10 Differential equations

Skills check The DE form is simple (just direct proportion),

and then the constant can be calculated for the
1. a) −2 = −2(3) + c ⇒ c = 4 ⇒ y = −2x + 2
given condition.
b) −3 = 6(−4)2 − (−4) + c ⇒ c = −103
⇒ y = 6x2 − x − 103 5. For question 1:
T
c) −2 = 1 + c ⇒ c = −3 ⇒ y = ex −3
d) 3 = 1 + c ⇒ c = 2 ⇒ y = ln x + 2

2. cos 2θ = cos2θ − sin2θ

= (1 − sin2θ) − sin2θ = 1 − 2sin2θ
T0
2 A B
3. = + ⇒ 2 = A(x − 1) + B(x + 1)
x −1 x +1 x −1
2

⇒ A = −1, B = 1 0 t
2 1 1
⇒ = − Note that the DE would have the given needle
x −1 x −1 x +1
2

pointers below the line T = T0 , although they are

Exercise 10.1 not relevant to the context of this question – if the
body was colder than the surroundings then it
dT would gain temperature.
1. = − k (T − T0 )
dt For question 2:
The difference in temperature is (T − T0) and the x

⎛ dT ⎞
rate of change ⎜ ⎟ is negative (question states 30
⎝ dt ⎠
temperature falls) and is proportional to the
difference, hence the multiplying constant of 20

proportionality −k is negative.
10
dx
2.= k (30 − x )
dt
The rate of increase of the 0 t

⎛ dx ⎞ Note that the DE would have the given needle

mass ⎜ ⎟ is proportional to (30 − x), hence the pointers above the line x = 30, although they are
⎝ dt ⎠
not relevant to the context of this question – and
multiplying constant of proportionality k is probably have no meaning in the context of
positive. converting one substance into another in a
chemical reaction – once all the original is
dN
3. = kN(P − N) converted nothing more can happen. (This is like
dt
⎛ dN ⎞ the quadratic describing the height of a ball
The rate of infection ⎜ ⎟ is thrown vertically upwards at time t = 0: the
⎝ dt ⎠
equation only describes reality (approximately)

proportional to the product of N and (P − N),
for times between 0 and when the ball hits the
hence the multiplying constant of proportionality
ground.)
k is negative, as new infections increase N.
dN
4. dN = kN ; N = 2 000 000; = 140 000
dt dt
140, 000
⇒k= = 0.07
2, 000, 000

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differential equations 1
 For question 3: dy dy
7. 2y = 4x3 ⇒ 2y dx = 4x3 dx
N dx dx
Q3:
⇒ 2y dy = 4x3 dx
P
⇒ y2 = x4 + c
dy 1 dy 1
8. x2 = 2 y3 ⇒ dx = dx
dx 2 y 3 dx x2
1 1 11 1
⇒ dy = dx ⇒ −− 2 =− +c
2 y3 x 2
4y x
0 t
11 1
Note that the section above N = P would have no ⇒ 2
= +C
4 y2 x
meaning in the context given. dy
= y cos x ⇒
1 dy
9. dx = cos x dx
dx y dx
Exercise 10.2 1
⇒ dy = cos x dx
dy x dy y
1. = ⇒ y dx = x dx
dx y dx ⇒ ln|y| = sin x + c
⇒ y dy = x dx dy dy
10. = 2x e y ⇒ e− y dx = 2x dx
dx dx
1 2 1 2
⇒ y = x + c ⇒ y2 = x2 + C
2 2 ⇒ e−y dy = 2x dx
dy x3 dy
2. = ⇒ y dx = x3 dx ⇒ e−y = − x2 + c
dx y dx
dy dy
⇒ y dy = x3 dx 11. = 2 x sec y ⇒ cos y dx = 2x dx
dx dx
1 2 1 4
⇒ y = x + c ⇒ 2y2 = x4 + C ⇒ cos y dy = 2x dx
2 4

dy x2 + x + 1 dy ⇒ sin y = x 2 + c
3. = ⇒ y2 dx = (x2 + x + 1) dx
dx y2 dx
dy y2 1 dy 1
12. = ⇒ dx = dx
⇒ y dy = (x + x + 1) dx
2 2 dx x ( x + 2) y 2 dx x ( x + 2)

