Module 1: Citizenship Training

Lesson 1 – Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP

 National Service Training Program is a program to foster civic consciousness and defense preparedness
among young people by developing the ethics of services and patriotism.
 In 2001 it was enacted by the Republic Act 9163 or NSTP Act of 2001 and implemented in schools in
the Philippines. NSTP is a course that must be taken by all male or female students taking a
baccalaureate degree or two-year vocational course in any private and public institution.
 NSTP is one of the requirements to complete before graduating from college or a vocational course.
According to the implementing rules and regulations of the NSTP, there are 25 hours required common
modules that must be taken before the student can choose from the three components of the NSTP.
Common modules contain various topics such as Drug education, Disaster Risk Preparedness,
Environmental awareness, and others.
 The NSTP has its historical basis in the 1935 Commonwealth Act No. 1, also known as the National
Defense Act which aimed to oblige all men aged 18- 30 to participate in military service. In 1980,
Presidential Decree 1706 or National Service Law was enacted, which made all Filipinos obligated to
participate in the civic welfare service, law enforcement service, and military service. Then Republic Act
no.7077, or the Citizen Armed Force or Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act was
implemented in 1991 to train citizen soldiers.

NSTP Law

According to Republic Act 9163, National Service Training Program (NSTP) is a program aimed at enhancing
civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while
undergoing training in any of its three (3) program components. Its various components are specially designed to
enhance the youth’s active contribution to the general welfare.

Three Components of NSTP 1.

1. Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) Refers Graduates:

to the Program component or activities
 CWTS and LTS graduates will automatically be
contributory to the general welfare and the part of the NSRC or National Service Reserve
betterment of life for the members of the Corps. They are the ones the state will call for
literary and public affairs activities, especially in
community or the enhancement of its facilities, times of calamities through the joint efforts DND,
especially those devoted to improving health, CHED, and TESDA, in coordination with DILG,
DSWD, and other concerned agencies/
education, environment, entrepreneurship,
associations.
safety, recreation and moral of the citizenry and  ROTC graduates will be part of the citizens'
other social welfare services. armed forces according to Republic Act 7077.

2. Literacy Training Service (LTS) Designed to

teach students to be literacy and mathematics teachers to young students, out-of-school youth, and other
social sectors who need it.
3. Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) Designed to provide military training to tertiary level students
to motivate, train, organize and prepare students for defensive needs this is in correspondence with
Sections 38 and 39 of RA 7077.
 Republic Act 9163 Republic Act No. 7077

An act establishing the National Service Training Program Dubbed as the Citizen Armed

(NSTP) for tertiary level students, wherein it is mandated that as a Force or Armed Forces of the

return of service for the protection of the state, the citizenry shall Philippines Reservist Act, the state

defend the security of the state through rendering personal, military, mandates that the citizenry are able to

or civil service. The government recognizes the youth’s vital role in participate in military duty when

nation building and shall in turn, aid in developing their physical, needed in order to advance either

moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. The state shall aid security, socioeconomic development,

in inculcating in the youth patriotism, nationalism, and advance their or combat; but only under the most

involvement in public and civic affairs. extreme circumstances.

Signed by: Gloria Macapagal - Aroyo Signed on: January 23, 2002 Approved: June 27, 1991

Presidential Decree No. 1706, s. 1980 Commonwealth Act No. 1

This provides for the compulsory national service of Filipino An act to provide for the
citizens while amending certain sections of Commonwealth act National Defense of the Philippines,
number one, otherwise known as “The National Defense Act” for the penalizing certain violations thereof,
purpose. This Decree is known as “The National Service Law.” As appropriating funds therefor, and for
used in this decree, “National service” shall consist of three main other purposes. This shall be known
programs namely: civic welfare service, law enforcement service; and as the “The National Defense Act.”
military service.
Approved: December 21, 1935

