolution of blade profiles and power augmentation devices
Since the first SWT design was proposed by Savonius in 1921,
numerous investigations have been carried out to improve its Cp . The
research trend can be seen in two ways in this regard. One is the design
consideration of the blade profile, and the other is the incorporation
of augmented devices outside the blade or rotor. Among the proposed
blade profiles, the notable ones are; semicircular, Benesh, twisted, fish-
ridged rotor, Bronzinus, airfoil shape, multiple quarter semicircular,
spline, slotted shapes [21,50]. Fig. 2 shows the evolution of blade pro-
files over the years (or since 1929). Researchers have noted a significant

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Fig. 2. Evolution of Savonius blade profile: (a) Semicircular (1929) by Savonius, (b) Benesh (1996) by Benesh, (c) Twisted (2004) by Yuen, (d) Fish-ridged rotor (2013) by Song,
(e) Bronzinus (2014) by Muscolo, (f) Airfoil shape (2015) by Tratuferi, (g) Multiple quarter semicircular (2016) by Sharma, (h) Spline (2017) by Mari, (i) Slotted (2020) by
Tjahjana.

Fig. 3. Improvement of the Cp of SWTs over the time with varying blade profiles.

improvement in the turbine’s power co-efficient with changing blade
profiles over time. In Fig. 3, the chronological improvement in Cp for
various blade profiles is shown [30–33,38,50–60]. This covers 18 blade
profiles and their outputs from 1978 to 2020. The value of Cp varied
from 0.12 to 0.33, but the operating parameters of the experiments
were not identical. In a majority of cases, Cp was in the range of
0.2 to 0.3. As shown in Fig. 3, the average Cp was 0.217. However,
some researchers have introduced various augmentation techniques to
maximize Cp . Significant responses were obtained using most of these
techniques [31,34,38–40,50,51,53,61–66]. Fig. 4 depicts the progress
in augmentation devices over the last four decades [21,66]. Fig. 5
shows the power coefficients obtained using 14 different augmentation
devices from 1978 to 2020. The average Cp for the 14 cases studied was
0.277, which was somewhat higher than the blade profile parameters.
Furthermore, several augmentation devices, such as curtains, shields,
and guide vanes, have significantly increased Cp (0.38–0.52). The
augmentation devices, on the other hand, make the SWT performance
reliant on the wind direction, which increases the design complex-
ity. Consequently, commercial implementation of augmented SWTs is

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A.A. Noman et al.
Fig. 4. Progressive advancement over the last 40 years in the SWT augmentation techniques.
Fig. 5. Changes in Cp with various augmentation techniques.
uncommon. Hence, a precise and specific scheme and corresponding
research are necessary to make SWT a feasible commercial alternative.
3. State-of-the-art research trends
The primary advantage of the SWT is that it is self-starting and
is highly reliable across a wide range of wind speeds. As stated in
Section 2, several studies are being conducted to improve the effi-
ciency of SWTs, particularly for small-scale applications. In this regard,
specific blade parameters have been found to directly or indirectly
influence the SWT efficiency. These parameters include the rotor blade
design, overlap ratio, aspect ratio, blade shape, blade numbers, and
endplates. Currently, the research focused on improving SWT char-
acteristics through augmentation of power and torque coefficients is
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531
dispersed. Among these studies, we found that the percentage of dif-
ferent research goals, which considers various blade design criteria,
is shown in Fig. 6. As shown, the variation or modification of the
blade shape has the greatest influence on the research trend. Whereas,
a moderate number of studies considered other parameters, such as
rotor design, and aspect, or overlap ratios, efficiency improvement. The
direction for future design considerations can be set by a precise study
of these research findings.
(a) Rotor Design
The SWT performance is highly dependent on rotor design. The
SWT design provides a high starting torque without being affected
by the wind direction. Moreover, it can operate at low cut-in wind
speeds and lower tip speeds [68]. Therefore, the Savonius rotor is
A.A. Noman et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531

Fig. 6. Percentage of research studies regarding blade design parameters covered in this paper.