1 1 3 1 2 1 1
⇒ y 3= x + x + x + c ⇒ 2y3 = 2x3 + 3x2 + 6x + C ⇒ dy = dx
3 3 2 y2 x ( x + 2)
dy 1 dy 1 1 ⎛1 1 ⎞
4. = y ( x + 3) ⇒ dx = (x + 3) dx ⇒ dy = ⎜ x − ( x + 2) ⎟ dx
dx y dx y2 2 ⎝ ⎠
1 1 1
⇒ dy = (x + 3) dx ⇒−
= ln
x
+c
y y 2 x +2
1 2 1 2
⇒ ln y = x + 3x + c ⇒ y = Ae 2 x +3 x dy cos x dy
2 13. = ⇒ cos y dx = cos x dx
dx cos y dx
dy 2 dy
5. = ⇒ cos y dx = 2 dx
dx cos y dx ⇒ cos y dy = sin x dx
⇒ cos y dy = 2 dx ⇒ sin y = sin x + c
⇒ sin y = 2x + c dy cos 2 y 1
14. = ⇒ sec2 y dy dx = dx
dx x dx x
dy 1 dy 1
6. = ⇒ y dx = dx 1
dx xy dx x ⇒ sec2 y dy = dx
1 x
⇒ y dy = dx ⇒ tan y = ln|x| + c
x
1 2
⇒ y = ln x + c
2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differential equations 2
 dy 2 dy 1
15. 2 = 4 x 3 ( y 2 − 1) ⇒ dx = 4x3 dx ⇒ −= 3 ln x − 2 ln x + 1 + c
dx ( y − 1) dx
2
y
2 1
⇒ dy = 4x3 dx ⇒ =− 3 ln x + 2 ln x + 1 − c
( y − 1)2
y

⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 ( x + 1)2
⇒ ⎜ − ⎟ dy = 4x dx
3
⇒ = ln A
⎝ ( y − 1) ( y + 1) ⎠ y x3
y −1 ⎛ ex ⎞
⇒ ln = x4 + c ⎛ −2 ⎞ dy ex ⎛ −2 ⎞ dy
y +1 22. ⎜ ⎟ = ⇒ ⎜ y 3 ⎟ dx dx = ⎜ 2x ⎟
dx
⎝ y ⎠ dx 1 + e ⎝1 + e ⎠
3 2x
⎝ ⎠
dy cos 2 y dy
16. = ⇒ sec2 y dx = sec2 x dx du 1 1
dx 2
cos x dx u =e x ⇒ =e x ⇒ du dx = e x dx ; =
dx dx 1 + e2 x 1 + u2
⇒ sec2 y dy = sec2 x dx ⎛ −2 ⎞ dy ⎛ 1 ⎞ du
⇒ ⎜ 3⎟ dx = ⎜ 2 ⎟
dx
⎝ y ⎠ dx ⎝ 1 + u ⎠ dx
⇒ tan y = tan x + c
dy dy ⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
17. = x e x sec y ⇒ cos y dx = x ex dx ⇒ ⎜ 3 ⎟ dy = ⎜ 2 ⎟
du
dx dx ⎝y ⎠ ⎝1 + u ⎠
dθ
⇒ cos y dy = x ex dx u = tan θ ⇒ 1 = sec2 θ
du
⇒ sin y = x ex − ex dx = x ex − ex + c 1 1 1
= =
2
1+ u 1 + tan θ
2
sec 2 θ
dy y2 − 1 2 dy 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ dθ ⎞
du = ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ sec2 θ
dx 1
18. 2 = 2 ⇒ dx = ⇒ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎟ du
dx x +x y 2 − 1 dx x2 + x ⎝1 + u ⎠ ⎝ sec θ ⎠ ⎝ du ⎠
2 1 = dθ = θ + c
⇒ dy = dx
y −12
x +x2

1
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞ = tan −1 u + c
⇒
⇒ ⎜ ( y − 1) − ( y + 1) ⎟ dy = ⎜ − ⎟ dx y2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝x x +1⎠
1
=
⇒ 2 tan −1 (e x ) + c
y −1 x y
⇒ ln
= ln +c
y +1 x +1
dy dy
y −1 x 23. y = sin3 x cos2 x ⇒ y dx = sin3 x cos2 x dx
Or this can be written as =A dx dx
y +1 x +1
dy 1 dy ⇒ y dy = sin x (cos2 x − cos4 x) dx
19. = y 2 sec2 x ⇒ dx = sec2 x dx
dx y 2 dx
1 1 2 1 1
⇒ dy = sec2 x dx ⇒ y = − cos3 x + cos5 x + c
y2 2 3 5
dy 27 ⎛ 27 ⎞
⇒=
−
1
tan x + c 24. y = ⇒ y dy dx = ⎜ (9 + x 2 ) ⎟ dx
y dx (9 + x 2 ) dx ⎝ ⎠
x (1 + y 4 ) y3 dy dθ dθ
20.
dy
= ⇒ dx = x dx x = 3 tan θ ⇒ 1 = 3 sec2 θ ⇒ dx = 3sec2 θ dx
dx y3 (1 + y 4 ) dx dx dx
27 27 27 3
y3 = = =
⇒ dy = x dx (9 + x ) (9 + 9 tan θ )
2 2
(9 sec θ ) sec 2 θ
2
(1 + y 4 )
⎛ 27 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ dθ
1 1 ⎟ 3sec θ 9 dθ
2
⇒ ln(1 + y 4 ) = x 2 + c ⎜ (9 + x 2 ) ⎟ dx = ⎜ dx =
4 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ sec 2 θ ⎠ dx

dy ⎛ x + 3 ⎞ 2 1 dy ⎛ x +3 ⎞ ⇒ y dy = 9 dθ
21. =⎜ ⎟y ⇒ dx = ⎜ 2 ⎟ dx
dx ⎝ x 2 + x ⎠ y 2 dx ⎝x +x⎠
1 2 ⎛x⎞
1 dy ⎛x +3⎞ ⎛3 2 ⎞ ⇒ y = 9θ + c = 9 tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ + c
⇒ dx = ⎜ 2 ⎟ dx = ⎜ − ⎟ dx 2 ⎝3⎠
y 2 dx ⎝x +x⎠ ⎝x x +1⎠

