11 Complex numbers

Skills check c) 3x − 5x 2 − 4 = 0
a = −5, b = 3, c = −4
1. a) (1 + sinθ)2 + cos2θ = 1 + 2 sinθ + sin2θ + cos2θ
b 2 − 4ac = (3)2 − 4 × −5 × −4
= 2 + 2 sinθ
= 9 − 80 = −71
as sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
b) sin2θ − sin2θ cos2θ = sin2θ (1 − cos2θ) Exercise 11.1A
= sin θ × sin θ
2 2

1. a) b 2 − 4ac = 52 − 4 × 1 × 2
= sin4θ
= 17 ⇒ real roots as b 2 − 4ac > 0
c) cos4θ + 2 sin2θ cos2θ + sin4θ = (cos2θ + sin2θ)2
b) b 2 − 4ac = (−4)2 − 4 × 2 × 1
= 12 
= 8 ⇒ real roots as b 2 − 4ac > 0
=1
c) b 2 − 4ac = 52 − 4 × 1 × 7
2 3−3 2 3−3 3 = −3 ⇒ no real roots as b 2 − 4ac < 0
2. a) = ×
3 3 3
d) b 2 − 4ac = (−1)2 − 4 × 3 × 2
2×3−3 3 6−3 3 = −23 ⇒ no real roots as b 2 − 4ac < 0
= =
3 3
e) b 2 − 4ac = 52 − 4 × 2 × −1
3(2 − 3 )
= = 2− 3 = 33 ⇒ real roots as b 2 − 4ac > 0
3
So c) and d) have no real roots
4+ 2 4+ 2 1− 2
b) = × 2. a) x = ± −4
1+ 2 1+ 2 1− 2
= ± 2 −1
4+ 2 − 4 2− 2
= x = ± 2i
1+ 2− 2−2
b) x = ± −100
2−3 2
= x = ± 10i
−1
= −2 + 3 2 c) x = ± −13

1 1 −2 3 − 2 x = ± 13i
c) = ×
2 3−2 2 3− 2 −2 3 − 2 d) x = ± −75
−2 3 − 2 x = ± 75 i
=
−4 × 3 + 4 3 − 4 3 + 4
x = ± 5 3i
−2 3 − 2
= 3. a) i5 = i4 × i
−8
= 1 × i
−2( 3 + 1)
= = i
−8
3+1 b) i7 = i4 × i2 × i
=
4 = 1 × −1 × i
3. a) x − 5x + 2 = 0
2
= −i
a = 1, b = −5, c = 2
c) i11 = i4 × i4 × i2 × i
b − 4ac = (−5) − 4 × 1 × 2 = 17
2 2
= 1 × 1 × −1 × i
b) 2x − 7x − 4 = 0
2
= −i
      a = 2, b = −7, c = −4 d) i25 = (i4)6 × i
b − 4ac = (−7) −4 × 2 × −4
2 2
= 16 × i
= 49 + 32 = 81 = i

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 1
 e) i64 = (i4)16 OR
= 116 25x 2 = −125
= 1 x 2 = −5
4. a) (−i )14 = i14 x = ± 5i
= (i ) × i ( 2i ) = 2i2
4 3 2 2
7. a)
= 13 × −1 = −2
= −1 b) ( − 7i ) = 7 × 7 × i4
4

b) (2i)7 = 27 i7 = 49
= 128 × i × i × i
4 2
3
1 3
c) ⎛⎜ i ⎞⎟ =
1
i
= 128 × 1 × −1 × i ⎝3 ⎠ 27
= −128i 1
  = − i
27
c) (3i )3 = 33i3
8
⎛ −1 ⎞ 1 8
= 27 × i2 × i d) ⎜ ⎟ = i
2i
⎝ ⎠ 256
= −27i 1
=
d) (−2i )10 = (−2)10 i10 256

= 210 × (i 4)2 × i2 8. a) x + y = 10
= 1024 × 1 × −1 xy = 40
40
= −1024 b) From xy = 40, y =
x
5. a) ± 8 40
Substitute y = into x + y = 10
b) ± 8i x
40
x + = 10
c) ± 19 i x
d) ± 32 i = ± 4 2 i x 2 + 40 = 10x
x 2 − 10x + 40 = 0
6. a) x 2 + 49 = 0

x 2 = −49 c) a = 1, b = −10, c = 40

x = ± −49 b 2 − 4ac = (−10)2 − 4 × 1 × 40

x = ± 7i  
= −60
b) x 2 + 23 = 5 As b 2 − 4ac < 0, there are no real roots.
x 2 = −18
x = ± −18

Exercise 11.1B
1. a) 5 + i
x = ± 18 i = ±3 2 i

b) 4 − 6i
c) 2x 2 + 9 = 5
2x 2 = −4 c) −2 + 40 i

x 2 = −2 = −2 + 2 10 i
x = ± 2 i d) −1− 81i
d) (5x) = −125
2 = −1 − 9i
5x = ± −125 2. a) 4 + 2i
b) −5 − i
5x = ±5 −5
c) −9 + 7i
5x = ±5 5i
d) −3i − 6 (or − 6 − 3i)
x = ± 5i

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 2
3. a) z* = 10 − 12i
z = 9 ± 81 + 24
b) z = 3 + 3i 4
c) z* = −5i 9 ± 105
z =
4
d) z = 8
d) a = −3, b = −1, c = 2
4. a) b 2 − 4ac = (−6)2 − 4 × 1 × 7
−( −1) ± ( −1)2 − 4 × − 3 × 2
= 8 z =
2 × −3
b 2 − 4ac > 0 so the equation has 2 real roots.
1 ± 25
b) b2 − 4ac = 12 − 4 × 5 × 2 =
−6
= −39 1 ± 25
= −
b − 4ac < 0 so the equation has 2 complex roots.
2
6

c) b 2 − 4ac = 82 − 4 × 1 × 0 z = −1 or 2
3
= 64
e) 5z – 3z = 1 + 4z
2

b 2 − 4ac > 0 so the equation has 2 real roots.

0 = 3z 2 – z + 1
d) b 2 − 4ac = 32 − 4 × −3 × 4
a = 3, b = −1, c = 1
= 57
b 2 − 4ac > 0 so the equation has 2 real roots. −( −1) ± ( −1)2 − 4 × 3 × 1
z =
2×3
e) 4z 2 + 5z + 2 = 0 1± −11
=
b − 4ac = 5 − 4 × 4 × 2
2 2 6

= −7 z = 1 ± 11 i
b 2 − 4ac < 0 so the equation has 2 complex roots. 6 6
f) 10z 2 + 5z + 5 = 0
f) z 2 + z + 3 = 0
2z 2 + z + 1 = 0
b 2 − 4ac = 12 − 4 × 1 × 3
a = 2, b = 1, c = 1
= −11
−1 ± 12 − 4 × 2 × 1
b 2 − 4ac < 0 so the equation has 2 complex roots. z =
2×2
5. a) a = 1, b = −4, c = 5
1 ± −7
( −4) ± ( −4)2 − 4 × 1 × 5
z = −
4
z = −
2×1 1 7i
z = − ±
4± −4 4 4
=
2
g) z 2 + iz – 1 = 0
4 ± 2i
= a = 1, b = i, c = −1
2
z = 2 ± i −i ±
i2 − 4 × 1 × − 1
z =
2×1
b) a = 4, b = 2, c = 1
−i ± −1 + 4
=
−2 ± 22 − 4 × 4 × 1 2
z =
2×4 i 3
=− ±
−2 ± −12 2 2
=
8 3 i
z = ± −
2 2
= −2 ± 2 3i
8 6. a) (z − 1)2 − 1 + 3 = 0
−1 ± 3i 1 3
z = =− ± i (z − 1)2 + 2 = 0
4 4 4
c) a = 2, b = −9, c = −3 (z − 1)2 = −2
z − 1 = ± 2i
−( −9 ) ± ( −9 )2 − 4 × 2 × − 3
z = z = 1 ± 2i
2×2
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 3
 10 f) z (z + 6) = − 10
b) z 2 + 2z +
=0
3 z 2 + 6z + 10 = 0
10
(z + 1)2 − 1 + =0
3 (z + 3)2 − 9 + 10 = 0
7
(z + 1)2 + =0
3 (z + 3)2 = −1
−7 z + 3 = ± i
(z + 1)2 =
3
z=−3±i
7
z + 1 =± i
3 g) z 2 − 2iz − 5 = 0

z =− 1 ± 7 i (z − i )2 − i2 − 5 = 0
3
(z − i )2 + 1 − 5 = 0
7
c) z 2 – 4z +
=0 (z − i )2 = 4
2
7 z−i=±2
(z − 2)2 − 4 + = 0
2
1 z=i±2
(z − 2) − = 0
2
2 7. iz 2 + z + 2i = 0
(z − 2)2 = 1 a = i, b = 1, c = 2i
2
1
(z − 2) = ± x=
−1 ± 12 − 4 × i × 2i
2
2i
1 2 4± 2
z = 2 ± or 2 ± or −1 ± 1 − 8i 2
2 2 2 =
2i
1 −1 ± 9
d) z 2 − 3z + =0       =
3 2i
2
⎛ 3⎞ 9 1 −1 ± 3 −4 1
⎜ z − ⎟ − + =0 x= =
2
or = or
−2
⎝ 2⎠ 4 3 2i 2i
2i i i
2
⎛ 3⎞ 23
⎜ z − ⎟ − =0
⎝ 2⎠ 12 Exercise 11.2
3 23 1. a) (2 + 3) + (1 + 5)i = 5 + 6i
z − = ±
2 12 b) (7 + 4) + (6 – 2)i = 11 + 4i
3 23
z= ± c) (1 + – 4) + (–3 + 3)i = –3
2 12
d) (6 + – 3) + (–5 + 8)i = 3 + 3i
e) (z + 1) − (2z + 2) = 3
2 2
e) (–2 + 3) + (3 + 2)i = 1 + 5i
(z + 2z + 1) − (4z + 8z + 4) = 3
2 2
f) (1 + −2) + (1 – 9)i = –1 – 8i
−3z 2 – 6z − 3 = 3 2. a) (4 – 2) + (3 – 1)i = 2 + 2i
3z 2+ 6z + 6 = 0 b) (5 – 3) + (2 + 4)i = 2 + 6i

z 2 + 2z + 2 = 0 c) (7 + 2) + (–1 – 5)i = 9 – 6i
d) (5 + 6) + (–5 – 3)i= 11 – 8i
[OR {(z + 1) + (2z + 2)}{(z + 1) − (2z + 2)} = 3
e) (–3 – 3) + (6 – 4)i = –6 + 2i
(3z + 3)(−z −1) = 3
f) (–1 + 3) + (–2 + 8)i = 2 + 6i
−3z 2 – 6z + 3 = 3
3. a) 6 + 8i + 15 + 3i = 21 + 11i
 z2 + 2z + 2 = 0]
b) 2 – 12i – 4 + 2i = –2 – 10i
(z + 1)2 − 1 + 2 = 0
c) 3 – 9i – 8 – 6i = –5 – 15i
(z + 1)2 = − 1 d) 30 + 25i – 6 + 16i = 24 + 41i
z + 1 = ± i e) 12 – 18i – 9 – 15i = 3 – 33i
z=−1±i f) 4 + 16i – 6 – 21i = –2 – 5i