Fig. 7. Research outcome for two deflector plates studied in [67], with one deflector plate on the proceeding side with varying angle and distance and second deflector on the
recurring side at its optimal location.

considered to be a cost-effective small-scale decentralized energy gen-
eration device [69]. Researchers have studied several rotor shapes and
found significant gains in Cp in the range of 15% to 45% compared
to the traditional rotor [70]. This drag-based turbine can achieve
improved efficiency with various rotor configurations [15]. The per-
formance of SWTs and the impacts of different rotor configurations
were investigated in [71]. The SWT performance is heavily influenced
by rotor design, operating conditions, and airflow limitations [71].
Furthermore, in [72], Cp was augmented by introducing a curtain in
the upstream flow of the turbine and rotor beyond the shaft. Cp was
increased up to 0.52 with this setup. The enhancement of Cp (0.35) by
installing two deflector plates on the advancing and returning blade
sides was proposed in [67]. Fig. 7 shows a summary of the studies on
two deflector plates described in [67], with the maximum Cp occurring
at a TSR of 1.1 and the deflector plate at a 50◦ angle to the rotor.
In [73], a rotor house (RH) was introduced, which increased the wind
flow up to 1.52 times, thus increasing the Cp to 2.58. Additionally,
this RH ensures the safety of the turbine for humans and birds, while
also lowering its aesthetic impact. Using the 2D flow approach, the
researchers in [54] numerically performed a Bach-type rotor, as well
as standard designs. The optimum TSR was approximately 0.8, thus
ensuring the highest Cp for all rotors tested. With the TSR in the 0.2 to
0.4 range, the elliptical rotor appeared to be more efficient. However,
all these designs had a relatively narrow wake impact. TSR was used

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A.A. Noman et al.
Fig. 8. SWT schematic with different number of blades: (a) two-bladed, (b) four-bladed, and (c) six-bladed.
to predict the frequency fluctuation off the power outputs. When the
average rotor moment and power were changed, the spinning speed
also varied. With an increase in the rotational speed, the blade tip speed
leads to a decrease in the power coefficient.
(b) Number of Blades
SWTs have a variety of blade configurations, including 2-bladed,
4-bladed, and 6-bladed turbines, as shown in Fig. 8. The number of
blades directly affects the performance of drag-based turbines. When
the number of blades is increased, more drag force is wasted, resulting
in unstable static and dynamic torques [35]. However, studies have
been conducted to reduce the drag effect by changing number of
blades, blade overlapping, and blade orientation [74,75]. Thus, the
maximum Cp with multiple quarter blades was found to be as 0.2266
in [32], which is 8.89% higher than that of the traditional design.
Moreover, by inserting secondary blades (a set of additional blades)
upstream of the concave part of the rotor, researchers in [76] sought
to improve efficiency, torque, and angular position. For overlap ratios
of 0.0 and 0.2, their proposed SWT was compared to a standard single-
blade turbine. They claimed to have achieved a maximum efficiency
of 19% at a TSR of 0.5, which is significantly higher than that of
the traditional design technique. In [34], the performance of a regular
Savonius rotor was compared to that of a multibladed rotor with two
and six blades and an aspect ratio of 2.0. The upgraded Savonius
rotor (6-bladed) outperformed the traditional two-bladed version in
terms of self-starting capability. A maximum efficiency of 30% was
achieved. However, with both single and double stages, in [41], it
was demonstrated that two-bladed rotors surpassed other (three-or
four-bladed) models while maintaining a null (0.00) overlap ratio.
(c) Blade Overlap Ratio
Another influencing factor for the SWT performance is the overlap
ratio (OR), which is the ratio of the rotor blade diameter to the overlap