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differential equations 3
Exercise 10.3 dy
=
y
⇒
1 dy
=
1
13.
dx x +1 y dx x +1
For questions 1 – 11 the derivation of the general
solutions are given for Exercise 10.2. Here the
⎛ 1
⎞ dy 1
(x + 1) 2 dx
− −
boundary condition is substituted to give the    ⇒ ⎜ y 2 ⎟ dx =
particular solution. ⎝ ⎠ dx

dy x ⎛ −1 ⎞ −
1
1. = ; x = 1, y = 2 y2 = x2 + 3    ⇒ ⎜ y 2 ⎟ dy = ( x + 1) 2 dx
dx y ⎝ ⎠
dy x3 1 1
2. = ; x = 1, y = 2 2y2 = x4 + 7    ⇒ 2 y 2 = 2( x + 1) 2 + c
dx y
1 1

3. dy = x + x + 1 ;
2
x = 0, y = 3    ⇒ y 2 = ( x + 1) 2 + c ′
dx y2
1 3 1 3 1 2    (3, 9) ⇒ 3 = 2 + c ′ ⇒ c ′ = 1
y= x + x +x +9
3 3 2 1 1
   ⇒ y 2 = ( x + 1) 2 + 1
dy 1 2
4. = y ( x + 3);  x = 0, y = 5, ln y = x + 3x + ln 5    or y = x +1 + 1
dx 2
⎛1 2 ⎞
⎜ x +3 x ⎟
or y = 5e ⎝2 ⎠ dy dy 1
14. x 3 =sec y ⇒ cos y =3
π dx dx x
5. dy = 2 ; x = 0, y = siny = 2x + 1
dx cos y 2    ⇒ (cos y ) dy dx = ⎛⎜ 13 ⎞⎟ dx
dx ⎝x ⎠
dy 1 1 2
6. = ; x = 1, y = 2 = y ln x + 2
dx xy 2    ⇒ cos y dy = x−3 dx

dy ⎛ 1 ⎞
7. 2 y = 4x3; x = 2, y = 3 y2 = x4 − 7    =
⇒ sin y ⎜ − x −2 ⎟ + c
dx ⎝ 2 ⎠
1 1 ⎛ π⎞
dy =    ⎜ 1, ⎟ ⇒ 0.5 = −0.5 + c ⇒ c = 1
8. 2 x 2
= y3 ; x = 1, y = 0.5 ⎝ 6⎠
dx 4 y2 x
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
dy π    ⇒ sin y = ⎜ − x −2 ⎟ + 1 = ⎜ − 2 ⎟ + 1
9. = y cos x ; x = , y = 1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2x ⎠
dx 2
1 dy dy
y =× esin x = e(sin x −1) 15. e y − 2 sec2 x =
0 ⇒ ey =
2 sec2 x
e dx dx
dy
dy x    ⇒ e y dx = (2 sec2 x) dx
10. = ; x = 2, y = 0 dx
dx y
y2 = x2 − 4 (same DE as Q1 with different
    ⇒ ey dy = (2 sec2 x) dx
boundary condition)
   ⇒ ey = 2 tan x + c
11. dy = 1 ; x = e, y = 1 π
   ⎛⎜ , 0 ⎞⎟ ⇒ 1 = 2 + c ⇒ c = −1
dx xy ⎝4 ⎠
⎛x ⎞ 2
   ⇒ e = 2 tan x − 1
y
y 2 = ln ⎜ ⎟ (same DE as Q6 with different

⎝ e ⎠
dy dy 1
boundary condition) 16. xy =
1⇒ y =
dx dx x
dy 2x + 1 dy
12.
dx
=
2y
⇒ 2y
dx
=
2x + 1    ⇒ ( y ) ddxy dx = ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ dx
⎝ x⎠