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 4
4. a) 10 + 2i + 5i + i 2 3 − 4i
2i
= 6i − 8i 2
2
f) ×
= 10 + 7i – 1 3 + 4i 3 − 4i 9 − 16i

= 9 + 7i = 6i + 8
25
b) 15 + 10i – 12i + 8i 2 8 6
= + i
25 25
= 15 – 2i + 8
6 + 2i −4i
= −24i − 28i 
2

= 23 – 2i g) ×
4i −4i −16i
c) 7i – i 2 = 1 + 7i
[Or you could multiply numerator and
d) –3 + 4i + 6i – 8i 2 denominator by i.]
= –3 + 10i + 8 8 − 24i
=
16
= 5 + 10i 1 3
= − i
e) –2 + 12i – 2i + 12i 2 2 2
2 − 3i 2 − 3i
= 4 − 2 3i − 2 2 3i + 3i
2
= –2 + 10i – 12 h) ×
2 + 3i 2 − 3i 4 − 3i
= –14 + 10i
f) 3(– 4 + 12i + 3i – 9i 2) = 1 − 4 3i
7
= 3(–4 + 15i + 9)
= 1 − 4 3i
= 3(5 + 15i) 7 7
= 15 + 45i 6. a) z = ( 2 − i) ( 2 − i)
2

5 + 4i 2 − i 10 + 8i − 5i − 4i
5. a) =
2
   = 2 – 2 i – 2 i + i 2
×
2+i 2−i 4 − i2    = 1 –2 2 i
= 14 + 3i
5 b) z* = 2+i
= 14 + 3 i i) z + z* = 2 − i + 2 + i = 2 2
5 5
2 − 7i 1 + 2i
× 2 − 7i + 4i − 14i 2 ii) 2(z – z*) = 2 ⎡⎣( 2 − i ) − ( 2 + i ) ⎤⎦
b) =
1 − 2i 1 + 2i 1 − 4i 2
            = 2(–2i )
= 16 − 3i             = – 4i
5
= 16 3
− i iii) 5zz* = 5 ( 2 − i ) ( 2 + i )
5 5
25 + 30i + 30i + 36i 2
= 5 ( 2 − i 2 )
5 + 6i 5 + 6i
c) × =
5 − 6i 5 + 6i 25 − 36i 2 =5×3
= −11 + 60i = 15
61
z 2 −i 2 −i
= −11 60
+ i
iv) = =
iz 4 i( 2 + i) 2i + i 2
61 61
2i 2 1 2 −i
d) = = =
8i 8 4 −1 + 2i

72 − 54i 2 −i −1 − 2i
9 − 3i 9 − 3i
= 81 − 27i − 27i2 + 9i =
2
e) × = ×
9 + 3i 9 − 3i 81 − 9i 90 −1 + 2i −1 − 2i

= 12 − 9i − 2 + i − 2i + 2i 2
15 =
1 − 2i + 2i − 2i 2
4 − 3i
=
5 −2 2 − i
=
4 3 3
= − i
5 5
−2 2 1
= − i
3 3

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 5
7. z1 = 5 – 12i, z2 = 3 – 4i = 13(1 − 2i) + 5(2 + 3i)
65
a) z1 + z2 = (5 – 12i ) + (3 – 4i ) = 8 – 16i
23 − 11
= i
b) z2 – z1 = (3 – 4i ) – (5 – 12i ) = 3 – 4i – 5 + 12i 65
= –2 + 8i 23 11
= − i
65 65
c) z1z2 = (5 – 12i ) (3 – 4i ) = 15 – 36i – 20i + 48i 2
1+ i (1 + i) (1 + i)
= –33 – 56i 10. a) =
1−i (1 − i) (1 + i)
z2 3 − 4i
= 1 + 2i +2 i
2
d) =
z1 5 − 12i 1−i
3 − 4i 5 + 12i 2i
= × =
5 − 12i 5 + 12i 2
15 − 20i + 36i − 48i 2 = i
=
25 − 144i 2 2 2(3 − 5i)
b) =
3 + 5i (3 + 5i)(3 − 5i)
= 63 + 16i
= 2(3 − 5i)2
169

63 16 9 − 25i
= + i
169 169
= 2(3 − 5i)
8. a) (2 – i )2 = 4 – 4i + i 2 = 3 – 4i 34
3 5
b) (2 – i )3 = (2 – i )2 (2 – i ) = − i
17 17
= (3 – 4i ) (2 – i ) [using a] 2i − 1 (2i − 1)(1 − 2i)
= −1 + 2i + 2i2 − 4i
2

= 6 – 8i – 3i + 4i 2
c) =
1 + 2i (1 + 2i)(1 − 2i) 1 − 4i
= 2 – 11i
= 3 + 4i
c) (2 – i )4 = [(2 – i )2]2 = (3 – 4i )2 5

= 9 – 12i – 12i + 16i 2 = 3 + 4i

5 5
= –7 – 24i
1 1 a − ib a − ib
d) = × = 2 2 2
d) (2 – i )7 = (2 – i )4 (2 – i )3 = (–7 – 24i ) (2 – 11i ) a + i b a + i b a − ib a −ib
= –14 – 48i + 77i + 264i 2 a − ib
= 2 2
a +b
= –278 + 29i
a b
= − 2 2i
9. z1 = i + 2i, z2 = 2 – 3i a +b
2 2
a +b
1 1
= 1 × 4 − 3i + 12 × 4 + 3i
a) = 1 12
z1 + z 2 (1 + 2i) + (2 − 3i)
e) +
4 + 3i 4 − 3i 4 + 3i 4 − 3i 4 − 3i 4 + 3i
1
= = 4 − 3i 2 + 12(4 + 3i)
3−i
16 − 9i 16 − 9i2

= 1 ×3+i
3−i 3+i = 4 − 3i + 12(4 + 3i)
25 25
3+i
=
9 − i2 = 1 {4 − 3i + 48 + 36i}
25
3+i
= 52 33
10 = + i
25 25
3 1 1
= + i or (3 + i)
10 10 10 OR
1(4 − 3i) + 12(4 + 3i)
= 4 − 3i + 482+ 36 i
1 1 1 12
b) + = +
z1 z2 1 + 2i 2 −−3i3i (4 + 3i)(4 − 3i) 16 − 9i
1 11−−2i2i 1 12− −3i3i
= ×− + ×+ = 52 + 33 i
1 + 2i 21−−2i2i 2 − 3i 22++3i3i 25
= 1 − 2i2 + 2 + 3i2 = 52 + 33 i
1 − 4i 4 − 9i 25 25
1 − 2i 2 + 3i
= +
5 13