distance. The key to ensuring optimal SWT efficiency is to achieve
the best possible OR. The influence of the overlap ratio and phase-
shift angle on Cp was proven in [77]. ORs of 0.0, 0.16, and 0.32
were tested with wind speeds of 6, 8, and 10 m/s and phase shift
angles of 0◦ , 15◦ , 30◦ , 45◦ and 60◦ . For all measured wind speeds,
the maximum Cp was reached, with an OR of 0.16. In [78], the
influence of OR on a two-bladed rotor, comparing the Cp for five two-
bladed rotors with different ORs (0.0,0.15, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.50) was
investigated. They concluded that increasing the overlap results in a
significant increase in Cp up to 0.15. The related average Cp was 0.21,
whereas the tip-speed ratio was 0.9 [78]. Again, Menet [36] obtained
the optimal overlap ratio (OR) of 0.207 at a wind speed of 10 m/s.
The effect of OR on Cp for five distinct rotor designs were examined
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531
in [79]. With an extreme increase in the overlap ratio, they observed a
considerable decrease in Cp . The SWT performance was evaluated over
a range of OR values from 0.0–0.45. The optimal value was found to
be 0.2. Researchers in [80], examined how the OR affects the Cp of a
conventional rotor. The best Cp was recorded with an overlap ratio of
0.167 for OR values of (0.00, 0.167, and 0.333) and an aspect ratio
of 1.088. Furthermore, an experimental investigation in [41] found
an inversely proportional relationship between the mechanical power
and overlap ratios. Through a numerical study, the ideal OR among
the five evaluated ORs was determined to be 15% [81]. During the
experimental investigation conducted by Worasinchai and Suwant [82],
the rotor’s best performance was recorded with a zero overlap ratio for
a three-bladed rotor. Table 3 summarizes the research findings with
an emphasis on OR. The optimum value of OR, as indicated in the
table, was between 0.15 and 0.20. However, this result is highly reliant
on the environment, and on the values of other study parameters,
such as wind speed, aspect ratio, and tip speed ratio. Furthermore, the
studies were performed either computationally or empirically, resulting
in a larger computing cost and less precise optimum values. By using
AI approaches to evaluate the dataset-based model, the cost can be
decreased; while increasing the precision simultaneously.
(d) Blade Shape
The shape of an SWT blade has a considerable impact on its per-
formance. According to previous studies, modifying the blade shapes,
diameters, and profiles improves its efficiency [83–85]. Fig. 9 shows
some of the most common and practical blade designs, such as helical,
twisted, and Benesh designs. Several studies have focused on improving
the blade efficiency by adjusting their shapes. By modifying the stan-
dard blade reported as Bach, Benesh, and semielliptical blades, Roy and
Saha [86] demonstrated the efficacy of an innovative two-bladed SWT.
When compared to standard blades, maximum Cp has been reported to
increase by 34.8%. A redesigned Savonius blade with a moment arm
and improved lift was presented by Roy and Ducoin [44]. Furthermore,
four blade profiles were examined in [87] for a two-blade SWT with
three different levels of free wind speeds. For free-wind speeds of 3, 5,
and 7 m/s, the overlap ratios were maintained at 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0,
while ensuring the TSR to be in the range of 0.2 and 1.2. Subsequently,
a TSR of 0.80 yielded the maximum Cpmax . OR of 0.5 produced the
best reaction for all free wind speeds, whereas an OR of 1.0 offered
the worst. Ventilation has been used to increase the Cp of the classic
Savonius windmill by up to 25% at low and turbulent wind speeds [88].
Moreover, in [61], a negative starting torque was discovered by using a
double-step Savonius bucket. The efficacy of helical SWT is influenced
by the helical angles [89]. The helical Savonius rotor reduces the
A.A. Noman et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531