( y ) dy = ( x ) dx
dy
⇒ 2y dx = (2x + 1) dx 1
−
1
dx    ⇒ 2 2

⇒ 2y dy = (2x + 1) dx
   ⇒=
y2
2 3
(2x ) + c
1
2
3
⇒ y2 = x2 + x + c
   (4, 9) ⇒ 18 = 4 + c ⇒ c = 14
(1, 2) ⇒ 4 = 1 + 1 + c ⇒ c = 2
⇒ y2 = x2 + x + 2    ⇒=
y2
2 3
( 2x ) + 14
1
2
3
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differential equations 4
 dy 2e − y x dy 2x ⎛ π⎞ 1 3
=
17. = ⇒ ey    ⎜ 1,⎟ ⇒ 1 =− + c ⇒ c =
dx x +1
2
dx x +1
2
⎝ 4⎠ 2 2
d y ⎛ 2 x ⎞
   ⇒ tan y = ⎛⎜ − x −2 ⎞⎟ +
   ⇒ dx = ⎜ 2 1 3
ey
dx x + 1 ⎟ dx
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎛ 2x ⎞ dy
= x ex
2
   ⇒ ey  dy = ⎜ 2 ⎟ dx 21. y
⎝ x + 1⎠ dx
   ⇒ ey = ln|x2 + 1| + c dy
   ⇒ y dx = (x ex ) dx
2

dx
   (0, 0) ⇒ 1 = 0 + c ⇒ c = 1
    y dy = (x ex ) dx
2

   ⇒ ey = ln|x2 + 1| + 1
1 ⎛1 2 ⎞
dy 1 dy 1 =
   ⇒ y 2 ⎜ ex ⎟ + c
18. x ( x + 1) =⇒
y = 2 ⎝2 ⎠
dx y dx x ( x + 1) 9 11
   (0, 3) ⇒ =− + c+⇒ c⇒c = c4 =4
1 dy ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 22
   ⇒ dx = ⎜ x ( x + 1) ⎟ dx
y dx ⎝ ⎠    ⇒ 1 y 2= ⎛⎜ 1 e x 2 ⎞⎟ + 4
2 ⎝2 ⎠
1 ⎛1 1 ⎞
   ⇒ dy = ⎜ x − ( x + 1) ⎟ dx    ⇒ y 2 = ex + 8
2

y ⎝ ⎠

   ⇒
= ln y ln
x
+c Exercise 10.4
x +1
dT
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ 1. a) = kx
   (1, 3) ⇒ ln 3 = ln ⎜ ⎟ + c ⇒ c = ln 3 − ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln 6 dx
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ dT
When x = 50, = −8
x 6x dx
   ⇒ ln = y ln + ln=
6 ln
x +1 x +1 So −8 = 50k ⇒ k = −0.16
6x dT
   ⇒ y = Hence = −0.16x
x +1 dx
b) dT = −0.16x dx
dy
19. e −y
= − e3 x Integrate dT = −0.16 x dx
dx

   ⇒ e− y
dy
dx = –e3x dx ⇒ T = −0.08x 2 + c
dx
But T = 400 when x = 0
   ⇒ e dy = –e dx
–y 3x
so 400 = c
1 ⇒ T = 400 – 0.08x 2
   ⇒ −e− y = − e3 x + c
3 c) When x = 50,
1 2 T = 400 – 200
   (0, 0) ⇒ − 1 = − + c ⇒ c = −
3 3
= 200°C
1 2
   ⇒ −e− y = − e3 x − d) When T = 20
3 3
1 2 20 = 400 – 0.08x 2
   ⇒ e− y = e3 x +
3 3
⇒ 0.08x 2 = 380
dy
20. x
3
= cos2 y ⇒ sec2 y dy = 13 ⇒ x 2 = 4750
dx dx x
⇒ x ≈ 68.9 cm
d y
   ⇒ sec2 y dx = x−3 dx dy
dx 2. a) =
− 0.1xy =
− 3e−3t y
dt
   ⇒ sec2 y dy = (x−3) dx
1 dy
b) = − 3e−3t
⎛ −2 ⎞1 y dt
   ⇒ tan y =
⎜− x ⎟ + c
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 dy
dt = −3e−3t dt
y dt
1
⇒ dy = −3e−3t dt
y

