Tables

a) Table 1: Detailed device performance of RGB

ITO-PEDOT:PSS-PVK-CsPbBr3-TPBi-LiF-Al
ITO-PEDOT:PSS-PolyTPD-CsPbBr3-TPBi-LiF-Al
Perovskite NCs LEDs
1000 1000
Voltage Max. Max. Max.

Current Density (mA/cm2)

Device Performance of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Active layer (at 10 cd/m2) Luminance Current
Efficiency
Power
Efficacy
[cd/m2]
Nanocrystal based Light Emitting Diodes 750 750 [V] [cd/A] [lm/W]
Red: CsPb(Br/I)3
S. M. Pozov1,
A. Ioakeimidis1*,
M. Athanasiou2,
C. Bernasconi3, (DDAB/Dioctylamine)
3.8 510 0.3 0.2
500 500
M. I. Bodnarchuk4, M. V. Kovalenko3,4, G. Itskos2 and S. A. Green: CsPbBr3
(DDAB/PbBr2)
3.0 2,265 1.9 1.7

Choulis1* Blue: CsPb(Br/Cl)3 4.8 161 0.06 0.03

250 250
*Emails: a.ioakeimidis@cut.ac.cy ; stelios.choulis@cut.ac.cy
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Figures
Switzerland1Molecular Electronics and Photonics Research Unit, Department of Mechanical 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, 4000 4000
3603, Cyprus Voltage (V) a)

Current Density (mA/cm2)

CsPbBr3 (DDAB)
2 Department of Physics, Experimental Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, University of Cyprus,
CsPbBr3 (DDAB/PbBr2)
Nicosia 1678, Cyprus 3000 3000
3 Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich,

CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland b)

4 Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal
2000 2000

1000 1000
Introduction
Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have recently 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
attracted the attention of the research community, due to
Voltage (V)
their excellent optoelectronic properties [1]. In this work we 3.0 3.0
b)

Current Efficiency (cd/A)

report on the device structure engineering of perovskite NC 0 – 0.4eV 2.5 2.5
light emitting diodes (Pe-NCs-LEDs) incorporating CsPbBr3 NCs CEmax = 1.9 cd/A
2.0 2.0
based active layers. Bottom electrode device optimization is c) at 3.8mA/cm2

performed by investigating PVK and Poly-TPD as hole 1.5 1.5

injection/transporting layers in normal structure Pe-NCs-LEDs.

Luminance (cd/m2)

1.0 CEmax = 0.4 cd/A 1.0

1k 1k
Additionally, the effect of CsPbBr3 perovskite NCs ligands on 0.5
at 205 mA/cm2
0.5
device performance is discussed using the best performing Pe-
0.0 0.0
NCs-LED device structure [2]. Finally, the functionality of the 1 10 100 1000
100 100
proposed RGB LED device structure is presented using Current Density (mA/cm2)
CsPb(I/Br)3 and CsPb(Br/Cl)3 Pe-NCs active layers.
Figure 3: CsPbBr3 Pe-NC-LEDs device
Results & Discussion 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10 performance based on DDAB vs DDAB-PbBr2
d) Voltage (V) ligands, a) JV characteristics, b) current efficiency
• Improved charge injection, lower turn on voltage, higher
over injected current density
luminance and efficiency are achieved using PolyTPD hole
injection layer (HIL), as presented in Figure 1 (a, b). Materials and Methods
• PolyTPD outperformed PVK as HIL due to higher PolyTPD • Solution-processing techniques were used for
hole mobility ~1x10-4 cm2V-1s-1 compared to 1x10-6 cm2V-1s- the fabrication of Pe-NC LEDs
1 for PVK [3], and better energy level alignment as presented

in Figure 1 (c). • Colloidal NCs are typically decorated by

• Overall CsPbBr3 NCs imposed to DDAB-PbBr2 treatment organic ligands such as long-alkyl-chain ligands
appear to promote the performance of Pe-NC LEDs, as to provide colloidal stability and surface
presented in Figure 3 (a, b), due to improved passivation [4], a parameter that affects also
photoconductivity [2]. 0.6eV crucially the performance of NC optoelectronic
• Functional RGB Perovskite NC LEDs were fabricated using devices. In this work the used PeNCs are
the proposed ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PolyTPD/NCs active capped with didodecyldimethylammonium
Figure 1: CsPbBr3 Perovskite NC LEDs device structure optimization,
layer/TPBi/LiF/Al device structure as shown in Figure 2. comparing PolyTPD and PVK hole transporting layers,
bromide DDAB and DDAB/PbBr2 as described
Differences in device performance of the perovskite Showing the respective (a,c) JV characteristics and Luminance behavior, in the following refrence [2]
and (b,d) the corresponding energy levels of the proposed device
nanocrystal active layers under investigation are presented structure configurations
in Table 1. The observed differences in device performance References
are relevant to the perovskite nanocrystal active layers [1] Wang, S.; Yousefi Amin, A. A.; Wu, L.; Cao, M.; Zhang, Q.; Ameri, T.
10000 10000 Perovskite Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Stability, and Optoelectronic Applications.
properties (such as energy levels, ligands and PLQY). Small Struct. 2021, 2 (3), 2000124. https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202000124
[2] Manoli, A.; Papagiorgis, P.; Sergides, M.; Bernasconi, C.; Athanasiou, M.;
Luminance (cd/m2)

Pozov, S.; Choulis, S. A.; Bodnarchuk, M. I.; Kovalenko, M. V.; Othonos, A.;
Conclusions 1000 1000 Itskos, G. Surface Functionalization of CsPbBr3Νanocrystals for Photonic
Applications. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2021, 4 (5), 5084–5097.
• Effective charge injection is crucial for perovskite NC LEDs in https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c00558
[4] Li, J. et al. 50-Fold EQE Improvement up to 6.27% of Solution-Processed
order to achieve higher radiative recombination rates and All-Inorganic Perovskite CsPbBr 3 QLEDs via Surface Ligand Density Control.
100 100 Adv. Mater. 29, (2017).
LED device efficiency. Therefore, the incorporation of CsPbBr3 [3] Hills-Kimball, K.; Yang, H.; Cai, T.; Wang, J.; Chen, O. Recent Advances in
PolyTPD HIL within the LED device architecture is essential CsPb(Br/I)3 Ligand Design and Engineering in Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. Adv.
CsPb(Br/Cl)3 Sci. 2021, 8 (12), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202100214
for perovskite NC LEDs optimization. 10 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
• Significantly higher perovskite NC LEDs performance is
Voltage (V)
achieved incorporating DDAB/PbBr2 ligand for the Acknowledgements
Figure 2: Luminance – voltage characteristics of the following active This work was financially supported by the Research and Innovation
treatment of CsPbBr3 NCs based active layer. layer Pe-NCs to provide red: CsPb(I/Br)3 – DDAB/Dioctylamine, Foundation of Cyprus under the “NEW STRATEGIC INFRASTRUCTURE UNITS-
YOUNG SCIENTISTS” Programme (Grant Agreement No.
• The proposed device structure leads to functional RGB green: CsPbBr3 – DDAB/PbBr3 and blue: CsPb(Br/Cl)3
INFRASTRUCTURES/1216/0004”, Acronym “NANOSONICS”).
Perovskite NC LED devices, using CsPb(I/Br)3 –
DDAB/Dioctylamine for red, CsPbBr3 – DDAB/PbBr3 for
green and CsPb(Br/Cl)3 for blue emissions.