Algorithm: a formula or a set of instructions given to a computer in order for it to complete a

task (i.e., a set of rules for a computer). It represents the relationship between input and
resultant variables through a mathematical or conditional expression.

Artificial intelligence: a subset of computer science that deals with computer systems
performing tasks with similar, equal, or superior intelligence to that of a human (e.g. decision-
making, object recognition and classification, speech recognition and translation)

Artificial general intelligence (AGI): also known as strong AI, AGI is a type of artificial
intelligence that is considered human-like and still in its preliminary stages (more of a
hypothetical existence in the present day)

Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI): weak AI, ANI is an artificial intelligence that can only
focus on one task or problem at a given time (e.g., playing a game against a human
competitor). This is the current existing form of AI. This artificial intelligence algorithm is
programmed to solve a limited number of data problems.

Artificial neural network (ANN): a network modeled after the human brain by creating an
artificial neural system via a pattern-recognizing computer algorithm that learns from,
interprets, and classifies sensory data

Activation function: It is the main calculative layer of a neural network. The activation
function triggers the right decision node within the neural network and displays the node as an
output. It converts a series of inputs into singular or multiple output classes.

Artificial immune system: A technique of intelligent, fuzzy neural networks or rule-based

machine learning systems used for the vernacular immune system. The logic is built using
reactive expressions to solve a particular problem, just like the immune system.

Autonomous cars: Self-drive cars that work on the principle of computer vision to detect,
identify, and categorize external obstacles and drive right around them.

Backpropagation: shorthand for “backward propagation of errors,” is a method of training

neural networks where the system’s initial output is compared to the desired output, then
adjusted until the difference (between outputs) becomes minimal

Bag of words: This algorithm is used for document classification and information retrieval. It
extracts the text from a document and stores it in a bag of words without the grammar and
sentence order. The frequency of words is used as a feature to train the algorithm and classify
the document.

Bag of words (computer vision): This algorithm extracts features or characteristics from
images and feeds similar-looking features to the algorithm to classify the image.
Bayesian network: also known as the Bayes network, Bayes model, belief network, and
decision network, is a graph-based model representing a set of variables and their
dependencies.

Big data: large amounts of structured and unstructured data that are too complex to be
handled by standard data-processing software

Batch normalization: Batch normalization is used to adjust input variables in neural networks.
It unloads a neural network by adjusting weights and biases and pushing them in batches to
come at a stable output.

Binary tree: Binary tree is a deep-rooted tree where each node has two children, namely the
left child and a right child. A rooted tree generally imparts levels (distance from the roots).
Thus for every node, the notions are defined as the nodes connected to it.

Brute force search: A generative algorithm that proposes all the solutions to a problem and
nitpicks the best solution.

Chatbots: a chat robot that can converse with a human user through text or voice commands.
Utilized by e-commerce, education, health, and business industries for easy communication
and to answer user questions.
Image courtesy of IBM

Classification: algorithm technique that allows machines to assign categories to data points

Cloud robotics: Cloud robotics enables machines or robots to access cloud storage. These
machines are equipped with a cloud-hosted provider over a converged infrastructure to
access content, respond faster, and display accurate results.

Clustering: An algorithm technique that allows machines to group similar data into larger data
categories.

Cognitive computing: a computerized model that mimics human thought processes by data
mining, NLP, and pattern recognition

Cognitive science: The broader form of AI ties back to linguistics, philosophy, and the meta-
existence of computers. It enables machines to simulate human thought and action.
Computer vision: when a machine processes visual input from image files (JPEGs) or camera
feeds

Computational intelligence: The ability of a computer to learn from an experimental situation

and use learnings for future predictions.

Convolutional neural network (CNN): a type of neural network specifically created for
analyzing, classifying, and clustering visual imagery by using multilayer perceptrons

Data mining: the process of sorting through large sets of data in order to identify recurring
patterns while establishing problem-solving relationships

Data science: A catchall term for database management, analysis, and visualization
encompassing all techniques of artificial intelligence and machine learning. It describes
different methods, algorithms, knowledge, and systems to draw insights from datasets, train
models, and create co-relations. It is based on mathematics, statistics, geometry, and
matrices and determinants.