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 6
11. u = a + ib 2
From (ii) y = and substitute into (i).
x
a) u2 = (a + ib)(a + ib) 2
⎛2⎞
= a + abi + abi + i b
2 2 2 x 2 − ⎜ ⎟ = −3
⎝x⎠
= (a 2 – b 2) + 2abi 4
⇒ x 2 − 2 = −3
Re(u 2) = a 2 – b 2, Im(u 2) = 2ab x
⇒ x 4 − 4 = −3x 2
b) u – u* = (a + ib) – (a – ib)
⇒ x 4 + 3x 2 − 4 = 0
= a + ib – a + ib
⇒ (x 2 + 4)(x 2 − 1) = 0
= 2ib
⇒ x 2 = −4 or x 2 = 1
Re(u – u*) = 0, Im(u – u*) = 2b
⇒ x = ± 2i or x = ± 1
c) u 3 – (u*)3 = (a + ib)3 – (a – ib) 3
But x is real so x = ± 1
  = (a 3 + 3a 2 (ib)1 + 3a(ib)2 + i 3b 3) 2
– (a 3 + 3a 2 (–ib) + 3a(–ib)2 + (–ib)3) As y = , y = ± 2
x
  = (a 3 + 3a 2 bi – 3ab 2 – ib 3) So square roots of − 3 + 4i are 1 + 2i and
– (a 3 – 3a 2bi – 3ab 2 + b 3i) −1 − 2i (or ± (1 + 2i)).
 = a3 + 3a 2bi – 3ab 2 – ib 3 – a3 + 3a 2bi + 3ab 2 + b 3i d) As in c
  = (6a 2b – 2b 3)i x 2 − y 2 = 3 (i)
Re(u – (u*) ) = 0, Im(u – (u*) ) = 6a b – 2b
3 3 3 3 2 3
2xy = 4 (ii) by comparing real and
imaginary parts
12. a) (cos θ + i sin θ)2 = (cos θ + i sin θ)(cos θ + i sin θ) 2
y = from (ii)
= cos2 θ + 2i sin θ cos θ + i 2 sin2 θ x
= (cos2 θ – sin2 θ) + 2 sin θ cos θi Substituting in (i)
2
⎛2⎞
b) = 1 1 cos θ – i sin θ x2 − ⎜ ⎟ = 3
× ⎝x⎠
cos θ + i sin θ cos θ + i sin θ cos θ – i sin θ
⇒ x 4 − 4 = 3x 2
θ – i sin θ
= cos ⇒ x 4 − 3x 2 − 4 = 0
cos 2 θ – i 2 sin 2 θ
⇒ (x 2 − 4)(x 2 + 1) = 0
= cos2 θ – i sin2θ
cos θ + sin θ ⇒ x 2 = 4 as x is real
= cos θ – i sin θ ⇒ x = ± 2
cos θ +i sin θ (cos θ + i sin θ ) (cos θ + i sin θ ) ⇒ y = ± 1
c) = ×
cos θ − i sin θ (cos θ − i sin θ ) (cos θ + i sin θ )
So square roots of 3 + 4i are 2 + i and −2−i
= cos θ + 2i sin θ cos θ + i 2 sin 2 θ
2
(or ± (2 + i )).
cos 2 θ – i 2 sin 2 θ
e) As c
= (cos θ – sin2 θ ) + 2sin θ cos θ i
2 2
x 2 − y 2 = −5 (i)
cos θ + sin 2 θ
= (cos θ – sin θ ) + 2sin θ cos θ i
2 2 2xy = 12 (ii)
6
Exercise 11.3A From (ii) y = and substitute into (i).
x
2
1. a) The square roots of −400 are ± −400 = ± 20i ⎛6⎞
x 2 − ⎜ ⎟ = −5
⎝x⎠
b) The square roots of − 60 are ± −60 = ± −60i
x 4 − 36 = −5x 2
= ±2 15i. x 4 + 5x 2 − 36 = 0
c) Solve z = − 3 + 4i, where z = x + iy and x, y are
2
(x 2 + 9)(x 2 – 4) = 0
real numbers.
⇒ x = ± 2 as x is real
(x + iy)2 = − 3 + 4i
⇒ y = 3 or −3
x 2 + 2xyi − y 2 = −3 + 4i
So square roots of −5 + 12i are 2 + 3i and
x 2 − y 2 = −3 (i) −2 −3i (or ± (2 + 3i )).
2xy = 4 (ii)

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 7
 f) As in c 2xy = 36 (ii)
18
x 2 − y 2 = 21 (i) From (ii), y = and substitute into (i).
x
2xy = 20 (ii) 2
⎛ 18 ⎞
10 x 2 − ⎜ ⎟ = 0
From (ii) y = and substitute into (i). ⎝ x ⎠
x
2 ⇒ x 4 − 182 = 0
x 2 − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = 21
10
⇒ x 4 = 182
⎝ x ⎠
⇒ x 4 − 100 = 21x 2 ⇒ x 2 = ± 18
⇒ x 4 − 21x 2 − 100 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 18 or ± 18i
⇒ (x 2 − 25)(x 2 + 4) = 0 ⇒ x = ± 3 2 as x is real
x = ±5 as x is real 18 6
⇒ y = = = 3 2 or y = −3 2
3 2 2
y = 2 or −2
So square roots of 36i are 3 2 + 3 2 i and
So square roots of 21 + 20i are 5 + 2i and
−5 − 2i. −3 2 −3 2i (or ± (3 2 + 3 2 i )

g) As in c or ± 3 2 (1 + i )).
x 2 − y 2 = − 21 (i) 2. a) As in Q1

2xy = −20 (ii) x 2 − y 2 = 3 (i)

−10 2xy = −4 (ii)
From (ii) y = and substitute into (i).
x −2
2 From (i) y = and substitute in (ii).
⎛ −10 ⎞ x
x 2 − ⎜ ⎟ = −21 2
⎝ x ⎠ ⎛ −2 ⎞
x 2 − ⎜ ⎟ =3
100 ⎝ x ⎠
⇒ x 2 − 2 = −21
x ⇒ x 4 − 4 = 3x 2
⇒ x 4 − 100 = −21x 2 ⇒ x 4 − 3x 2 − 4 = 0
⇒ x 4 + 21x 2 − 100 = 0 ⇒ (x 2 − 4)(x 2 + 1) = 0
⇒ (x2 + 25)(x 2 − 4) = 0 ⇒ x = ± 2 as x is real
⇒ x 2 = −25 or x 2 = 4 ⇒ y = ± 1
⇒ x = ± 2 as x is real So square roots of 3 − 4i are 2−i and −2 + i
(or ± (2 − i )).
⇒ y = ± 5
So square roots of −21 −20i are 2−5i and −2 + 5i b) z 2 + (2 + i ) z + 2i = 0
(or ± (2−5i )). a = 1, b = 2 + i, c = 2i
h) As in c −(2 + i) ± (2 + i)2 − 4 × 1 × 2i
z =
x 2 − y 2 = 35 (i) 2
2xy = −12 (ii) −(2 + i) ± 4 + 4i + i 2 − 8i

=
−6 2
From (ii) y = and substitute into (i).
x −2 − i ± 3 − 4i
2
=
⎛ −6 ⎞ 2
x 2 − ⎜ ⎟ = 35
⎝ x ⎠ −2 − i ± (2 − i)

=
⇒ x 4 − 36 = 35x 2 2
−2 − i + 2 − i
⇒ x 4 −35x 2 −36 = 0
= or −2 − i − 2 + i
⇒ (x 2 − 36)(x 2 + 1) = 0 2 2
= −i or −2
⇒ x = ± 6 as x is real
⇒ y ± 1 15
3. z + 2z =
So square roots of 35 − 12i are 6 − i and −6 + i 2+i
(or ± (6 − i )). Let z = x + iy, where x, y are real.
i) As in c 15 2−i
(x + iy) + 2 (x − iy) = ×
x − y = 02 2
(i) 2+i 2−i

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 8
 ⇒ 3x − iy = 30 − 15i 5. a) z 2 = 25i
4−i 2
As in solutions above
30 − 15i x 2 − y 2 = 0 (i)
⇒ 3x − iy =
5
2xy = 25 (ii)
⇒ 3x − iy = 6 − 3i
25
Comparing real and imaginary parts, From (ii), y = and substitute into (i).
2x
3x = 6 ⇒ x = 2 2
⎛ 25 ⎞
and −y = −3 ⇒ y = 3 x − ⎜ ⎟ = 0
2
⎝ 2x ⎠
⇒ z = 2 + 3i
625
4. To find the square roots of i:
x2 − =0
4x 2
Let the square root of i be x + iy. ⇒ 4 x 4 − 625 = 0
⇒ (x + iy)2 = i ⇒ ( 2 x 2 − 25)( 2 x 2 + 25) = 0
⇒ (x 2 − y 2) + 2xy i = i 5
⇒ x2 − y2 = 0 (i) ⇒x=± , as x is real
2
and 2xy = 1 (ii) 25 25 2 5 2
⇒y= =± =±
1 10 10 2
From (ii), y = and substitute into (i). ±
2x 2
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 5 2
x2 − ⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2x ⎠
So solutions of z 2 = 25i are ± (1 + i )
2
1
⇒ x2 − 2 = 0
4x b) z 2 = −16i
⇒ 4x 4 − 1 = 0 As in examples above
⇒ (2x − 1)(2x + 1) = 0
2 2 x 2 − y 2 = 0 (i)
1 2xy = −16 (ii)
⇒x= ± as x is real
2 From (ii), y = −8 and substitute into (i).
2 x
or x = ± 64
2 x − 2 = 02
x
1 2 ⇒ x 4 − 64 = 0
from (ii), y = =±
2x 2
2 2 ⇒ (x 2 − 8)(x 2 + 8) = 0
So the square roots of i are + i and
2 2
2 2 2 ⇒ x = ± 8 = ±2 2 as x is real
− − i, or ± (1 + i).
2 2 2 4
⇒ y = ± = ±2 2
Similarly to find the square roots of −i: 2
x 2 − y 2 = 0 (i) So solutions of z 2 = −16i are 2 2 − 2 2i and
2xy = −1 (ii) − 2 2 + 2 2i, or ±2 2 (1 − i ).
−1
From (ii), y = and substitute into (i). c) 3z 2 + 12 = 0
2x 2
2
⎛ −1 ⎞ ⇒ z 2 = −4 ⇒ z = ± 2i
x2 − ⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2x ⎠
6. (2 + 3i )(5 + bi ) = a + 11i
1
x − 2 =0
2
10 + 15i + 2bi + 3bi 2 = a + 11i
4x
(10 − 3b) + (15 + 2b)i = a + 11i
⇒ 4x 4 − 1 = 0
2
Comparing real parts, 10 − 3b = a (i)
⇒x=± as above for square roots of i Comparing imaginary parts, 15 + 2b = 11 (ii)
2
2 From (ii), b = −2
⇒y=±
2 Substituting for b into (i)
2 2 ⇒ 10 −3 × −2 = a
So square roots of −i are − i and
2 2
2 2 ⇒ a = 16 ⇒ a =16, b = −2
2
− + i, or ± (1 − i).
2 2 2