Table 3
A summary of the research findings regarding optimum OR.
Author Type of study Tested ORs Optimum ORs Remarks
0.00
Kumbernuss [77] Experimental 0.16 0.16 Wind speed of 6, 8 and 10 m/s
0.32
0.00
0.15
Average Cp = 0.21
Nasef [78] Computational 0.20 0.15
Speed Ratio = 0.9
0.30
0.50
0.00
0.10
0.15
Roy [29] Experimental 0.20 High mean static torque coefficient
0.20
0.25
0.30
Menet [36] Experimental —— 0.207 Nominal wind speed of 10 m/s
0.000
0.200
Kianifar [79] Experimental 0.238 0.2 TSR of 0.8 to 1.0
0.400
0.450
0.000
Jian [80] Experimental 0.167 0.167 AR = 1.088
0.333
0.00
0.15
Averaged Cp = 0.3161,
Akwa [81] Computational 0.30 0.15
Tip Speed Ratio = 1.25
0.45
0.60

peak torque by spreading it out over a wider azimuthal angle, thus
significantly reducing the alternating greatest stress on buckets [37].
A novel blade form was proposed in [42], for which Cpmax was 0.2573
with a blade fullness of 1.0. However, it was 10.98% more expensive
than the standard blade.
The arrangement of two geometries of the surface curve of a Savo-
nius bucket was explored in [90]. By examining the combined ge-
ometries of the Savonius bucket surface curve, researchers were able
to demonstrate an improvement in SWT performance. Saha and Ku-
mar [91] studied the effect of twisting on the Savonius blade. The twist
angle of 15◦ yielded the highest performance coefficient of 13.99. The
impact of the number of blades, position, and circumferential length on
a horizontal Savonius rotor was studied in [92]. The researches used a
synergistic approach by incorporating a building into their simulation.
The authors claimed to have increased the power coefficient by 450%.
The impact of different inner blade placements, as well as varied blade
angles (180◦ , 160◦ , 140◦ , 120◦ , and 100◦ ) on the efficiency, was inves-
tigated in [70]. The investigation was conducted in two different ways.
For different TSR, there were rotors with an inner blade tip parallel to
the tip and root of the rotor. They observed significant improvements in
Cp and Ct with the inner blades. For a TSR of 0.5, the optimum inner
blade angle was reported to be 120◦ , with a maximum Cp of 0.1885
for Configuration-1 and 0.183 for Configuration-2. In other words,
the performance of the first configuration was superior to that of the
second [70]. Again, the researchers in [93] improved Cp by optimizing
the blade shape. They reported a notable improvement of 33% in time-
averaged Cp for a TSR of 0.8. Under low-wind conditions, the SWT
always outperforms the HAWT in terms of return on investment, and
it also has a greater power co-efficient with certain blade shapes [93].
Fig. 10 depicts the improvement in Cp obtained from multiple stud-
ies [43,44,54,86,93–97] focusing on blade design. With deflectable arc
and pre-installed deflector-based blades, a maximum improvement (of
more than 35%) was achieved, while the average improvement in Cp
is was determined to be 23.13%. To ensure improved efficiency, future
blade design considerations may incorporate increased utilization of the
drag force.
(e) Aspect Ratio
The aspect ratio (AR) is defined as the ratio of the rotor radius
to the blade length. According to experimental results [98,99], the
efficiency of the blade is proportional to the aspect ratio. A 3D flow
study for SWT rotors was conducted in [45] with four ARs (0.55, 0.78,
1.1, and 1.66) at overlap ratio of 0.2. As depicted in Fig. 11, they
discovered a proportionate relationship between the Cp values and ARs
within a certain range (0.55 to 1.1), whereas, for AR in the range
of 1.1 to 1.66, a small increase was noted. Some studies have also
examined the effect of ARs on the aerodynamic behavior of the SWT
rotor. Additionally, they performed CFD modeling and simulation for
improving aerodynamic efficiency [80,89,100,101]. An experimental
study on the aspect ratio range was conducted in [94], and it was found
that the modified SWT rotor achieved the highest Cp of 0.21 at an AR of
0.7, whereas the standard rotor reached a maximum Cp of 0.19. Again,
Bhayo and Al-Kayiem [102] noted significant progress, ranging from
0.77 to 2.0 in the AR range. Although most of the existing rotors were
fitted at a low aspect ratio to avoid structural failure, a high aspect-ratio
is more reliable for better performance [71]. By providing torque after
increased moments, a high aspect-ratio blade can ensure intelligent and
effective self-starting of the SWT.
(f) End Plate
The least complex way to improve the aerodynamic performance
of an SWT is to employ end plates. The SWT with and without end
plates are depicted in Fig. 12. The end plates in typical SWT have
been explored experimentally by several researchers. These studies
indicated a better impact of end plates on the Savonius performance
by ensuring a significant pressure difference, both on the concave and
convex portions, along with the Savonius rotor height [103]. The power
coefficient increase linearly in proportion to the end-plate area [46].
According to [104], the idle end-plate diameter is 1.1 times the rotor
diameter. Furthermore, endplates have been recommended as a better
choice for improving the performance of rotors with lower ARs [46,62].
The performances of various blade configurations with and without end
plates were studied in [41] and the rotor with end plates was found to
be more efficient than that without end plates.

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A.A. Noman et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531

Fig. 9. SWT blades come in a variety of shapes: (a) helical (b) twisted (c) Benesh.

Fig. 10. Improvement of Cp achieved by using different blade profiles, as reported in recent studies.

Fig. 11. Changes observed in Cp values for different ARs for certain TSR [45].