Lesson 2 – 1987 Philippine Constitution

The Preamble, 1987 Philippine Constitution

We, the sovereign Filipino people, The Preamble is derived from the Latin word
imploring the aid of Almighty God, “praeambulus” which is loosely translated to mean “walking
in order to build a just and humane society
before,” but of course it doesn’t mean that it is referring to a
and
establish a Government that shall embody our walking document. ‘Walking before’ implies that it enters before
ideals and aspirations, something, often clarifying what is to come, and in this case, it is
promote the common good,
conserve and develop our patrimony, introducing an important document, so to speak.
and secure to ourselves and
our posterity the blessings of independence The Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution is one
and of the world’s longest, yet it speaks about the values, ideals, and
democracy under the rule of law and a regime
aspirations of the Filipino people.
of truth,
justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do
The preamble of the Constitution provides that we should
ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
establish a Government which shall "conserve and develop our
patrimony." Patrimony is defined as an inheritance, or heritage (Oxford, 2020). The Senate has outlined that our
"patrimony" includes our public forests, mangroves, wildlife, and flora and fauna which should be conserved, protected
and renewed.

The Philippine Constitution

Article I – National Territory

Article II – Declaration of Principles and

State Policies
 The Philippine government has undergone various changes to its constitution throughout our history,
beginning with the 1899 Malolos Constitution, then the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, followed by the Jones Law of
1916, the 1935 constitution and its amendment in the same year, the 1943 Constitution, the post-World War II
constitution of 1973, the 1986 Freedom Constitution, and then finally, the 1987 Constitution, of which is still in use
today. The 1987 Constitution was ratified during the term of President Corazon C. Aquino, and contains eighteen (18)
articles that aim to answer most, if not all, the demands of the Filipino people for a just, humane, educated society.

Duties and Responsibilities of a Filipino Citizen

While it is the prime duty of the government to serve and protect its citizens, in return, it is the obligation of the
Filipino citizen to follow laws, respect peace and order, and to do their duties and responsibilities as Filipino citizens of
the country. De Vera, A. in their paper on Good Citizenship lists the following duties and responsibilities of a Filipino
citizen:

1. Defend our country from

enemies and invaders.
2. Pay his/her taxes willingly
8. Obey the laws and maintain
and promptly.
peace and order in the
3. Be loyal to our country.
community.
4. Take care and conserve our
9. Preserve the Filipino culture
natural resources.
and identity.
5. Help our country for growth
10. Participate actively in
and development.
various government programs.
6. Keep our surroundings clean.
11. Vote wisely and chose
7. Study well and become a
candidates who can serve the
productive individual.
people and our country.
Lesson 3 - United Nations Principles on Human Rights 12. Respect the rights of others
Human rights are universal, and no one in
Understanding Human Rights
the world should be deprived of their
 natural
As defined by the Office of theborn
Highright. human rights
Commissioner for are
mandated by the United Nations to be
Human Rights (OHCHR) human rights are rights that
“inalienable; indivisible; interdependent
we have because weand simply exist; it should
interrelated.” not be
‘Inalienable’ because
determined or grantedthese rights
by the can never
whims of anybeform
takenofaway.
government. ‘Indivisible’ and ‘interdependent’ because
all forms of rights – political, civil, social,
 Dignity gives an individual a sense of value and worth
cultural and economic – are all equally
(Asia Pacific Human Rights
important Information
to a human Center).
being.The
very fact there is a need to practice the protection of
human rights means that humans are aware of each person’s worth. The Asia Pacific Human Rights
Information Center adds that each person’s dignity should not be dictated by their circumstance, because
it should be common to all human beings.
 The OHCHR has stated that denying a person of their human rights and fundamental freedoms is not just
an “individual and personal tragedy,” but also sets in motion the conditions that give rise to social and
political unrest, which can then result in violence and conflict in societies, and in extreme cases, escalate
to violence between nations.

Protect Human Rights

Mentioned several times in

the United Nations’
founding Charter, the term
“human rights” and its
 The OHCHR is tasked with the responsibility to be the lead UN system for the promotion and protection of
human rights. It supports the human rights components of peacekeeping missions in many countries, and has
representation through many country and regional offices and centers. The OHCHR through its High Commissioner
has the authority to regularly comment on human rights situations around the world, and can even launch
investigations and issue reports to those concerned.