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 9
 z −1 ⇒ (4x + 5xi + 4yi + 5yi 2) − (x − iy + ix − yi 2)
7. =1+i
z + 1 − 2i = 15 + 7i
⇒ z − 1 = (1 + i )( z + 1 − 2i ) ⇒ 3x + 4xi + 5yi − 6y = 15 + 7i
⇒ z − 1 = z + i(1 − 2i ) + i z + 1 − 2i Comparing real parts 3x − 6y = 15 (i)
⇒ z − 1 = z + i − 2i 2 + i z + 1 − 2i
Comparing imaginary parts 4x + 5y = 7 (ii)
⇒ z − 1 = z + iz − i + 3
5 × equation (i) + 6 × equation (ii)
⇒ − 1 = iz − i + 3
⇒ 39x = 117
⇒ iz = −4 + i
⇒ x = 3, y = −1
4+i i
⇒ z =− × z=3−i
i i
4i + i 2 10. (a − 3i )2 = 16 − bi
=− 2
i a 2 − 6ai + 9i 2 = 16 − bi
−1 − 4i (a 2 − 9) − 6ai = 16 − bi
=
−1
Comparing real and imaginary parts
z = 1 + 4i
a 2 − 9 = 16 (i)
(Alternative method is to substitute z = x + iy at
− 6a = −b (ii)
some stage and compare real and imaginary parts.)
From (i) a 2 = 25 ⇒ a = ± 5
8. a) z = iz + 1
From (ii) b = ± 30
⇒ z − iz = 1
So a = 5, b = 30 or a = −5, b = −30
⇒ z (1 − i ) = 1
1
⇒ z = Exercise 11.3B
1− i
1. a) The third root is 1 − 3i (the complex
⇒ z = 1 × 1 + i
1− i 1+ i conjugate of 1 + 3i).
⇒ z = 1 + i2 b) The equation is
1− i
(z − 2)(z − (1 + 3i ))(z − (1 − 3i )) = 0
1 1 1
⇒ z = 1 + i = + i or (1 + i) ⇒ (z − 2)(z 2 − (1 + 3i ))z − (1 − 3i )z +
2 2 2 2

(Or substitute x + iy for z and compare real and (1 + 3i )(1 − 3i )) = 0
imaginary parts.) ⇒ (z − 2)(z 2 − z − 3i z − z + 3i z + 1 − 3i 2) = 0
b) z 2 = iz + 1 ⇒ (z − 2)(z 2 − 2z + 4) = 0
⇒ z 2 − iz −1 = 0 ⇒ z 3 −2z 2 + 4z − 2z 2 + 4z − 8 = 0
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
2 ⇒ z 3 − 4z 2 + 8z − 8 = 0
⇒ ⎜ z − i ⎟ − i 2 − 1 = 0 (or use the
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 2. a) z 2 − 2 2 z + 4 =
0
quadrate formula)
2

⇒ ( z − 2 ) − 2 + 4 = 0
⎛ 1 ⎞ 3 2
⇒ ⎜ z − i ⎟ − =0
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
⇒ ( z − 2 ) + 2 = 0
2
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 3
⇒ ⎜ z − i ⎟ =
⎝ 2 ⎠
⇒ ( z − 2 ) = − 2
4 2

1 3
⇒ z − i = ±
2 2 ⇒ ( z − 2 ) = ± 2 i
3 1 ⇒ z = 2 ± 2 i
⇒ z = ± + i
2 2

(Or substitute z = x + iy and compare real and b) If z = 2 + 2 i = 2 (1 + i )
imaginary parts.) then z 8 = [ 2 (1 + i )]8
(
2 ) (1 + i )8 = 24[(1 + i )2]4
8
9. (4 + 5i )z − (1 + i )z* = 15 + 7i =
⇒ (4 + 5i )(x + iy) − (1 + i )(x − iy) = 15 + 7i
 = 16[1 + 2i + i 2]4 = 16(2i )4 = 16 × 16i 4
where z = x + iy

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 10
 = 256 as i 4 = 1 3i ± 3i 2
⇒ z =
⇒ z = 2 + 2 i is a root of 6i 2
z 8 = 256 or z 8 − 256 = 0 ⇒ z = 3i ± 3
−6
Also when z = 2 (1 − i )
3 1
( 2 ) (1 − i )8
8
⇒ z = ± − i
z 8 = 6 2
= 16(1 − 2i + i 2) 4. 3z + w = 11 (i)
= 16(− 2i )8
2iz + 5w = 8 − 9i (ii)
= 16 × 16i 4 = 256
5 × equation (i) − equation (ii)
⇒ z = 2 − 2 i is a root of ⇒ 5(3z + w) − (2iz + 5w) = 55 − (8 − 9i )
z 8 = 256 or z 8 − 256 = 0 ⇒ 15z + 5w − 2iz − 5w = 55 − 8 + 9i
3. a) (z + 2i )2 = − 9 ⇒ (15 − 2i ) z = 47 + 9i
⇒ z + 2i = ± 3i
47 + 9i 15 + 2i
⇒ z = ± 3i − 2i ⇒z= ×
15 − 2i 15 + 2i
z = i or − 5i
⇒ z = 705 + 229i +2 18i
2

b) z = (z + i )
2 2
225 − 4i
⇒ z 2 = z 2 + 2i z + i 2 687 + 229i
⇒z= =3+i
⇒ 2iz − 1 = 0 229
1 Substitute z = 3 + i into equation (i).
⇒ z =
2i ⇒ 3(3 + i ) + w = 11
1 i ⇒ 9 + 3i + w = 11
⇒ z = ×
2i i
1 ⇒ w = 2 − 3i
⇒ z = − i
2 z = 3 + i, w = 2 − 3i
or z 2 − (z + i )2 = 0
5. (1 − i )z + iw = 7 + 4i (i)
[z + (z + i )] [z − (z + i )] = 0 iz + (1 − i )w = − 7 − 3i (ii)
⇒ 2z + i = 0 or − i = 0 i × equation (i) − (1 − i ) × equation (ii)
But − i ≠ 0 ⇒ i(1 − i ) z + i 2w − {i(1 − i )z + (1 − i )2w}
⇒ 2z + i = 0 = i(7 + 4i ) − (1 − i )( − 7 − 3i )
1
⇒ z = − i or − i ⇒ (i + 1)z − w − {(i + 1)z + ( − 2i )w}
2 2
= 7i − 4 −( − 7 + 4i − 3)
c) z 3 = (z + i )3
⇒ (1 + i ) z − w − (1 + i )z + 2iw = 7i − 4 + 10 − 4i
3
⇒ z 3 = z + 3i z 2 +3i 2 z + i 3 ⇒ w(− 1 + 2i) = 6 + 3i
⇒ 0 = 3i z 2 + 3i 2 z + i 3
6 + 3i −1 − 2i
⇒3iz 2 − 3z + i 3 = 0 ⇒w= ×
−1 + 2i −1 − 2i
⇒3iz 2 − 3z − i = 0 −6 − 15i − 6i 2
⇒w=
−( −3) ±
( −3)2 − 4 × 3i × − i 1 − 4i 2
⇒ z = −15i
2 × 3i ⇒w= = − 3i
3 ± 9 + 12i 2 5
⇒ z = Substitute w = − 3i into equation (ii).
6i
3 ± −3 iz + (1 − i ) − 3i = − 7 − 3i
⇒ z =
6i ⇒ iz − 3i − 3 = − 7 − 3i
⇒ z = 3 ± 3i ⇒ iz = − 4
6i −4 i
⇒z= ×
(3 ± 3i) × i i i
⇒ z = ⇒ z = 4i
6i × i
z = 4i, w = − 3i

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 11
6. a) z = 1 is a solution of z 3 = 1. 9. If z = 5 +2i is a root, then z = 5 − 2i is also root
b) (z − 1) is a factor of z 3 − 1. 2z 3 − 15z 2 + 8z + 145 = 0.
c) z 3 − 1 = 0 ⇒ (z − (5 + 2i ))(z − (5 − 2i)) × (linear factor) = 0
⇒ (z − 1)(z + z + 1) = 0
2
⇒ (z 2 − (5 + 2i )z − (5 − 2i )z + (5 + 2i )(5 − 2i ))
⇒ z = 1 or z 2 + z + 1 = 0 × (linear factor) = 0
⇒ (z 2 − 10z + 29)(2z + 5) = 0
−1 ± 12 − 4 × 1 × 1
⇒ z = 1 or z = −5
2×1 ⇒ z = 5 ± 2i or z =
2
−1 ± −3 −5
⇒ z = 1 or z = ⇒z= , 5 ± 2i
2 2
1 3 10. a) When z = − 1 + 2i
⇒ z = 1 or z = − ± i
2 2  z 3 + z − 10 = (−1 + 2i )3 + (−1 + 2i ) − 10
7. z 3 = 27
= (−1 + 2i )(−1 + 2i )2 + 2i − 11
⇒ z 3 − 27 = 0 = (−1 + 2i )(1 − 4i + 4i 2) + 2i − 11
⇒ (z − 3)(z 2 + 3z + 9) = 0 = (−1 + 2i )(− 3 − 4i ) + 2i − 11
−3 ± 32 − 4 × 1 × 9 = 3 − 2i − 8i 2 + 2i − 11 = 0
⇒ z = 3 or z =
2×1 ⇒ z = −1 + 2i is a root of z 3 + z − 10 = 0.
−3 ± −27
⇒ z = 3 or z = b) If z = −1 + 2i is a root, then −1 − 2i is
2
also a root.
−3 ± 3 3i
⇒ z = 3 or z =  
z 3 + z − 10 = 0
2
−3 3 3 ⇒ (z − (−1 + 2i ))(z − (−1 − 2i ))
⇒ z = 3 or z = ± i × (linear factor) = 0
2 2
8. a) u = (1 + i )4 ⇒ [z 2 − (−1 + 2i )z − (−1 − 2i )z + (−1 + 2i )
⇒ u = [(1 + i )2]2 (−1 − 2i )](linear factor) = 0
= (1 + 2i + i 2)2 ⇒ (z 2 + 2z + 5)(linear factor) = 0