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A.A. Noman et al.
Fig. 12. Savonius wind turbine: (a) without end-plate (b) with end-plate.
4. Notable research trends observed during the last few years
Recently, a series of studies and experiments on distinctive qualities
has sparked considerable interest. Various innovative and novel designs
have emerged, all of which have helped improve the performance of
SWTs. Moreover, in the last two years, the research focus has evolved
slightly away from traditional characteristics. Researchers have focused
on relatively new factors such as airfoils, layers, guiding vanes, slotted
blades, and low wind speed. Many of these studies even deployed
machine-learning algorithms for design improvement. Some of the most
recent research trends as explained as follows:-
Airfoil Based SWT
In [105], a new airfoil-based SWT with a high Cp was developed.
In the experiment, Cp was measured using a discrete vortex method
(DMV) code. The airfoil coordinates were generated using the class
shape transfer (CST) function. Optimization was observed using the salp
swarm algorithm (SSA). They observed a 27% increase in Cp for an
optimum airfoil-based SWT.
Scooplet
A new scooplet-based blade design was proposed in [106]. They
investigated the improvement in Cp conducting numerical optimization
over the Savonius blade. Each pair possessed two circular arc segments
using 2D CFD. The results showed a 39% increase in the maximum
Cp for the suggested scooplet-based design compared to the standard
design.
Omni-Directional Guide Vane
An omnidirectional guide vane (ODGV) can influence the perfor-
mance of an SWT, as reported in [66]. They proposed an ODGV model
made of aluminium, as shown in Fig. 13(a). The SWT performance was
evaluated for various ODGV slope angles and incoming wind directions.
The maximum Cp of 0.125 was recorded in the 60◦ wind direction,
which was 21.46% higher than that without the ODGV.
SWT on Lower Wind Speed
The optimal and conventional models for a wide range of TSR
(0.2–1.2) were compared in [107]. They numerically explored the
improvement of Cp of SWT at lower wind speeds and found a significant
enhancement ratio of 55%. An artificial neural Nnetwork (ANN) was
used to optimize the blade form.
Deflector Plates
A metamodel-based scheme was used in [18] to develop the size
and shape of deflector plates for SWTs. They implemented the design
on an actual 8-blade, 1 kW, and 2.5 m high deflector set. The efficiency
increased by up to 30%, and the cut-in speed was found as 4 m/s.
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531
Again, the researchers in [40] concluded that 0.500 and 1.204 were the
optimal deflector longitudinal site ratios for the proceeding and recur-
ring blade deflectors, respectively. The optimum height of the deflector
was considered to be equal to the turbine height. The proposed design
also exhibited the maximum Cp of (0.26), which was an improvement
of 100% compared to that without the deflectors. Fig. 13(b) shows the
deflector design proposed in [40].
Radial Wind Turbine
A competitive radial wind turbine (RWT) with its potential was
proposed in [60] to enrich the alternatives of future urban energy
planners. They investigated the design of a turbine’s complex 3D flow
field using ML algorithms and CFD. The maximum Cp was noted as 0.29
with TSR = 0.55 for 3D, and 0.36 with TSR = 0.58 for 2D model. This
is an increment of 103% compared with the relative research reports
on RWT. The model proposed in [60] is illustrated in Fig. 13(c).
Slotted Blade
A new slotted SWT (5 and 7 mm) at the 30% chord of the blade
was developed in [50]. It was noted that the maximum Cp of 0.118
occurred at a TSR of 0.350 with a slotted blade fluctuation of 5 mm at
the 30% chord of blade. Again, the researchers in [108] experimented
with 25% and 35% slotted blades. The best result was obtained with a
25% slotted blade and 15% OR. The Cp value obtained using this setup
was 14.4% higher than that obtained using the conventional setup.
Multiple Layer
The effect of adding multiple layer (90◦ , 115◦ , 135◦ at positions of
0◦ and 30◦ ) was evaluated in [109], and a new efficient SWT model
was developed. They observed an SWT improvement and declared a
17.6% increment in Cp with multiple layers. The authors recorded the
maximum Cp as 0.12 with the layer at 90◦ at 0◦ position. In another
study [109], researchers developed a SWT with single-and multiple-
layer blades on the tip blade. The overlap ratio of 10% and 15% were
considered. The experiment was conducted at wind speeds of 6.46,
6.99, and 7.27 m/s. Increase of 22.4% and 11.2%, respectively, in Cp
value was found. SWT with multiple layers of 90◦ and an OR of 10%
provided a maximum Cp of 0.12.
Table 4 presents an overview of recent research trends. The deflec-
tor plate and radial wind turbines were significantly more efficient than
the other designs.
5. AI: the next generation optimizer
AI is currently playing a key role in leading humanity towards
the Fourth Industrial Revolution. After its introduction in 1951, it
A.A. Noman et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531

Fig. 13. (a) The ODGV model implemented by [66]. (b) Deflector plates for advancing and returning blades proposed by [40]. (c) Radial Wind Turbine concept proposed by [60].

Table 4
A glimpse of recent researches on SWT.
Author Feature Increase in Cp (%)/ Year
Highest value of Cp
Masdari [105] ∙ DVM, and CST 27% 2019
∙SSA Algorithm
Marinic [106] ∙ Scooplet 39% 2020
Tjahjana [66] ∙ ODGV 2.46% 2019
Harsito [50] ∙ Slotted SWT 0.118 2020
Nugroho [108] ∙ Slotted SWT 14.4% 2020
Kurniawan [109] ∙ Multiple Layer 17.6% 2020
Kurniawan [59] ∙ Single and multiple layer 22.4% and 11% 2020
∙ Extra layer on concave blades
Storti [18] ∙ Deflector plates 30% 2019
Salleh [40] ∙ Deflector plate 100% 2020
Acarer [60] ∙ Radial wind turbine 103% 2020
∙ ML algorithms and CFD