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differential equations 5
 ⇒ ln y = e −3 t + c t = 0, d = 8 ⇒ A = 142
t = 0, y = 20 ⇒ ln 20 = 1 + c ⇒ c = ln 20 − 1 ⇒ |d − 150| = 142 e−0.00001t
= ln ( 20e −1 ) c) t = 150, |d − 150| = 142 e−0.0015 = 141.787...
⇒ d = 8.21
⇒ ln y = e−3 t + ln ( 20e−1 )
So after the storm the reservoir has depth 8.21
c) t → ∞, ln|y| → ln (20 e ), y → 20 e −3 −3 metres. In this context it is not easy to know if
this is a sensible answer because the numbers
Initially there was 20 grams of Y, so the
−3 are awkward – but calculating what the depth
proportion which will remain is 20 e = e−3 = would be if there was no leakage gives some
20
37%. reassurance.
dm The storm adds 90 000 litres in a minute, which
3. a) = − km
dt would be an increase of 0.15 cm per minute and
1 dm
= −k in 2 1 hours (150 minutes) it would add 22.5 cm
⇒ 2
m dt
to the depth. The DE takes account of leakage so
1 dm
⇒ dt = −k dt the increase in depth is less than this.
m dt
1 Further confirmation is to consider the situation
⇒ dm = −k dt when the storm starts – at that time there is 2400
m
⇒ ln|m| = −kt + c litres a minute leaking out (as the depth is 8
metres) and 90 000 litres a minute coming in. If
⇒ m = A e−kt
that rate was held over the 2 1 hours there would
b) t = 0, m = 1 ⇒ A = 1 ⇒ m = e −kt 2
be 8.219 metres in the reservoir – but during that
c) t = 5730, m = 0.5 ⇒ −5730k = ln 0.5
period, the rate of leakage will increase a little
ln 0.5 compared with the start of the storm so this will
=
⇒ k = 1.21 × 10 −4
5730 be a better estimate – but still a slight overestimate.
ln 0.008
d) m = 0.008 ⇒ t = = 39913.9... 5. a) dN = kN
−k dt
≈ 40 000 years 1 dN
b) ⇒ =k
4. a) 3000 litres is 3 million cubic centimetres. With N dt
a base area of 60 000 m2 a depth of 0.005 cm 1 dN
⇒ dt = k dt
has a volume of 3000 litres, so when depth is 10 N dt
metres, the rate of water loss is 5 × 10−5 ms−1, 1
⇒ dN = k dt
dd N
and under normal conditions = − kd will
dt ⇒ ln|N| = kt + c
have k = 5 × 10−6 (when d is in metres and t is in
⇒ N = A ekt
minutes).
t = 0, N = 2 ⇒ A = 2 ⇒ N = 2ekt
   During the storm, water is added at a rate of
t = 6, N = 2.5 ⇒ 6k = ln 1.25
1500 litres per second or 90 000 litres per minute, ln 1.25
so: =
⇒k = 0.0372
6
dd ln 5
=
− 10 −5 d + 1.5 × 10 −3 c) N = 10 ⇒ t = = 43.3 hours
dt k
⎛ 1 ⎞ dd dv
b) ⇒ ⎜ ⎟ = − 10 −5 6. a) = − kv
⎝ d − 150 ⎠ dt dt
⎛ 1 ⎞ dd 1 dv
⇒ ⎜ ⎟ dt = −10−5 dt b) ⇒ = −k
⎝ d − 150 ⎠ dt v dt
1 dv
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⇒ dt = −k dt
⇒ ⎜ ⎟ dd = −10−5 dt v dt
⎝ d − 150 ⎠
1
⇒ ln|d−150| = 10−5t + c ⇒ dv = −k dt
v
⇒ |d − 150| = A e−0.00001t ln|v| = −kt + c
⇒ v = A e−kt

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differential equations 6
 t = 0, v = 25 ⇒ A = 25 ⇒ v = 25 e−kt dy dy
b) = 2 x cos2 y ⇒ sec2 y dx = 2x dx
t = 10, v = 20 ⇒ 20 = 25 e−10k dx dx

ln 0.8
⇒ −10k = ln 0.8 ⇒k= = 0.023 ⇒ sec2y dy = 2x dx
−10
⇒ v = 25 e−0.0223t 1
=
⇒tan y y = x2 + c
tan
2
c) v = 12.5 ⇒ −kt = ln 0.5
ln 0.5 dy dy
⇒t = = 31.062... ≈ 31 seconds c) = e3 x sec y ⇒ cos y dx = e3x dx
−0.0223 dx dx

dn ⇒ cos y dy = e3x dx
7. a)= kn ( P − n )
dt 1
⇒ sin y = e3x + c
1 dn 3
b) ⇒ =k
n ( P − n ) dt 1
dy dy
d) x tan y =1 ⇒ tan y dx = dx
dx dx x
1 dn
⇒ dt = k dt 1
n ( P − n ) dt ⇒ tan y dy = dx
x
1 1 
⇒ −1n cos y = 1n x + c
⇒  P + P  dn = k dt A
 n ( P − n)  cos y =
x
1 n dy dy
ln = kt + c e) = e3 x − y ⇒ ey dx = e3x dx
P P−n dx dx

n ⇒ ey dy = e3x dx
⇒ = Ae Pkt
P −n
1 3x
t = 0, ⇒=
ey e +c
3
n = 0.05P ⇒ A =0.05 ⇒ n 1
= e Pkt dy xy 1 dy ⎛ x ⎞
0.95 P−n 19 f) = 2 ⇒ dx = ⎜ 2 ⎟ dx
dx x +1 y dx ⎝ x +1⎠
⎛ 19 ⎞
t = 3, n = 0.1P ⇒ 3Pk = ln ⎜ ⎟ 1 ⎛ x ⎞
⎝ 9 ⎠ ⇒ dy = ⎜ 2 ⎟ dx
y ⎝ x +1⎠
⎛ 19 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ 0.249 ⇒ ln=
y
1
(
+ 1 + c ln A x 2 + 1
ln x 2= )
⇒k
= = 2
3P P
n 1 0.249 t  f (t ) 
⇒
⇒=yy = A
B x2 +1
⇒= = e f (t ) ⇒ P 
P −n 19  1 + f (t ) 
dy 1 dy ⎛ 8x ⎞
1 0.249 t g) ( x 2 + 6) =
8xy ⇒ dx = ⎜ x 2 + 6 ⎟ dx
c) n = 0.5P ⇒ e =1 dx y dx ⎝ ⎠
19
1 ⎛ 8x ⎞
ln 19 ⇒ dy = ⎜ 2 ⎟ dx
t = = 11.8 days y ⎝ x +6⎠
0.249
f (t )
⇒ ln|y| = 4 ln|x2 + 6| + c = ln (A(x2 + 6)4)
d) as t → ∞, → 1, n → P ⇒ y = B (x2 + 6)4
1 + f (t )