= (2i )2 = 4i 2 ⇒ (z 2 + 2z + 5)(z − 2) = 0
= − 4 or − 4 + 0i ⇒ z = 2, − 1 ± 2i
b) From a, 1 + i is a root of the equation 11. a) When z = 2 + 3i
z 4 = − 4 or z 4 + 4 = 0. z 4 − 4z 3 + 12z 2 + 4z − 13
⇒ z = 1 − i is also a root. = (2 + 3i )4 − 4(2 + 3i )3 + 12(2 + 3i )2
+ 4(2 + 3i ) − 13
⇒ (z − (1 + i )) and (z − (1 − i )) are factors of

z 4 + 4. But z = 2 + 3i
⇒ z 2 = (2 + 3i )2 = 4 + 12i + 9i 2 = − 5 + 12i
⇒ z 4 + 4
= (z − (1 + i ))(z − (1 − i )) × (quadratic ⇒ z 3 = (− 5 + 12i )(2 + 3i )
factor) = − 10 + 9i + 36i 2 = − 46 + 9i
= ( z 2 − (1 + i ) z − (1 − i ) z − (1 + i )(1 − i )) × Also z 4 = (− 5 + 12i )( − 5 + 12i )
= 25 − 120i + 144i 2 = − 119 − 120i
( quadratic factor )
⇒ z 4 − 4z 3 + 12z 2 + 4z − 13
= ( z 2 − 2 z + 2 ) × ( quadratic factor ) = − 119 − 120i − 4(− 46 + 9i )
= ( z 2 − 2 z + 2 )( z 2 + 2 z + 2 ) + 12(− 5 + 12i ) + 4 (2 + 3i ) − 13
= − 119 − 120i + 184 − 36i − 60 + 144i + 8
[ by inspection or long division ]
+ 12i − 13 = 0
z 2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ z 2 − 2 z + 2 or z 2 + 2 z + 2
⇒ z = 2 + 3i is a root.
⇒ z = 1 ± i or ( z + 1)2 − 1 + 2 = 0 b) If z = 2 + 3i is a root, then z = 2 − 3i is also a root.
⇒ z = 1 ± i or ( z + 1) = −1
2
⇒ [z − (2 + 3i )][ z − (2 − 3i )] is a factor of
⇒ z = 1 ± i or z + 1 = ± i z 4 − 4z 3 + 12z 2 + 4z − 13.
⇒ z = 1 ± i or z = −1 ± i ⇒ [z 2 − (2 + 3i )z − (2 − 3i )z + (2 + 3i )(2 − 3i )]
is a factor.

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 12
 ⇒ z 2 − 4z + 13 is a factor. 2. u = 5 + 3i

So z 4 − 4z 3 + 12z 2 + 4z − 13 u*= 5 − 3i
= (z 2 − 4z + 13) (z 2 − 1) = 0 2u = 10 + 6i
⇒ z = 2 ± 3i , ± 1
−u = −5 – 3i
12. a) p(x) = x 5 + 2x 3 + 10x 2 + x + 10 Im
7
p( − 1) = ( − 1) + 2(− 1) + 10(− 1)
5 3 2
6
+ (− 1) + 10 2u
5
= −1 − 2 + 10 − 1 + 10 ≠ 0 4

p( − 2) = ( − 2) + 2(− 2) + 10(− 2)
5 3 2 3 u
2
+ (− 2) + 10
1
= − 32 − 16 + 40 − 2 + 10 = 0
0
⇒ x = − 2 is a root of p(x) = 0.
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Re

–2
b) When x = i
–u –3
u*
x 5 + 2x 3 + 10x 2 + x + 10
 –4
= i 5 + 2 × i 3 + 10 × i 2 + i + 10 –5
= i − 2i − 10 + i + 10 = 0
3. z1 = 4 + 5i
[since i 4 = 1, i 3 = − i, i 2 = − 1]
z2 = 3i
⇒ x = i is a root of p(x) = 0.
z3 = 2 − 6i
c) If i is a root, then − i is also a root. z4 = −2i
⇒ (x + 2)(x − i )(x + i ) is a factor of z5 = −4
x 5 + 2x 3 + 10x 2 + x + 10. z6 = −5 − 4i
⇒ (x + 2)(x 2 − i 2) is a factor. z7 = −3 + 4i
⇒ (x + 2)(x 2 + 1) is a factor. 4. a) w = (2 + i )2 = 4 + 4i + i 2
⇒ (x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 2) is a factor. = 3 + 4i

So x 5 + 2x 3 + 10x 2 + x + 10 iw = i(3 + 4i ) = −4 + 3i
= (x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 2) × (quadratic factor)
w = 3 + 4i × i = 3i +2 4i = −4 + 3i = 4 − 3i
2

= (x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 2)(x 2 − 2x + 5)
i i i i −1
So p(x) = 0
3 − 4i 3i − 4i 2 4 + 3i
⇒ (x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 2)(x 2 − 2x + 5) = 0 i = i
× = =
w 3 + 4i 3 − 4i 9 − 16i 2 25
⇒ x = − 2, ± i or (x − 1)2 − 1 + 5 = 0
⇒x = − 2, ± i or (x − 1)2 = − 4 ⇒ 25i = 4 + 3i
w
⇒x = − 2, ± i or x − 1 = ± 2i b) Im
⇒ x = − 2, ± i, 1 ± 2i 5
4 A
Exercise 11.4 B
3 D
2
1. Im
5 1

4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Re
3 A –1

2 –2

1 –3 C
D –4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Re –5
–1 C
–2
–3 5. a) z1 z2 = −11 + 13i
B –4 −11 + 13i
⇒ z2 =
–5 z1

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 13
 = −11 + 13i × 3 − i
Im
7
3+i 3−i
6
z+w
= −33 + 50i 2− 13i
2
5 z
9−i
4 z–w
= −20 + 50i = − 2 + 5i 3
10 2
b) Im w 1
14
z1 z2 12 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Re
–1
10 –2
8 –3

6
z2 4 c) z = −5 − 3i
2
z1
w = 2 + 3i
z + w = −3
–14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 Re
–2 z – w = −7 − 6i
–4 Im
–6 4

–8 3 w
–10 2
iz1 z2
–12 1
z+w

z1 = 3 + i –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 Re
–1
z2 = −2 + 5i –2

z1 z2 = −11 + 3i –3
z
–4
i z1 z2 = i(−11 + 13i )
–5
= −11i + 13i 2 –6
z–w
= −13 – 11i –7

6. a) z = 4 + 2i d) z = 3 − 4i
w = 1 + 3i w = 1 + i
z + w = 5 + 5i
z + w = 4 – 3i
z – w = 3 – i
Im z – w = 2 − 5i
6
Im
5 z+w 4
4 3
3 w 2
2 1 w
z
1
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Re
–1
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Re
–1 z–w –2
z+w
–2 –3

–4 z
b) z = 2 + 5i –5 z–w
w = −4 + i –6

z + w = −2 + 6i 7. z = 2 − 2i
z – w = 6 + 4i
11 2 + 2i
= ×
2 − 2i 2 + 2i
z
= 2 + 2i2
4 − 4i

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 14
 = 2 + 2i 2. a) z =
1 1
+ 3i
8 2 2
1 1
= + i ⎛1⎞
2
⎛ 3⎞
2
1 3
4 4 z = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = + = 1
⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 4
z + = (2 − 2i ) + ⎛⎜ + i ⎞⎟
1 1 1
z ⎝4 4 ⎠ ⎛ 3 1⎞ π
9 7 arg z = tan−1 ⎜ ÷ ⎟ = tan−1 3 =
= − i ⎝ 2 2⎠ 3
4 4
1 1
Im b) z* = − 3i
1
2 2
−π
z * = 1, arg z* =
1 3
z
2
0 3 Re
⎛1 3 ⎞
1 2 c) z = ⎜ +
2
i⎟
⎝2 2 ⎠

–1 1 3 3
= + i + i2
4 2 4
z + 1z −1 3
–2 z = + i
2 2
2
2 ⎛ −1 ⎞
2
⎛ 3⎞
–3 =
z ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Exercise 11.5 1 3
= + =1
1. a) By considering the position of 1 + 0i on the 4 4
Argand diagram ⎛ 3 1⎞ π 2π
arg z 2 = π – tan–1 ⎜ ÷ ⎟ =π − =
⎝ 2 2⎠ 3 3
1 = 1, arg 1 = 0
Or 2
z 2 = z = 12 = 1
b) −1 = 1, arg (−1) = π
π π 2π
c) 1 + i = 12 + 12 = 2, arg (1 + i ) = arg z 2 = 2 arg z = 2 × =
4 3 3
π
d) 1 − = 12 + ( −1)=
2
i 2, arg (1 − i ) = − ⎛1 1 ⎞
2
4 d) (z*)2 = ⎜ − 3i ⎟
π ⎝2 2 ⎠
e) 3i = 3 , arg (3i ) =
2 1 3 3
= − i + i2
f) 5 + 12i = 52 + 122 = 13 4 2 4
−1 3
12 = − i
arg (5 + 12i ) = tan −1 = 1.18 rad 2 2
5 2
−1
2
⎛− 3⎞
g) 13=
− 6i ( 13) + ( −6)
2 2 ( z * )2 = ⎜⎛ ⎟⎞ + ⎜ ⎟ =1
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
π −2π
= 13 + 36 = 7 arg [(z*)2] = –π + =
3 3
 −6  2
arg ( 13 − 6i ) = −tan−1   = −1.03 rad ( z *=
or  )2 *
z= 1 from b
 13 
2 2
2 2 ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
h) + i= ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ −π
2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ arg (z*)2 = 2 arg z* = 2 × from b
3
2 2
= + =1 −2π
4 4 =
3
⎛ 2 2 ⎞ π
arg ⎜ + i⎟ =
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 4

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 15
 1 3 3. z = 4 + 3i
e) (z 2)* = − − i from d
2 2 a) i) z= 4 2 + 32 = 5
( z 2 )* = 1 from d
2
ii) z= z= 25
2