was modified using numerous methodologies such as soft computing,
symbolic reasoning, and logic-based, knowledge-based, and statistical
learning methods to produce automated decision-making thinking ma-
chines [110]. This is defined as a computer simulation of human intel-
ligence evolution [111]. It is an interdisciplinary realm that accelerates
several technical fields such as computer science, statistics, neurol-
ogy, control systems, and optimization [110,112]. Machine learning
algorithms, a subset of AI, deal with data science and make the de-
sign, optimization, and prediction paths smooth, fast, economical, and
efficient [111]. In addition to the control system, is also provides
optimization, energy demand projections, and power system accuracy
to ensure the best design and manufacture [110,113–120]. Deep neural
networks, such as FFNNs, MLPs, CNNs, and RNNs, are now widely em-
ployed in power systems, automation, robotics, and biomedicine [118,
119,121,122]. Apart from these applications, AI is also visible in the
wind power generation industry, as illustrated in [123], who used arti-
ficial intelligence to estimate wind speed. The performance of machine
learning methods such as support vector machines (SVM), RVM, and
GP to construct an efficient wind turbine and determined the best TSR
has been studied in [124–127]. Thus, AI-based optimization is expected
to become the standard method for optimizing SWT blade design in
the coming years, rather than the typical numerical or simulation-based
approach. This provides an accurate optimization at the lowest possible
cost.
Various studies in the last couple of years have highlighted the
usefulness of AI in the design of SWT blades as depicted in Fig. 14.
In these studies, deep learning, evolutionary algorithms, and opti-
mization algorithms produced significant outcomes. Fig. 15 illustrates
the effectiveness of the AI-based optimization strategies. This explains
both traditional and AI-based optimization methods. The optimization
procedure in the traditional approach begins with the creation of an
SWT model using a specified sample dataset (parametric). The model
must be tested using a simulation (or computational) model that can
determine the Cp as the output using the governing formula. The
entire procedure is quite complex and time consuming. Individual SWT
models are required for each parametric (sample) dataset in the CFD
model. Checking all possible optimum design choices requires a signif-
icant amount of time, money, and effort. The process can take months
or even years to identify an ideal design. The AI-based optimization
technique, on the other hand, requires simply a set of available turbine
data that can be fitted with a machine learning or neural network
model to estimate the possible output from the SWT. With only a few
lines of code, this approach can assess a vast number of design factors.
In the blink of an eye, the optimizer and AI-based prediction model
can check hundreds of combinations. Hence, the optimization process
requires less cost, minimum pieces of infrastructure, and a very short
amount of time to accomplish, as shown in Fig. 15.
The ANN is one of the most often used algorithms among re-
searchers recently. Accordingly, ANNs have been employed for data
validation, prediction, and optimization. In [107], a 55% enhancement
ratio was confirmed under low wind speed. An ANN is used to optimize
the proposed blade form. In [60], a competitive RWT was introduced.
A pair of machine learning algorithms; and CFD were introduced to
ensure appropriate and optimal design. To optimize the SWT blade,
researchers introduced the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) along with
a discrete vortex method (DMV) code to calculate Cp in [105]. A

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A.A. Noman et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531

Fig. 14. Artificial Intelligence, the modern optimization approach for SWTs blades.

Fig. 15. Effectiveness of the AI-based optimization techniques compared to the conventional approach.

CST function was used to simultaneously create airfoil coordinates. A
27% increase in Cp was reported. In [128], a machine-learning-based
surrogate model was implemented to optimize the design of an SWT in
terms of the power coefficient. In [129], a metamodel was introduced
using ANN combined with genetic expression programming (GEP) to
predict the rotor performance with the input of various aerodynamic
parameters such as overlap ratio, height and diameter of the rotor,
number of stages and blades, and TSR, and obtained the correlation
with the corresponding rotor performance, as the determination coef-
ficient R2 was almost equal to 0.97 with the ANN model. Moreover,
the Taguchi method along with the neural network model, was utilized
in [130] to predict the TSR for a VAWT with a deflector. The authors
observed a relative error between the predicted values of the NN and
CFD simulations below 4%.
Some recent studies have also utilized a genetic algorithm (GA)
in conjunction with an ANN, particularly for optimization. However,
genetic algorithms are not machine learning algorithms, such as the
stochastic search or evolutionary algorithms used in ML applications.
Researchers in [18] used a combination of GA, ANN, and CFD to
optimize the design and size of deflector plates on the SWT. In this
scenario, machine-learning approaches for optimization lowered the
computing cost by 97%. ANN was used in [131] to investigate the
logical interface between dependent and independent variables derived
from experimental data to develop an appropriate cost function. This
cost function was then optimized using a genetic algorithm. The re-
searchers in [132] also claimed the GA efficiency. Using GA, they
were able to increase the Cp by 5.91%. In [93], GA and CFD were
combined to establish the geometry of the proposed blade. Using a