dθ
Summary exercise 10 h) sin3θ = ( x + 2 ) cos3θ
dx
dy x2 dy dθ
1. a) = 3 ⇒ y3 dx = x2 dx ⇒ ∫ tan3θ .d x = ∫ ( x + 2 ) d x
dx y dx dx
1 1
⇒ − ln cos3θ = x 2 + 2 x + c
⇒ y3 dy = x2 dx 3 2

1 1 3
⇒ =
y4 x +c
4 3

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differential equations 7
 dy dy x −1 dy x −1 ⎞
2. a) dy = 3 x +3 x ⇒ dx = ⎛⎜ 2
2
4 y3 dx = (3x2 + x) dx f) ln y = 2 ⇒ ln y ⎟ dx
dx 4y dx dx x +x dx ⎝x +x⎠
⎛ 2 1⎞
⇒ 4y3 dy = (3x2 + x) dx ⇒ 1 × lny dy = ⎜ − ⎟ dx
⎝ x +1 x ⎠
1 2 1
⇒ y4 = x3 + x +c ⇒ y ln y − y dy = y ln y − y
2 y
x = 2, y = 1 ⇒ 1 = 8 + 2 + c ⇒ c = −9 = 2 ln |x + 1| − ln x + c
1
⇒ y4 = x3 + x2 − 9
2  1, y = 1 ⇒ 0 − 1 = 2 ln 2 − 0 + c
x =
dy 1 dy
b) = y 2sin x ⇒
2
dx = (2 sin x) dx ⇒ c = −1 − ln 4 ⇒ y ln y − y
dx y 2 dx
= 2 ln|x + 1| − ln x − 1 − ln 4
1
⇒ dy = (2 sin x) dx
y2 dy y 1 dy ⎛ 1 ⎞
3. = ⇒ dx = ⎜ ⎟ dx
1 dx x +1 y dx ⎝ x +1 ⎠
⇒− = − 2 cos x + c 1
y 1 −

x = π, y = 1 ⇒ −1 = 2 + c ⇒ c = −3 ⇒ dy = ( x + 1) 2 dx
y
1 1 1
⇒− = −2 cos x − 3 ⇒ y = ⇒ ln y = 2( x + 1) 2 + c
y 3 + 2 cos x

c)
dy dy x = 1, y = 1 ⇒ 0 = 2 2 + c ⇒ c = −2 2
= e3 x − y ⇒ e y = e3 x
dx dx 1

dy ⇒ ln y = 2( x + 1) 2 − 2 2
⇒ ey dx = e3x dx
dx
dy dy
4. = x e x sec y ⇒ cos y dx = (x ex) dx
⇒ e dy = e dx
y 3x dx dx