The International Bill of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 is recognized as the first legal document recognizing the
protection of human rights. It is composed of 30 articles that meticulously detail the freedoms of each individual, of
which states and other forms of governing power are not allowed to infringe upon. Along with the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, these
three comprise what is known as the International Bill of Human Rights. Since 1954, there have been a series of
international human rights treaties and other instruments adopted which have expanded the body of international
human rights law.

List of Rights

It has been an ongoing process for the United Nations since 1948 to define the international human rights
standards, and has since been divided in to specific fields or issues. These rights and freedoms are the following, as
provided by the Asia Pacific Human Rights Information Center:

In the area of civil and political rights

 Right to life  Right to privacy

 Freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment
 Freedom from slavery, servitude and forced labor.
 Right to liberty and security of person
 Right of detained persons to be treated with
humanity
 Freedom of movement
 Right to a fair trial
 Prohibition of retroactive criminal laws
 Right to recognition as a person before the law
 Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
 Freedom of opinion and expression
 Prohibition of propaganda for war and of incitement
to national, racial or religious hatred
 Freedom of assembly
 Freedom of association
 Right to marry and found a family
 Right to take part in the conduct of public affairs,
vote, be elected and have access to public office
 Right to equality before the law and non-
discrimination.

In the area of economic, social and In the area of collective rights: Other collective
rights:
cultural rights

 Right to work Right of peoples to:  Rights of national,

 Right to just and favorable conditions of work ethnic, religious
 Self-determination
 Right to form and join trade unions
 Development and linguistic
 Right to social security
 Free use of their wealth and
 Protection of the family minorities.
natural resources
 Right to an adequate standard of living,
 Peace  Rights of indigenous
including adequate food, clothing and housing
Lesson 4 - Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines

History of the Philippine Flag The flag is the country’s most

cherished symbol. It is the nation’s
 The Philippine flag as we know it right now was designed by emblem for freedom. It symbolizes
General Emilio Aguinaldo, the president of the revolutionary patriotism, love of country and sense
government, in his exile to Hong Kong in 1897. Aguinaldo of nationhood and embodies the
aspirations and sentiments of the
believed that having our own national flag and national
Filipino people in their unceasing
anthem would inspire Filipinos to fight against the Spanish quest for independence. It stands as
colonizers in the second phase of the Philippine Revolution. instrument of unity that binds the
 The first flag was sewn by Marcela Marino de Agoncillo with Filipino people.
the help of her daughter Lorenza, and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad, the niece of Jose Rizal, at 535
Morrison Hill Road in Hong Kong. Agoncillo herself painted the sun, which had a face, and the three stars
on the white triangle. (NCAA, 2012) It was then handed over to Aguinaldo on his way back to the
Philippines on May 17, 1898. It arrived to the Philippines on May 19, 1898.
 Before it was officially declared the country’s national flag on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite, the flag had
already been presented to the public in other parts of the country. Then again on May 28, 1898, Aguinaldo
waved the flag in Cavite City to recognize the victory of the Filipinos in the Battle of Alapan in Imus,
Cavite, and this date has since become the historical basis for declaring May 28 as National Flag Day.

Symbols of the Philippine flag

Cultural studies pioneer
Hornedo, F. (1938 – 2015) has
 The three stars represent the “three principal islands of this said the sun can also mean
“learning and education which
Archipelago wherein this revolutionary movement broke out.” These
‘enlighten’ and dispose a
are Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay. people to ‘progress and
 The sun represents “the gigantic strides that have been made by the civilization.’” The eight rays of
sons of this land on the road to progress and civilization.” the sun symbolize the eight
provinces “declared in state of
 The colors red, white and blue “commemorate those of the flag of the war almost as soon as the first
United States of America as manifestation of our profound gratitude… resurrection was started.”
for the disinterested protection, which it lends us and will continue These are Manila, Cavite,
lending.” There were actually no original meanings to the individual Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva
Ecija, Bataan, Laguna and
colors used on the flag, but scholars later on ascribed meanings for
Batangas.
the colors. (NCAA, 2012)

Republic Act No. 8491, s. 1998

This act is titled as the “Flag and Heraldic Code of Displaying the flag on buildings
the Philippines,” which prescribes the code of the
National Flag, Anthem, Motto, Coat-of-Arms and
other Heraldic items and devices of the Philippines.
This law mandates that reverence and respect shall
at all times be given to the flag, the anthem,
national motto, the coat-of-arms, and other
national symbols which “embody the national
Displaying the flag in times of peace and war

Conduct of Flag Raising Ceremony

Half-Mast Casket

The proper way of folding the Philippine flag

 Pledge to the Flag

According to Republic Act 8491 Section 25, the pledge to the

flag should be recited while standing with the right hand palm
open raised shoulder high. Individuals whose faith or religious
beliefs prohibit them from making such pledge must
nonetheless show full respect when the pledge is being
rendered by standing at attention.