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A.A. Noman et al.
Table 5
A summary of machine learning/evolutionary algorithms used for Savonius Blade optimization.
Author ML/Evolutionary
algorithm
Masdari [105] SSA
Shammari [107] ANN
Storti [18] ANN and GA
Acarer [60] ANN and GA
Mohammadi [131] ANN and GA
Chan [93] GA
Josep [133] GA, IWO,
NSGA-II
Chern [132] GA
GA-based optimization technique, they were achieved a 33% increase
in time-averaged Cpmax . Moreover, to improve the efficiency of VAWT,
the authors in [133] suggested a computational design approach. GA,
in combination with IWO and non-dominated sorting-based multi-
objective evolutionary algorithms (NSGA-II), yields considerable results
while reducing the computing costs.
In the field of Savonius blade design, Table 5 lists some of the
notable outcomes obtained by the current research utilizing ML algo-
rithms. Interestingly, the percentage gain in Cp achieved using AI was
significantly higher than that of the traditional methods reported in
previous tables. Furthermore, this technique substantially reduces the
computational cost of optimization. Therefore, the next generation of
designs is expected to be more AI-friendly.
6. Roadmap towards next generation research
SWTs are raising much concern for power generation, especially in
built-up locations with many buildings and structures. Although SWTs
are less efficient than other VAWTs in certain fields, they are preferred
for several reasons, which include their self-starting capability, lower
cost, less vibration, and simplicity of the mechanism. Consequently,
research opportunities in this field are increasing significantly. How-
ever, a roadmap for future research is essential to ensure the optimum
efficiency of SWT and to aid their commercialization. Following an
analysis of previous and present SWT blade research trends, this study
offers recommendations, proposals, and directions for future SWT blade
research. In addition, potential challenges and possible solutions to
such issues are discussed.
(a) Blade Design and Concept of Smart Blade
Interestingly, this is a rich and diverse field of research. Researchers
have been working for decades to enhance the key concern, power
coefficient Cp , or, in other words, the efficiency of drag-based VAWT.
Recent studies have discovered that blade design plays a critical role
in increasing efficiency. As a result, developers are focusing on some
of the most influential and crucial SWT blade factors, such as the
overlap ratio, blade numbers, aspect ratio, end plates, and blade shape.
The aerodynamic performance of several parameters, such as AR, OR,
twist angle, and end plate, is affected by wind speed and atmospheric
conditions. As a result, a blade with a fixed structure may not al-
ways provide maximum efficiency. Smart blades and rotors, which
are commonly utilized in HAWT [134,135] can be applied in SWT in
this scenario. Some sensors and smart actuators are included in this
intelligent blade. These components will aid SWT in sensing wind speed
and environmental conditions, as well as in adjusting factors such as
overlap ratio, twist angle, endplate area, and aspect ratio. This will
enable maximum wind energy extraction for a wide variety of wind
speeds and atmospheric conditions, thereby increasing its efficiency.
However, maintaining a simple and cost-effective design for smart
blades is a challenge that will be addressed later in this article.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531
Outcome (Cp ) Publication year
27% increase in Cp 2019
Enhancement ratio of 55% 2020
30% increase in Cp 2019
3D: Cpmax of 0.29 for TSR = 0.55 2020
2D: Cpmax of 0.36 for TSR = 0.58
Cpmax of 0.222, at OR 2018
of 0.159, AR of 0.89
33% increase in Cp 2018
Reduced computational cost 2020
5.61% increase in Cp 2021
(b) Simple and Economic Power Augmentation Techniques
In recent years, specific traits have received considerable attention.
As previously indicated, the impact of ODGV and, multiple layers on
the rotor blade, deflector plates, and slotted blades have become the
focal point of this research area. Furthermore, studies have investigated
airfoil-based SWT, radial inflow SWT, and effective SWT in low-wind
conditions. According to Table 4, recent investigations and experiments
have increased Cp from approximately 3% to 40%. Experiments using
radial wind turbines and deflector plates, on the other hand, have
nearly doubled the Cp . These new trends are expected to lead to a new
era in the design of SWT blades. These augmented devices increase the
design complexity as well as the manufacturing and maintenance costs.
To ensure the real-time application of SWT, optimization and cost-
benefit analyses of newly proposed parameters or power augmentation
devices are necessary.
(c) Digital Twin Concept and AI based Optimization
On the other hand, turbine optimization is crucial before the final
and physical modeling of SWT to ensure its efficient performance. As
described in Section 5, current research has found that AI, especially
ML, has a favorable impact compared to the traditional simulation-
based optimization strategy. Different machine learning techniques
have made it simple to monitor turbine performance and efficiency in
demanding settings. In addition, this strategy significantly reduces the