1 3x ⇒ cos y dy = (x ex) dx
⇒=
ey e +c
3
⇒ sin y = x ex − ex = x ex − ex + c
x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ 1 = 1 + c ⇒ c = 2
3 3
π
1 3x 2 x = 0, y = ⇒ 0.5 = 0 − 1 + c ⇒ c = 1.5
⇒=
ey e + 6
3 3
⇒ sin y = x ex − ex + 1.5
d) dv = e− t v ⇒ 1 dv = e− t dy dy
dt v dt 5. ye y cos2 x =1⇒ ye y dx = sec 2 x dx
dx dx
1
− dv
⇒ v 2
dt = e−t dt
dt ⇒ y ey dy = sec2 x dx
1
−
⇒ v 2
dv = e−t dt ⇒ yey − ey dy = ye y − ey = tan x + c
1
⇒ 2v 2 = π
− e−t + c x= , y = 0 ⇒ 0 − 1 = 1 + c ⇒ c = −2
4
t = 0, v = 9 ⇒ 6 = −1 + c ⇒ c = 7
⇒ y e y − e y = tan x − 2
1
− e−t + 7
⇒ 2v = 2
dy 2 dy ⎛ 2 ⎞
6. y = 2 ⇒ y dx = ⎜ 2 ⎟ dx
dx x −1 dx ⎝ x −1⎠
e) dy = x e x − y ⇒ e y dx = x e x 1
dx dy
y 2 dy = ⎛⎜
1 1 ⎞
⇒ − ⎟ dx
dy ⎝ x −1 x +1⎠
⇒ ey
dx = x e x dx
dx 2 3
x −1
=
⇒ y 2 ln +c
⇒ e y dy = x e x dx 3 x +1
⎛1⎞
x = 2, y = 0 ⇒ 0 = ln ⎜ ⎟ + c ⇒ c = −ln ⎛⎜ ⎟⎞ = ln 3
1
⇒ e = xe − ∫ e d x = xe − e + c
y x x x x
3 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝3⎠
3
x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ 1 = 0 − 1 + c ⇒ c = 2 2 3( x − 1)
⇒ y =
ln
2
3 x +1
⇒ e y = xe x − e x + 2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differential equations 8
 dy ⎛ 1 + cos 2 x ⎞ 1 1
7. y dy = cos 2x = 1 ⇒ y dx = ⎜ ⎟ dx t = 4, v = 30 ⇒ 30 = ⇒k=
dx dx ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 k + 0.02 300
300
⇒ y dy = ⎜⎛ 1 + cos 2 x ⎞⎟ dx ⇒v=
t +6
⎝ 2 ⎠
300
1 2 1
⇒ y =+ x
1
sin 2 x + c c) t = 10 ⇒ v = = 18.75 m s−1
16
2 2 4
300
π π π 1 d) v = 10 ⇒ 10 = ⇒ t = 24 seconds
+ c ⇒ c = −  + 
1 t +6
x= , y = 0⇒ 0 = +
4 8 4  8 4
11. a) No. who have heard rumour = N
π
⇒ 2 y = 2 x + sin 2 x −
2
−1 No. who have not = 2000 – N
2 dN
Hence = kN (2000 − N )
2 y + 1 dy ⎛ 2 y + 1 ⎞ dy ⎛1⎞ dt
8. ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ = = 1 ⇒ ⎜ 2 ⎟
1
dx = ⎜ ⎟ dx dN
⎝ y + 1 ⎠ d x x ⎝ y + 1 ⎠ d x ⎝x⎠ b) = k dt
N (2000 − N )
⎛ 2y 1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
⇒ ⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟ dy = ⎜ x ⎟ dx 1
⎝ y + 1 y + 1⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 1 2000
⇒ + dN = k dt
⇒ ln( y2 + 1) + tan −1 y = ln x + c 2000 N 2000 − N
x = 1, y = 0 ⇒ 0 + 0 = 0 + c ⇒ c = 0
1
⇒ ln( y2 + 1) + tan −1 y = ln x [ln N − ln(2000 – N)] = kt + c
2000
dT 1 N
9. a) = − k (T − 20) ln   = kt + c

dt 2000  2000 − N 
1 dT t = 0, N = 50 and t = 2, N = 300
b) ⇒ = −k
(T − 20 ) dt
1
ln ⎛⎜
50 ⎞
1 dT t = 0 ⇒ ⎟=c
⇒ dt = −k dt 2000 ⎝ 1950 ⎠
(T − 20 ) dt
1 1
1 ⇒ c = ln
⇒ dT = −k dt 2000 39
(T − 20 )
⇒
1
ln 
N  = kt + 1 ln 1
⇒ ln|T − 20| = −kt + c  
2000 2000 − N  2000 39
⇒ T − 20 = Ae−kt
1 39 N 
t = 0, T = 90 ⇒ A = 70 ⇒ T = 20 + 70 e−kt ⇒ ln  = kt
2000  2000 − N 
t = 4, T = 60 ⇒ −4k = ln ⎛⎜
40 ⎞
⎟
⎝ 70 ⎠
1 ⎛ ⎞
⎛4⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ t = 2 ⇒ ln ⎜ 39 × 300 ⎟ = k × 2
⎝ 7 ⎠ 0.140 2000
⇒k
= = ⎝ 17 00 ⎠
−4
1 ⎛ 117 ⎞
⇒ T = 20 + 70 e−0.14t ⇒ ln ⎜ ⎟=k
4000 ⎝ 17 ⎠
c) t = 10 ⇒ T = 20 + 70 e−1.4 = 37.3°C
39 N 
Hence we have ln  = 2000 kt.
⎛ 5 ⎞
d) T = 25 ⇒ −kt = ln ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ 18.9 minutes  2000 − N 
⎝ 70 ⎠
Substituting for k gives:
dv
10. a) = − kv 2
39 N  1 117 
dt ln  = t ln 
1 dv  2000 − N  2  17 
b) ⇒ 2 = −k
v dt 39 N   117 2t 

ln  = ln  
⇒
1 dv
dt = −k dt  2000 − N   17  
 
v 2 dt
t t

⇒
1
dv = −k dt  39 N  =  117  2 =  117 
     17 
v2 2000 − N   17 
1
⇒ − = −kt + c
v t
⎛ 117 ⎞
t = 0, v = 50 ⇒ c = −0.02 39N = (2000 – N) ⎜ ⎟
1 1 ⎝ 17 ⎠
⇒ − = −kt − 0.02 ⇒ v =
v kt + 0.02