Data set: A dataset is a representation of data. It can be a singleton database or multiple

matrices containing several rows and columns. Each dataset has a defined list of variables and
underlying values that best describe the problem. A dataset is refined and cleaned before it is
fed to a machine-learning algorithm.

Data warehouse: It is a central repository that holds data from one or more than one sources.
It stores and versions old and new data in a centralized platform.

Decision tree learning: A supervised learning algorithm where the nodes individually vote to
predict the class of the input. It is also used for predictive modeling or statistical modeling.

Dimensionality reduction: The process of reducing random variables to adjust the accuracy of
output. In facial recognition, DR is used during principal component analysis to reduce the size
of the input image set to adjust output and eliminate noise.

Deep learning: a machine learning technique that teaches computers how to learn by rote
(i.e., machines mimic learning as a human mind would by using classification techniques)

Digital ecosystem: several software platforms or cloud services that work in tandem across a
network

AI terms, F through J
This section should be of particular interest if you enjoy experimental AI!
F

Feature extraction: In machine learning, computer vision, or pattern recognition, feature

extraction starts with dividing the image or data into bounding boxes and extracting one single
feature out of the boxes. The features are extracted, pooled, and fed to a supervised vector
machine to predict the output.

Feedforward neural network: It is the simplest artificial neural network where information
exits through the output node and doesn't come back for analysis. Data only flows in the
forward direction and doesn't form a loop.

Fuzzy logic: A conditional logic where variables can exhibit any degree of truthfulness, ranging
from 0 to 1. The value 0 depicts "false," and the value 1 depicts "truth." In contrast to boolean
expressions, which only display output as 0 (true) or 1(false), fuzzy logic can display partial
truth in decimal values.

Generative adversarial networks (GAN): a type of neural network that can generate
seemingly authentic photographs on a superficial scale to human eyes. GAN-generated
images take elements of photographic data and shape them into realistic-looking images of
people, animals, and places.
Source: Medium.com

Genetic algorithm: an algorithm based on principles of genetics that is used to efficiently and
quickly find solutions to difficult problems

Heuristic: a computer science technique designed for quick, optimal, solution-based

problem-solving. A heuristic technique stops the algorithm at every step during analysis and
searches for the different hypotheses of solutions before arriving at a suitable solution.

Image recognition: the process of identifying or detecting an object or feature of an object in

an image or video

Intelligent agents: Agents that observe a particular environment through sensors and work to
achieve a goal for the algorithm. It is mostly used in reinforcement learning and deep-Q
networks to learn or use knowledge to perform an action.

Independent component analysis: ICA is a powerful machine learning technique that extracts
trends from the observed data and uses it to process and categorize new data independently.
It separates a multivariate into independent, non-Gaussian components to form a linear
transformation.

AI terms, K through O
Some of the most used terms lie between K-O in the AI glossary!

Kernel method: In artificial intelligence, the kernel method is a bootstrap method used for
pattern analysis and classification. It is the most known method of supervised vector machine
and studies different relations within the input to predict a category.

Knowledge extractions: The extraction of knowledge from technical documentation, XML,

unstructured datasets, or relational databases. Knowledge elements are extracted by running
specific queries that represent the data best.

K-nearest neighbor: It is an unsupervised algorithm where the data class is determined by

looking at the nearest data points. The most number of data points in a particular direction
means that current data also belongs to the same category.

Limited memory: systems with short-term memory limited to a given timeframe. Limited
memory AI derives knowledge from real-time experiences or events and stores it in the
database. When a problem occurs, it gives out redundant results.

Machine learning (ML): focuses on developing programs that access and use data on their
own, leading machines to learn for themselves and improve from learned experiences

Machine learning models: It is a program trained on old data to make predictions for fresh
data. There are three types of machine learning models, namely supervised, unsupervised,
and semi-supervised.

Machine intelligence: It is an advanced form of human intelligence where machines learn from
their own mistakes, prioritize automation tasks in a sequential manner, and achieve goals.

Machine consciousness: Machine consciousness, or artificial consciousness, is an awareness

state attained by machines after a specific period of time to decipher human emotions and
expressions. It's being experimented on in the robotics industry.
Machine translation: an application of NLP for language translation (human-to-human) in
text- and speech-based conversations.