3
iii) z= z= 125
3
−2π
arg[(z 2)*] = from d
3
b) i) arg z = tan−1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = 0.644 rad
3
⎝4⎠
f) z 3 = z 2 × z
ii) arg z 2 = 2 arg z = 1.29 rad
⎛ −1
3 ⎞⎛1 1 ⎞
= ⎜ + i ⎟⎟ ⎜ + 3i ⎟ from c iii) arg z 3 = 3 arg z = 1.93 rad
⎜ 2 2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
4. (r, θ) = r cos θ + r sin θ i
−1 3 2 π
= + i a) z = 2, arg (z) =
4 4 2
= −1 z = 0 + 2i (by considering an Argand diagram)
z = 1, arg (z ) = π
3 3
b) z = 5, arg (z) = π

g) z 6 = (z 3)2 = 1 from f z = −5 + 0i
π
c) z = 4 , arg (z) =
z = 1, arg z = 0
6 6
3
π π
z = 4 cos + 4 sin i
h) z 3 + z 6 = −1 + 1 = 0 3 3

z = 2 + 2 3i
z 3 + z 6 =
0, arg (z 3 + z 6) is not defined
π
d) z = 3, arg (z) =
1 1 2 6
i) = = π π
1 1
z + 3i 1 + 3i z = 3 cos + 3 sin i
2 2 6 6

2 1 − 3i = 3 3 + 3 i
=
× 2 2
1 + 3i 1 − 3i
π
e) z = 10, arg (z) =
2(1 − 3i) 4
=
1 − 3i 2 π π
z = 10 cos + 10 sin i
4 4
1 1 3
= (1 − 3i) = − i z = 5 2 + 5 2i
2 2 2
1 −π
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ −π f) z = , arg (z) =
= 1, arg ⎜ ⎟= from b 2 2
z ⎝z⎠ 3
1
2 2 2 4 z = 0 − i (by considering an Argand diagram)
j) = = = 2
z − 1 1 + 1 3i − 1 1 1
− + 3i −1 + 3i −3π
2 2 2 2 g) z = 1, arg z =
4
−3π ⎞ ⎛ −3π ⎞
=
4
×
−1 − 3i z = cos ⎛⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟i
−1 + 3i −1 − 3i ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠

4( −1 − 3i) − 2 2 − 2
= = − i or (1 + i)
1 − 3i 2 2 2 2
2π
h) z = 6, arg z =
= −1 − 3i 3
2π 2π
2 z = 6 cos + 6 sin i
= ( −1) + ( − 3 ) =2
2 2
3 3
z −1
= −3 + 3 3i
⎛ 2 ⎞ −2π
arg ⎜ ⎟ = –π + tan 3=
–1
i) z = 7, arg z = 0
⎝ z −1⎠ 3
z = 7 + 0i

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 16
5. Im −π i
π π
8 c) 4e 4 = 4 cos + 4 sin i
(e) 4 4
7
6 2 2
(h) =4× +4× i
5 2 2
4 (c) = 2 2 + 2 2i or 2 2 (1 + i)
3
2 π
(d) 8. a) 1 + i = 2 , arg (1 + i) =
1 4
(b) (a) (i) iπ
0
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Re 1 + i = 2e 4
–1
(g) (f)
–2
b) −3 = 3, arg (−3) = π
–3
–4
−3 = 3 eiπ
–5 c) −1 + 2i = 5 , arg (−1 + 2i) = 2.03 rad
–6
2.03i
–7 −1 + 2i = 5e
–8
π
d) 7i = 7, arg (7i ) =
2
6. z = 1 + i, w = 1 − 3i iπ
7i = 7e 2
π −π
⇒ z = 2 , arg z = , |w|= 2, arg w =
4 3 e) 6 + 8i = 10, arg (6 + 8i) = 0.927 rad
a) wz = w × z 6 + 8i = 10 e0.927i
=2× 2
10, arg (6 − 8i) = −0.927 rad
f) 6 − 8i =
=2 2 6 − 8i = 10 e−0.927i
−3π
arg (wz) = arg w + arg z g) − 2 − 2, arg ( − 2 − 2i ) = 4
2i =
−π π −3π
= + i
3 4 − 2 − 2i = 2 e 4

−π
=
12 h)  2(5 − i) = 52= 2 13 , arg { 2 ( 5 − i )}

2
= −0.197 rad
w
=
b) = 2
z 2 2 13 e −0.197i
2(5 − i) =
⎛w ⎞ −π π −7π
arg ⎜ ⎟ = arg (w) – arg (z) = − =
z
⎝ ⎠ 3 4 12 1 3 ⎛1 3 ⎞ π
i) + i =
1 arg ⎜ + i⎟ =
2 2 ⎝2 2 ⎠ 3
c) iz =i × z =1 × 2= 2
π
1 3 i

π π 3π
+ i=
e3
arg (iz) = arg (i) + arg (z) = + = 2 2
2 4 4
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
1 1 1 1 9. z1 = ⎜ 2, ⎟ , z2 = ⎜ 3, ⎟, z3 = ⎜ 2, ⎟
d) = = = ⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
w* w* w 2

⎛ 1 ⎞ −π (
a) z1 z2 = 2 × 3, +
π
6
π
3
⎛ π⎞
= ⎜ 6, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ )
arg ⎜ ⎟ = arg 1 – arg w* = 0 – (− arg w) = 3
⎝ w* ⎠ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
b) z1 z2 z3 = ⎜ 6, ⎟ × ⎜ 2, ⎟ = ⎜ 12, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
7. a) eπ i = 1 cos π + 1 sin π i [as r eiθ = r cos θ + r
sin θ i]
c)
z1
z2 ( π π
= 2 ÷ 3, −
6 3 ) 2 −π ⎞
= ⎛⎜ ,
⎝3 6 ⎠
⎟
 = −1 + 0 i
z = (2 , 2 × ) = 4,
−π i 2 π π ⎛ ⎞
⎛ −π ⎞ ⎛ −π ⎞ d) 3
2
⎜ ⎟
b) e 2
= 1 cos ⎜ ⎟ + 1 sin ⎜ ⎟ i 4 ⎝ 2⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
=0−i

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 17
 ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ 12. a) Im(z)
10. z = ⎜ 3, ⎟, w = ⎜ 2, ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
π π z
a) |z 2| = 32 = 9, arg z 2 = 2 × =
4 2
π 3π
b) |z 3| = 33 = 27, arg z 3 = 3 × = O 2Re(z)
4 4 Re(z)
π
c) |z4| = 34 = 81, arg z 4 = 4 × = π z*
4
π
d) |z 8| = 38 = 6561, arg z 8 = 8 × = 2π or 0
4
π π 5π b)
e) |zw| = 3 × 2 = 6, arg (zw) = + = Im(z)
4 6 12
π π 7π
f) |zw 2| = 3 × 22 = 12, arg (zw 2) = + 2 × = 2Im(z)
4 6 12
z
5π
g) |(zw)3| = 63 = 216, arg[ (zw)3] = 3 ×
12 O Re(z)
5π −3π
= or z*
4 4
z 3 ⎛z⎞ π π π
h)   = , arg ⎜ ⎟ = − =
w 2 ⎝w ⎠ 4 6 12
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ π π
i)  1 = , arg ⎜ 2 ⎟ = arg 1 – arg z = 0 − = −
2
c) Im(z)
z 2 9 ⎝z ⎠ 2 2
⎛ π π ⎞
j) |w + w*| = ⎜ 2cos + 2sin i ⎟
⎝ 6 6 ⎠ z
|z|
⎛ ⎛ −π ⎞ ⎛ −π ⎞ ⎞
+ ⎜ 2cos ⎜ ⎟ + 2sin ⎜ ⎟i⎟
⎝ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎠ O Re(z) Re(z)

= 2 3 + 0i =
2 3
arg (w + w*) = arg ( 2 3 + 0i ) =
0
⎛ π π ⎞
k) |w − w*| = ⎜ 2cos + 2sin i ⎟
⎝ 6 6 ⎠ Exercise 11.6
⎛ ⎛ −π ⎞ ⎛ −π ⎞ ⎞ 1. a) z lies on a circle, centre (0, 0), radius 1.
− ⎜ 2cos ⎜ ⎟ + 2sin ⎜ ⎟i ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎠ Im

|z| = 1
= 2i = 2
π 1
arg (w − w*) = arg (2i ) =
2
1 1 1 1 0
l)  
*
= = = from e –1 1 Re
(wz ) (wz )* wz 6
–1
⎛ 1 ⎞

arg ⎜ = arg 1 – arg (wz)* = 0 − −arg(wz)
⎜ (wz )* ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
5π
= from e b) z lies on a circle, centre (3, 0), radius 1.
12
Im
11. z = x + iy ⇒ z* = x − iy
2
i) z + z* = (x + iy ) + (x − iy) = 2x = 2 Re(z)
1
ii) z − z* = (x + iy ) − (x − iy) = 2yi = 2 Im(z)i |z – 3| = 1

iii) Re( z ) = x –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Re

z = x + iy = x + y
2 2
–1

But x 2 + y2 ≥ x –2

⇒ Re( z ) ≤ z

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 18
 c) z lies on a circle, centre (−5, 0), radius 2. 2. a) i) |z| = 3
Im
ii) z − (2 + 2i) = 2 or z − 2 − 2i = 2
2
|z – 5| = 2

1
iii) z − ( −4 − 3i) = 5 or z + 4 + 3i = 5

b) i) Im
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 Re 4
–1
3
–2 |z| = 3
2
d) z lies on or inside a circle, centre (2, −2),
1
radius 2.
Im
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 Re
1
–1

0 1 2 3 4 Re –2
–1
–3
–2
–4
–3

ii) Im
–4
|z – (2 – 2i)| = 2 5

e) z lies on or outside a circle, centre (−1, −3), |z – (2 + 2i)| = 2

4
radius 1.
3
Im
1
2

0 Re 1
–2 –1
–1
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Re
–2
–1

–3 iii)
Im
–4 2
|z + 1 + 3i| = 2

–5 0
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 Re
–2

f) z lies on a circle, centre (a, 0), radius a.