computing costs [18,133].
Consequently, AI is expected to dominate this research sector in
the near future. This unique intelligent method is critical in the design
and optimization stages. Digital twining is one of the most promising
features of AI. It is a dataset-based virtual representation of a physical
entity that accurately mimics the original object. The results of the
dataset-based model analysis can be used to improve the performance
of the original object. Several academic bodies and industries have
successfully employed the virtual model paradigm for product de-
sign, manufacturing, prediction, diagnostics, and health management
issues [136]. The concept of creating a virtual twin can be applied in
the design and evaluation of SWT blades. By creating a digital model
for the SWT blade, it would be much easier to test the performance
against various uncertainties and make the necessary changes to the
designs. The virtual model can also allow real-time monitoring of the
physical blade throughout its life cycle. To develop and improve the
digital twin of the blade, several optimization methodologies, including
genetic algorithms, particle swarm algorithms, big data and IoT-based
platforms, can be utilized. However, for this paradigm to succeed, data
security and long-term viability must be ensured. This will further
reduce the computational cost while retaining design precision. Fur-
thermore, the aforementioned smart blade is expected to be best suited
to this concept. This approach also provides an improved dataset; and
reduces the effect of system complexity. Moreover, a high precision can
be achieved at a low computational cost using this setup.
(d) Dealing with the Low Volume Datasets
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A.A. Noman et al.
Fig. 16. Road-map towards the next generation SWT research.
The volume of the dataset is a major impediment in this field. The
dataset primarily consists of tabular data obtained using simulation
or experimental methods. With a limited amount of tabular data, ML
algorithms struggle to achieve the requisite precision. Sufficient data
is required for neural networking or optimization approaches to ensure
high accuracy from a digital twin. Using prediction, feature engineering
in neural networking can build more attributes, resulting in enhanced
hidden layers that can compensate for small data sizes. Cross-validation
approaches such as K-fold, Leave-one-out, and Jackknife testing can
also help solve this problem. In addition, the conversion of tabular data
to images, which was used in [137], can be incorporated in this field.
Hence, researchers can apply numerous augmentation strategies to
boost the dataset size. Several deep learning approaches, such as CNN,
RNN, etc., can be simultaneously used in the optimization approach.
Therefore, the optimization will be further enhanced for the SWT
blades. The proposed path for next-generation SWT blade design and
optimization is shown in Fig. 16. As shown, based on prior and present
research patterns, the future is anticipated to be dominated by AI. The
proposed features, difficulties, and potential solutions will steer SWT
research in the direction of next-generation designs.
7. Conclusion
The Savonius wind turbine is expected to be a popular choice
for wind power extraction in the future. It has recently attracted the
attention of academics owing to its self-starting capability, low cut-in
wind speed, reliability, and simplicity. Current advances have partially
addressed its core weakness, especially its poor efficiency. In this
study, the research trends in SWT have been extensively described and
assessed, and a path for future research has been laid out. The roadmap
described in this study is expected to accelerate SWT research. The
conclusions of the paper are as follows:
15
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168 (2022) 112531
• In the past few years, the focus of this arena has been on modify-
ing the blade profile and incorporating power-augmentation de-
vices. However, researchers have recently started using scooplets,
ODGV, slotted blades, multiple layer blades, deflector plates, and
radial wind turbines to enhance efficiency.
• In this field, the concept of a smart blade with the ability to
adjust the OR, angle of twist, or end-plate area in response to
changes in the environment and wind speed can be incorporated.
Nonetheless, the simplicity and low cost of the design must be
preserved.
• Design techniques dominated by AI are predicted to increase in
the future. In this regard, it will be easier and more economical
to test the DT model of the suggested blade in different settings.
• Feature engineering or cross validation procedures can be used
to address the lower volume of tabular dataset. Furthermore, by
converting tabular data to images, researchers will be able to
increase the size of the data and apply numerous deep learning
algorithms to ensure perfect optimization.
Finally, it can be concluded that the moment has come to proceed with
the development of next-generation SWT blades that are capable of
maximum wind energy extraction from all the feasible sectors.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
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