physics: lesson note : grammar college, kano

GRAMMAR COLLEGE , KANO

PHYSICS LESSON NOTE :SSS ONE

FIRST TERM

(A) WEEK ONE

FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES AND UNITS : These are quantities and units that
are fixed and independent of any other quantities or units. Examples are : Mass,
Length, Time, Temperature etc with their respective units given as Kg, m, s, K etc.

Table 1: Fundamental Quantities and their Units

S/N FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES FUNDAMENTAL UNITS

1 Mass Kg

2 Length M

3 Time S

4 Temperature K

(B) WEEK TWO

DERIVED QUANTITY AND THEIR UNITS
Derived quantities are those obtained by simple combination of basic quantities e.g. Area,
Volume, Density, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, energy, work, power,
momentum,pressure, electric charge, electric potential etc.

S/N QUANTITY DERIVATION DIMENSION UNIT

1. Area length x breadth L2 m2

2. Volume length x breadth x heights L3 m3

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3. Density mass ÷ volume ML-3 Kg/m3

4. Speed or velocity distance ÷ time LT-1 m/s

5. Acceleration change in velocity ÷ time LT-2 m/s2

6. Force Mass x acceleration M LT-2 N

7. Weight Mass x acceleration due to gravity MLT-2 N

8. Momentum mass x velocity M LT-1 kgm/s

9. Impulse force x time M LT-1 NS

10. Pressure Force ÷ Area M L-1T-2 Pa or NM2

11. Energy OR work Force x distance M L2T-2 J or Nm

12. Power Work ÷ time M L2T-1 W or Nm/s

CLASSWORK

1. Calculate the weight of an object of mass 5000g if g = 10m/s2

ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A
1. The following are the fundamental quantities except (a) Length (b) weight
(c) mass (d) time
2. The SI unit of weight is (a) N (b) m (c) mls2 (d) kg

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SECTION B
1. Derive the dimension for (a) work (b) volume (c) acceleration (d) force

2. Distinguished between fundamental and derived quantity

3. Distinguished between mass and weight

(C) WEEK THREE

POSITION, DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

POSITION: Position of an object in space or on a plane is the point at which the object can
be located with reference to a given point.

DISTANCE: This is the measure of separation between two points. To determine distance
between two points located in a plane defined by two ordered pair of value (x 1, y1) and (x2,
y2) or assumed to be in space where they are defined by (x 1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2), the
distance between them can be defined by applying the relation:

Distance, s= √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

Or Distance, s= √(𝑥2− 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1)2

Example: Calculate the distance between the points A(2,3) and B(-5,1) on a plane

Solution

Distance AB = √(−5 − 2)2 + (1 − 3)2

= 7.3 units

DISPLACEMENT: This is a distance covered in a specific direction.

Example: Calculate the displacement between the point A (2, 3) and B(-5,1) on a plane

Solution

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Distance AB = √(−5 − 2)2 + (1 − 3)2

= 7.3 units

The angle between Point A and B is given as

tanϴ = 0.1667

ϴ= tan-1 0.1667

=9.50

Therefore, Object A is 7.3 unit distance to B in the direction 9.50

S/ DISTANCE DISPLACEMENT
N
1 It only measures the space between two points It measures both the space
between two points and the
angular direction
2 It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity
3 It can be measured with meter rule, tape rule etc. Its involve the inclusion of
without including compass Compass

MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE
MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE USING VERNIER CALIPER

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Vanier Calipers can be used to measure the diameter of a rod or the inside diameter of a rod.
It can also be used to measure the internal and external diameter of a tube. It has two set of
jaws and two scales i.e. the main and the Vanier scale. It has a reading accuracy of 0.01cm

Example: Deduce the reading on the vernier caliper below

Solution
Main Scale Reading = 3.0cm
Vernier Scale = 0.7cm
Reading = Main Scale Reading + Vernier Scale Reading
= 3.0 + 0.7
= 3.7mm
MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE USING MICROMETER SCEW GUAGE

Micrometer screw gauge is used to measure small length like the diameter of a small ball
(like pendulum bob) or thickness of a piece of paper. It can measure the accuracy 0.001cm
or 0.01mm on the main scale.

Example: Calculate the reading on the micrometer screw gauge below

Solution

Main Scale (Sleeve) Reading = 2.5mm

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Circular Scale (Thimble) Reading= 0.38mm

Actual Reading = 2.5 + 0.38 = 2.88mm

MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE USING METER RULE

The meter is graduated in centimeters and millimeters. The smallest graduation of the meter
rule is 1mm or 0.01m. Long distances such as the width or length of a large farm or football
field can be measured with steel tapes graduated in meters.
ASSIGNMENT

1. The following are the fundamental quantities except (a) Length (b) weight (c) mass (d) time

2. The reading accuracy of meter rule is (a) 0.01cm (b)0.1cm (c) 10.005cm (d) 0.004cm

3. The best instrument for measuring the diameter of a thin wire is (a) vernier caliper (b) steel
rule (c) micrometer screw gauge (d) meter rule
4. The SI unit of weight is (a) N (b) m (c) mls2 (d) kg
5. What is the reading on the micrometer screw gauge below ?

0 15

(a) 8.511 (b) 8.011 (c) 8.519 (d) 8.151

6. What is the reading the vernier caliper is showing?

7 8 9 10

(a) 7.13 (b) 7.21 (c) 7.12 (d) 7.31

(D) WEEK FOUR