–4

Im –6

a
–8
|z + 4 + 3i| = 5
–10

0 a 2 a Re

|z – a| = a
–a

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 19
3. a) z lies on the half line from (1, 0) at an angle of Im
π 7
with the positive real axis.
2
Im
3π 6
arg |z – (2 + 3i)| =
4
π
arg (z – 1) = 5
2

4 3π
4
3
1

1
0
1 Re
0 1 2 3 4 5 Re

b) z lies on the half line from (−1, 0) at an angle of

π
with the positive real axis. 5 5
3 4. a) z lies on the line Re(z) = (or x = ).
2 2
Im
4
Im

3
π |z| = |z – 5|
arg (z – i) =
3
2

1 0 Re
5 5
π
2
3
–2 –1 0 1 Re

c) z lies on the half line from (0, −1) at an angle of
−2π
with the positive real axis.
3 b) z lies on the line Im(z) = 3 (or y = 3).

Im Im
1 7

–3 –2 –1 0 1 Re
–1
2π |z + i| = |z – 7i|
3 3
–2

–2π –3
arg (z + i) = 3
0 Re
–1
–4

d) z lies on the half line from (2, 3) at an angle of
3π
with the positive real axis.
4

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 20
 c) z lies on the perpendicular bisector (or 5. a) Im
mediator) of the line joining (−4, 0) and (0, 2). π
arg z = 2

Im

2
|z + 4| = |z – 2i| π
arg z = 6
1

0 Re
–4 –3 –2 –1
π
6

0 Re

b) π
Im
3

d) z lies on the perpendicular bisector (or

mediator) of the line joining (−2, −2) and (2, π
3
2), i.e. on the line Re(z) = −Im(z) or y = −x. 1
(z – i) = 0

Im 0 Re
|z – (2 + 2i)| = |z – (–2 – 2i)|

2 c) Im
2π
arg (z – 2) = 3

0 arg (z – 2) = π
–2 2 Re 4

–2
2π
3 π
4
0 Re
1 2

e) z lies on the perpendicular bisector (or

d) π
mediator) of the line joining (1, 2) and (5, 2) arg (z – (5 + 3i)) =
2
Im
(or x = 3).

Im
|z – 5 – 2i| = |z – 1 – 2i|
3
π
2 3

0 5 Re
0 Re
5

–π
Arg (z – (5 + 3i)) = 3

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 21
6. a) z lies on or inside a circle, centre (6, 0), e) z lies on the perpendicular bisector (or
radius 3. mediator) of the line joining (−1, −1) and
Im (3, 3) or above the line, i.e. on the line x + y = 2
4 or above the line.
|z – 6| = 3
2 Im
4

0
2 4 6 8 10 Re 3
–2
2
–4
1
b) z lies on or outside a circle, centre (1, 3),
radius 1.
0
Im –2 –1 1 2 3 4 Re
6 –1
|z + 1 + i| = |z – 3 – 3i|
4 –2
|z – (1 + 3i)| = 1
2 z lies on the perpendicular bisector (or
f) 
mediator) of the line joining (2, −3) and (0, 2)
0
2 4 6 Re
or below the line.
Im
3
c) z lies on the line x = 2 or within the shaded
region, i.e. z lies on the perpendicular bisector 2
(mediator) of the line joining (1, 0) and (3, 0) or
|z – 2 + 3i| = |z – 2i|
to the left of the line. 1

Im
0
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 Re
|z – 3| = |z + 1| –1

–2

0 –3
1 2 3 4 Re

–4

7. z lies within the shaded region.

Im
4 π
d) z lies on the line y = −x or within the shaded arg z =
6
region, i.e. z lies on the perpendicular bisector 3
(mediator) of the line joining (−1, 0) and (0, 1) or
below the line. 2 |z – 2| = 2

Re
1
3
π
6
2 0 π
–2 –1 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Re
–1
1

–2
0 Im –π
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 arg z =
6
–3
–1
|z – i| = |z + 1|
–4
–2

–3

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 22
8. z lies within the shaded region. b) Greatest value of |z| = OB

( 5 ) + 22 = 9
2
Re
4
OC2 =
⇒ OC = 3
|z| = 3 3
Radius of circle = 2
2
⇒ Greatest value of |z| = 3 + 2 = 5
1 c) Greatest value of arg z = 2θ
⎛ 2 ⎞
0 θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 Im ⎝ 5⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
–1 Greatest value of arg z = 2 tan−1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
–2 = 1.46 rad (3 s.f. )
–3 Summary exercise 11
–4 1 4 + 5i
1. =
x + iy 6 − 3i
6 − 3i
⇒ x + iy =
4 + 5i
9. a) z lies within the shaded region.
6 − 3i 4 − 5i
⇒ x + iy = ×
Im 4 + 5i 4 − 5i
6
Re (z) = Im (z) 24 − 42i + 15i 2
=
|z| = 4 4 16 − 25i 2
9 − 42i 9 42
= = − i
2 41 41 41
Comparing real and imaginary parts
0
x = 9 , y = − 42
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 Re

–2 41 41

–4 2. a) z 2 + 2z + 10 = 0
⇒ (z + 1)2 − 1 + 10 = 0
–6

⇒ (z + 1)2 = −9
b) Greatest value of |z| is 4.
Least value of |z| is 0. ⇒ z + 1 = ± 3i
⇒ z = −1 ± 3i
10. a) z lies within the shaded region.
–1 + 3i = ( −1) + 3 = 10
2 2
Im
5
–1 − 3i = ( −1)2 + ( −3)2 = 10
4
B So the two roots have the same modulus.
|z – √5 – 2i| = 2
3 3
D b) Arg(−1 + 3i ) = π − tan−1 = 1.89
1
2
3
C
Arg (−1 − 3i ) = −π + tan−1 = −1.89
1
1
A
O θ 3. a) When z = 1, z 3 = 13 = 1 so z = 1 is a root of z 3 = 1.
0
1 2 3 4 5 Re 3
−1 3 ⎛ ⎞
–1
When z = + i, z 3 = ⎜ − 1 + 3 i ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
= ⎜ − 1 + 3 i ⎟ ⎜ − 1 + 3 i ⎟ ⎜ −1 + 3 i ⎟
–2
⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎝ 2 2 ⎠
–3
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 1 3  ⎞
= ⎜ − 1 + 3 i ⎟ ⎜ 1 −− 3 i + i32 i 2 ⎟
–4 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 44 22 4 4 ⎠

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 23
 Im
  
=  − 1 + 3 i  − 1 − 3 i 5
 2 2  2 2  D

1 3 2 4
= − i =1
4 4 3
C2
−1 3
So =
z + i is a root of z 3 = 1. 2
2 2 C
1
−1 3 |z – 3 – 3i| = 2
As =
z + i is a root and the equation has real B
2 2 Re
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1 3
coefficients, then its conjugate, − i, is also a –1
2 2 C1
root of the equation z = 1.
3
A –2
4 3 |w – (–1 – i)| = 1
⎧ 1 3 ⎫ ⎧ 1 3 ⎫ ⎧ 1 3 ⎫ –3
b) ⎨− + i ⎬ = ⎨− + i ⎬ ⎨− + i⎬
⎩ 2 2 ⎭ ⎩ 2 2 ⎭ ⎩ 2 2 ⎭
–4
⎧ 1 3 ⎫
= 1 × ⎨− + i⎬
⎩ 2 2 ⎭ b) Least value of z − w is given by length BC.
1 3 BC1 = 1 (radius)
=− + i
2 2
5 3 2
OC1 = 12 + 12 =2
⎧ 1 3 ⎫ ⎧ 1 3 ⎫ ⎧ 1 3 ⎫
Also ⎨− + i ⎬ =⎨− + i ⎬ ⎨− + i⎬ ⇒ OB = 2 − 1
⎩ 2 2 ⎭ ⎩ 2 2 ⎭ ⎩ 2 2 ⎭
⎧ 1 3 ⎫⎧ 1 3 ⎫ Also OC2 z = 32 + 32 = 18 = 3 2
= 1 × ⎨− + i ⎬ ⎨− + i⎬
⎩ 2 2 ⎭⎩ 2 2 ⎭ CC2 = 2 (radius)
−1 3 ⇒ OC = 3 2 − 2
= − i from a
2 2
⇒ Least value, BC = 2 − 1 + 3 2 − 2
4. z = 1 − 5i
a) z 2 = 1 −( 5i ) (1 − 5i )
=4 2 −3
Greatest value of z − w is given by length AD.
= 1 − 2 5i + 5i 2
AD = 2 + OB + OC + 4
= −4 − 2 5i
b) z − pz = − 4 − 2 5i + p 1 − 5i
2
( ) = 2 + 2 − 1+ 3 2 − 2 + 4
=3+4 2
(
= (−4 − p) + −2 5 + 5 p i as p is real. )
6. Let z = x + iy where x and y are real, then z* = x − iy.
But z 2 − pz is real.
⇒ zz* + 2(z + z*) = (x + iy) (x − iy) + 2 (x + iy + x − iy)
⇒ −2 5 + 5 p = 0
= x 2 + y 2 + 4x
⇒ p = 2
As x and y are real there is no imaginary term, zz* +
5. a) z − 3 − 3i ≤ 2 and z + 1 + 0 ≤ 1 2(z + z*) is real.
i.e. z − (3 + 3i) ≤ 2 and z − ( −1 − i) ≤ 1 7. a) z 2 + 5z + 4 = 0
z − 3 − 3i =2 ⇒ (z + 4)(z + 1) = 0

w − ( −1 − i ) =1 ⇒ z = −4 or z = −1

Loci of z and w are within or on the shaded circles. b) z 4 + 5z 2 + 4 = 0

(z2 + 4)(z2 + 1) = 0
⇒ z 2 = −4 or z 2 = −1
⇒ z = ±2i or z = ±i

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 24
8. a) Im 10. Im

|w–7–10i| = 2
4
12
u
T
Re 10
–16 –12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 16
–4 S
8
R
–8
6
Q
–12
4
P
–16 |z–3–5i| = 2
2