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differential equations 9
 ⎡ ⎛ 117 ⎞ ⎤
t
⎛ 117 ⎞
t
⎛ 8 ⎞
⎢39 + ⎜ ⎥ c) m = 8, t = −20 ln ⎜ ⎟ = 8.1 minutes
⎟ N = 2000 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 12 ⎠
⎢⎣ ⎝ 17 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ 17 ⎠
Note – the volume to be replaced by pure water with
t
⎛ 117 ⎞ the initial concentration to give 8 kg of the mineral
2000 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 17 ⎠ would be 200 litres and that would take 6.67 minutes to
⇒N=
⎛ 117 ⎞
t
drain out – so this answer of 8.1 minutes is plausible.
39 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 17 ⎠ dy 4 ye2 x
14. =
1 5 + e2 x
c) We have t = ln  39 N  dx
2000k  2000 − N 
dy 4e2 x
4000 39 N  = dx
⇒ t = ln  y 5 + e2 x
⎛ 117 ⎞  2000 − N 
2000 ln ⎜
⎝ 17 ⎠
⎟ ln y = 2 ln ( 5 + e2 x ) + c

y = A ( 5 + e2 x )
2
2 39 N 
= ln 
⎛ 117 ⎞  2000 − N 
ln ⎜ ⎟ x = 0, y = 36 ⇒ A = 1
⎝ 17 ⎠
y = ( 5 + e2 x )
2
When N = 1001, t ≈ 3.8 hours
dv dv dx dv dx
12. a)
= = v 15. Separating the variables gives: = ( x + 4 ) sin 2 3θ
dt dx dt dx dθ
dv dv dx
b) =− kx ⇒ v =− kx = sin 2 3θ dθ
dt dx x +4
dx 1 − cos 6θ 
dv =  dθ
c) v dx = −kx dx x +4  2 
dx
1 − cos 6θ 
= 
dx
⇒ v dv = −kx dx
Than
  dθ
x+4 2
1 1
⇒
1 2
v =
1
− kx 2 + c ln ( x + 4 ) = θ − sin 6θ + c
2 2 2 12
θ = 0, x = 0 ⇒ c = ln 4
x = 0, v = 10 ⇒ c = 50 ⇒ v2 = −kx2 + 100
1 1
v = 0, x = 5 ⇒ k = 4 ⇒ v2 = −4x2 + 100 ⇒ ln ( x + 4 ) = θ − sin 6θ + ln 4
2 12
d) x = 3, ⇒ v2 = −4 × 9 + 100 = 64 ⇒ v = 8 m s−1 π π 1
When θ = ,ln ( x + 4 ) = + + ln 4 = 1.8623....
13. T
 he mixture always contains 600 litres of liquid. 4 8 12

The rate at which the mixture is draining is 1 th So x = e1.8623....

− 4 = 2.44
20
of the volume per minute at any given time.
dm 1 16. i) 
separating the variables and using partial
a) = − m
dt 20 fractions gives:
1 dm dx
⇒ = − 0.05 = kx (3 − x )
m dt dt
1 dm dx
b) dt = −0.05dt = k dt
m dt x (3 − x )
1 1 A B
⇒ dm = −0.05dt = +
m x (3 − x ) x 3 − x
⇒ ln|m| = −0.05t + c 1
A= B =
⇒ m = A e−0.05t 3

t = 0, m = 12 ⇒ A = 12 ⇒ m = 12 e−0.05t So  1 + 1  dx = 3k dt
 
x 3− x

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differential equations 10
 ln x − ln (3 − x ) = 3kt + c  2 
ii) y =  − L − x  dx
2

t = 0, x = 0.5 ⇒ c = ln 0.5 − ln 2.5 = ln 0.2 x 

 5x  x = L sin θ ; L2 − x 2 = L2 (1 − sin 2 θ ) = L cos θ
3kt = ln x − ln (3 − x ) − ln 0.2 = ln  
3 − x 
dθ
1 1 = L cos θ
t = 2, x = 2 ⇒ 6 k = ln10 ⇒ k = ln10 dx
6 Substituting and using the given integral:
1   5x  − L cos θ   dθ 
 ln10  t = ln   y =    L cos θ  dx
2  3 − x   L sin θ   dx 

12.5   − cos θ 
2
 sin 2 θ − 1 
=L  dθ = L  dθ
ln  
 0.5   sin θ   sin θ 
ii) When x = 2.5 t = = 2.7958....
1 =L (sin θ − cosecθ ) dθ
ln10
2
so t = 2.80 hours (3 s.f.)
= − L ln cosecθ − cot θ − L cos θ
This needs to be expressed in terms of x again:
17. i) In the diagram CDE is a right-angled triangle with
simplifying the logarithmic expression gives
CE 2 = CD 2 + DE 2; CD = x, CE = L
⇒ DE = L2 − x 2 1 cos θ
cosecθ − cot θ = −
sin θ sin θ

   tan DCE = L − x and the description of the
2 2

L − L cos θ L − L2 − x 2
x = =
L sin θ x
problem says that the direction CE is tangential
Then substituting fully gives
to the path y = f(x), and y increases as x
 L − L2 − x 2 
dy − L2 − x 2 y = f ( x ) = − L ln 
2
 − L −x
2
decreases, so = . x
dx x  

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Differential equations 11