Natural language processing (NLP): helps computers process, interpret, and analyze human
language and its characteristics by using natural language data

Naive Bayes classifier: It is a supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification
problems. It is either a single algorithm or a group of algorithms with distinguishing features
(all variables of the dataset are independent of each other).

Nanobots: Nanobots are molecular-sized robots measured on a nanoscale and programmed

to accomplish a specific task within the human body. The concept is used to create smart
vaccines, cancer therapy, and immunotherapy through painless methods of medication.

Neural networks: Neural networks is a deep learning technique that resembles the structure
of a human brain. The structure of a neural network constitutes several layers that perform
calculations on the input and decide the correct output class. A neural network requires large
datasets and high GPU to work. However, the output is processed much faster as compared to
a machine learning algorithm.

Node: A basic unit of a data structure, like a stack or a linked list, or a queue, that represents
an underlying value or a variable.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR): conversion of images of text (typed, handwritten, or

printed), either electronically or mechanically, into machine-encoded text. An OCR software
parses the characters of a pdf document and formats it into a new destination file in the exact
same way they had been written.

Source: YouTube

OpenAI: A for-profit technological company that conducts scientific research in artificial

intelligence and machine learning. ChatGPT, a conversational AI platform, is their latest
invention. Developed on the principle of reinforcement learning, ChatGPT is equipped with
advanced AI capabilities to complete human-dependent tasks.

Open source software: It is a type of computer software under an open license where the
developer (copyright holder) gives users the rights to exchange data, code, and information
through the platform.

AI terms, P through T
Robots, robots, robots. You'll finally find some robot-centric definitions here!

Pattern recognition: It is a data science method that is used to detect, analyze and label
patterns or regularities in data.

Predictive analytics: Statistical interpretation techniques from data mining, machine

learning, and deep learning are used to predict outcomes of events.

Principal component analysis: A statistical process in which a set of unrelated observations

are converted into related variables. The related variables encompass one or more than one
feature of the original dataset, where each variable is orthogonal to its preceding variables.

Reactive machines: can analyze, perceive, and make predictions about experiences, but do
not store data; they react to situations and act based on the given moment

Recurrent neural network (RNN): a type of neural network that makes sense of and creates
outputs based on sequential information and pattern recognition

Reinforcement learning: a machine learning method where the reinforcement algorithm

learns by interacting with its environment and is then penalized or rewarded based on the
decisions it makes.

Robotics: focused on the design and manufacturing of robots that exhibit and/or replicate
human intelligence and actions

Robotic process automation (RPA): uses software with artificial intelligence and machine
learning capabilities to perform repetitive tasks once completed by humans.

R: A statistical data modeling technique used to create data co-relations and create a good fit
model to predict an event possibility.

Strong AI or ASI is the highest awareness stage attained by a machine to translate human
emotions and expressions. It includes techniques like reactive AI, self-aware AI, and theory of
mind. The sensory responses of a human are analyzed and read by computers to frame a
biological response. It almost appears as if an actual human is interacting with a computer.
Framing a consciousness streak in computers isn't easy and requires high-level expertise and
programmable units (GPU).

Structured data: clearly defined data with easily searchable patterns

Supervised learning: a type of machine learning where output datasets teach machines to
generate desired outcomes or algorithms (akin to a teacher-student relationship)

Transfer learning: a system that uses previously-learned data and applies it to a new set of
tasks

Turing Test: a test created by computer scientist Alan Turing (1950) to see if machines could
exhibit intelligence equal to or indistinguishable from that of a human

AI terms U, through Z
Fewer AI terms fall between U-Z, but the most important ones are displayed.

Unstructured data: data without easily searchable patterns (e.g., audio, video, social media
content)

Unsupervised learning: a type of machine learning where an algorithm is trained with

information that is neither classified nor labeled, thus allowing the algorithm to act without
guidance (or supervision)

Voice recognition: Also known as speech recognition, it is a human-computer interaction

technique that allows computers to understand, interpret human dictation, and produce
written output in accordance with speech commands.

Weak AI: see artificial narrow intelligence (ANI)