–20
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 Re
–24
|z + 3 + 12i| = 3√17
Least possible value of |z − w| = length of RS
–28
RS = QT − radius QR − radius ST

z + 3 + 12i =
3 17 = 4 2 + 52 − 2 − 2

z lies on the circle. = 41 − 4

Greatest value of |z − w| = QT + 2 + 2
b) Greatest value of |z| = 2 × 3 17 = 6 17
= 41 + 4
Minimum value of |z| = 0
11. a) When z = 1 + i
9. a) Im

z 4 − 6 z 3 + 23 z 2 − 34 z + 26
10
=(1 + i )4 − 6(1 + i )3 + 23(1 + i )2 − 34 (1 + i ) + 26
|z – 5i| = 3
8 But (1 + i )2 = (1 + i)(1 + i ) = 1 + 2i + i 2 = 2i

6 (1 + i )3 = (1 + i )(1 + i )2 = (1 + i ) × 2i = 2i + 2i 2
= − 2 + 2i
4
(1 + i )4 = (1 + i )2(1 + i )2 = 2i × 2i = 4i 2 = − 4
2 ⇒ z 4 – 6z 3 + 23z 2 – 34z + 26

= − 4 − 6( − 2 + 2i ) + 23(2i ) − 34 (1 + i) + 26
Re
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 = − 4 + 12 − 12i + 46i − 34 − 34i + 26 = 0
⇒ z = 1 + i is a root of the equation
|z – 5i| = 3
z 4 – 6z 3 + 23z 2 – 34z + 26 = 0.
b) Greatest value of |z| = 8, least value of |z| = 2
b) If z = 1 + i is a root, then z = 1 − i is also a root.
π −1 3
Greatest value of arg z =
 + sin = 2.21 rad (3 s.f.) c) (z − (1 + i ))(z − (1 − i)) is a factor of
2 5
π 3 z 4 – 6z 3 + 23z 2 – 34z + 26.
Least value of arg z = − sin −1 = 0.927 rad (3 s.f.)
2 5 ⇒ z 2 − (1 + i ) z − (1 − i ) z + (1 + i )(i − i ) is a
factor.
⇒ z 2 − 2z + 2 is a factor.
⇒ z 4 − 6z 3 + 23z 2 − 34z + 26
= (z 2 − 2z + 2) × (quadratic expression)
= (z 2 − 2z + 2)(z 2 − 4z + 13)
by comparing coefficients or division
⇒ (z 2 − 2z + 2)(z 2 − 4z + 13) = 0
z 2 − 4z + 13 = 0

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 ⇒ (z − 2)2 − 4 + 13 = 0 = (z 2 − 2z + 5)(z − 1)
⇒ (z − 2)2 = − 9 So roots are x = 1 ± 2i, 1.
⇒ z − 2 = ± 3i 14. Im
⇒ z = 2 ± 3i 3

⇒ solutions are z = 1 ± i, 2 ± 3i. 2π

3 π
12. If 2 − 5i is a root, then 2 + 5i is also a root. 6
–3 0 3 Re
⇒ (z − (2 − 5i ))(z − (2 + 5i )) is a factor of
z 4 + 4z 3 – 20z 2 + 60z + 27.
–3
⇒ z 2 − (2 − 5i ) z − (2 + 5 i ) z + (4 + 5i 2)
is a factor.
⇒ z 2 − 4z + 9 is a factor.
Vertices are at 3, ( π6 ), (3, 23π + π6 ) and (3, −2π ),
⇒ z 4 + 4z 3 – 20z 2 + 60z + 27
 π π 3 3 3
i.e. 3 cos + 3sin i = + i
= (z 2 − 4z + 9) × (quadratic expression) 6 6 2 2
5π 5π −3 3 3
= (z 2 − 4z + 9)(z 2 + 8z + 3) 3 cos + 3sin i = + i
6 6 2 2
by comparing coefficients or division ⎛ −π ⎞
3 cos ⎜ ⎛ −π ⎞i = −3i
⎟ + 3sin ⎜ ⎟
z + 8z + 3 = 0
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⇒ (z + 4)2 − 16 + 3 = 0 3 3 3
Vertices are ± + i, −3i.
2 2
⇒ (z + 4)2 = 13
1 3
15. w = − + i
⇒ z + 4 = ± 13 2 2
⇒ z = − 4 ± 13 ⎛ 1 3 ⎞⎛ 1 3 ⎞ 1 3 3
a) w 2 = ⎜ − + +
i⎟ ⎜− = i⎟ − i + i2
⇒ The other roots are 2 + 5i and − 4 ± 13 . ⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 4 2 4
1 3
13. a) When z = 1 + 2i, then =− − i
2 2
z 3 − 3z 2 + 7z − 5 = ( 1 + 2i )3 − 3(1 + 2i )2
+ z(1 + 2i ) − 5 ⎛ 1 3 ⎞⎛ 1 3 ⎞
b) w 4 = w 2 × w 2 = ⎜ − − i⎟ ⎜− − i⎟
But (1 + 2i )2 = (1 + 2i )(1 + 2i ) = (1 + 4i + ⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎝ 2 2 ⎠
4i 2) 1 3 3
= + i + i2
= − 3 + 4i 4 2 4
(1 + 2i )3 = (1 + 2i )2(1 + 2i ) = ( − 3 + 4i ) (1 + 2i)
= −1 + 3 i = w
= − 3 − 2i + 8i 2 = − 11 − 2i 2 2
⇒w =w 4
⇒ z 3 − 3z 2 + 7z − 5 = ( − 11 − 2i ) − 3( − 3
+ 4i ) + 7(1 + 2i ) − 5 1 3
c) i) w = − + i
= − 11 − 2i + 9 − 12i + 7 + 14i − 5 = 0 2 2
2
⇒ 1 + 2i is a root. ⎛ −1 ⎞
2
⎛ 3⎞ 1 3
w = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = + = 1
b) If z = 1 + 2i is a root, then z = 1 − 2i is a root. ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 4

⇒ (z − (1 + 2i ))(z − (1 − 2i )) is a factor of  3

 2  = π − tan −1
z 3 − 3z 2 + 7z − 5. arg w = π − tan  −1
1  ( 3)
 
⇒ z 2 − (1 + 2i )z − (1 − 2i )z + (1 + 2i )(1 − 2i )  2 
is a factor. w = 1,
2π
3
( )
⇒ z − 2z + 5 is a factor.
2

⇒ z − 3z + 7z − 5 = (z − 2z + 5)(linear factor)
3 2 2 w 2 = − 1 − 3 i = 1,

2 2
−2π
3
by considering the ( )
diagram

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Complex numbers 26
 ii) Im b) Im(z)

1
w2 = (1, – 23π )

π
2π 3
w2 = (1, 3
)
O 3 Re(z)

0 1 1 Re

The Argand diagram shows that the addition of 1, π 3 3 3

w and w2 forms an equilateral triangle, starting c) Least value of z = 3sin = 3× =
3 2 2
and ending at the origin.
18. i) When z = 1 + i
16. a) y
z 2 = (1 + i) = 1 + 2i + i2 = 2i
2
C
(z1 + z2)
B (z )
2 z 3 = z 2 × z = 2i (1 + i) = 2i + 2i2 = −2 + 2i
A
O
(z1) ⇒ 2 z 3 − 3z 2 + 2 z + 2 = 2 (−2 + 2i) − 3 ( 2i) + 2 (1 + i) + 2
O x
= −4 + 4i − 6i + 2 + 2i+2
AC = OB and AC//OB.
=0
We have for ∆OAC:
⇒ z1 = 1 + i is a root of the equation
OC ≤ OA + AC
2 z3 − 3z 2 + 2 z + 2 = 0
⇒ OC ≤ OA + OB
⇒ |z1 + z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2| ii) If z = 1+ i is a root, then z = 1 – i is a root (as all
  b) y coefficients in the equation are real)

A ⇒ ( z − (1 + i ))( z − (1 − i )) is a factor of 2 z 3 − 3 z 2 + 2 z + 2
B (z ) (z1)
2
⇒ z 2 − (1 + i ) z − (1 − i ) z + (1 + i )(1 − i ) is a factor
D (z1 – z2)
O ⇒ z 2 − 2 z + 2 is a factor
O x
⇒ 2 z 3 − 3 z 2 + 2 z + 2 = (2 z + 1) ( z 2 − 2 z + 2)
We have
1
OB = DA and OB//DA ⇒ real root is −
2
From ∆OAD: 1
⇒ other 2 roots are − and 1 − i
OA ≤ OD + DA 2
⇒ OA ≤ OD + OB
iii) z = z − 1 − i
⇒ |z1| ≤ |z1 – z2| + |z2|
⇒ |z1 – z2| ≥ |z1| − |z2| 
z lies on the line bisecting the line joining the origin
to the point representing the complex number 1 + i
z−2
17. a) = 1− i Im(z)
z + 2 − 3i
⇒ z − 2 = (1 − i )( z + 2 − 3i ) 1 1+i
⇒ z − 2 = z + 2 − 3i − iz − 2i + 3i 2

⇒ z − 2 = z − iz − 1 − 5i
O Re(z)
⇒ iz = 1 − 5i
⇒ i 2 z = i − 5i 2
⇒ −z = i + 5

⇒ z = −5 − i

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19. i) if z1 = −3 + 4i is a solution of z 2 + cz + 25 = 0 iv) z1 = (5,2.21°)

⇒ (−3 + 4i ) + c (−3 + 4i ) + 25 = 0
2
z1* = (5, −2.21°)
⇒ (9 − 24i + 16i 2 ) + c (−3 + 4i ) + 25 = 0 z1 + z1* = 5 (cos2.21 + i sin 2.21) + 5
⇒ −7 − 24i − 3c + 4 ci + 25 = 0 (cos (−2.21) + i sin (−2.21))
⇒ −3c + 18 + 4 ci − 24i = 0 = −5.97 + 0i
⇒ 18 − 3c + 4 ( ci − 6i ) = 0
Im(z)
⇒c =6

z1
 ii) Other root is – 3 – 4i
5

(−3) + 4 = 5
2
iii) z1 = 2 2.21c

z1+z1* O
4 4 2.21c Re(z)
arg z1 = tan −1   = π − tan −1 = 2.21°
 −3  3 5

z1 = (5,2.21°) z1*

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