Prohibited Acts on the Use of the Flag:

a. To mutilate, deface, defile, trample on, cast contempt, d. To display the National Flag:
or commit any act or omission casting dishonor or
ridicule upon the National Flag or over its surface; 1. Under any painting or picture;

b. To dip the National Flag to any person or object by 2. Horizontally. It shall always be hoisted aloft
way of compliment or salute; and be allowed to fall freely;

c. To use National Flag 3. Below any platform; or

1. As drapery, festoon, tablecloth; 4. In discotheques, cockpits, night and day clubs,

2. As covering for ceilings, walls, statues or other
objects;
3. As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top
of motor vehicles;
4. As a staff or whip;
5. For unveiling monuments or statues; and
6. As trademarks, or for industrial, commercial or
agricultural labels or designs.
casinos, gambling joints and places ofvice or where
frivolity prevails.
e. To wear the National Flag in whole or in part
as a costume or uniform;
f. To add any word, figure, mark, picture,
design, drawings, advertisement, or imprint of any
nature on the National Flag;
g. To print, paint or attach representation of
the National Flag on handkerchiefs,napkins, cushions,
and articles of merchandise;

The Philippine National Anthem

 The National Anthem is entitled Lupang Hinirang and should always be sung in the national language within
or without the country. Protocol dictates that as a sign of respect, all persons shall stand at attention and face the
Philippine flag if there is one displayed, and if there is none, they shall face the band or the conductor. At the first note,
all persons shall execute a salute by placing their right palms over the left side of their chest. Persons involved in the
military, those in scouting, and those in citizen’s military training and security guard uniforms shall give the salute
prescribed by their regulations. The salute shall be completed upon the last note of the anthem. We are to never give
applause after the rendition of the national anthem. (Consulate General of the Philippines, 2015)

The National Motto

The National Motto of the Philippines is “MAKA-DIYOS, MAKA-TAO, MAKAKALIKASAN AT MAKABANSA.” This was
derived from the last four lines of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag and was ratified on Feb. 12, 1998
under Republic Act No. 8491, the Philippine Flag and Heraldic Code, during the presidency of Fidel V. Ramos.
National

Coat-of-Arms

The National Coat-of-Arms as provided in Republic Act 8491 shall have: Two
paleways, azure and gules; a chief argent studded with three mullets at an equal distance
from each other; and, in point of honor, ovoid argent over all the sun rayonnant with eight
minor lesser rays. Beneath shall be a scroll with the words “REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS,”
inscribed.

The Great Seal

The Great Seal is declared to be in circular in form, with the arms as described
in the Coat of Arms, but without the scroll and the inscription. Surrounding the whole
shall be a double marginal circle within which shall appear the words “Republika ng
Pilipinas.” For the purpose of placing The Great Seal, the color of the arms shall not be
deemed essential but tincture representation must be used. The Great Seal shall bear
the National Motto.

Penalties SECTION 48.

This section details the penalties appropriate for the failure or refusal to observe the provisions of this Act; and
any violation of the corresponding rules and regulations issued by the Office of the President. But violators will be
afforded the proper notice and hearing, and penalized by “public censure” which shall be published at least once in a
newspaper of general circulation.

The Department of Education, Culture and Sports and the Commission on Higher Education, upon the
recommendation of the Institute and after the proper notice and hearing, shall cause the cancellation of the recognition
of permit of any private educational institution which fails or refuses to observe the provisions of this Act for the
second time.

Lesson 5 - Good Citizenship Values

Solely depending on the government for much of our peace is not These values: Faith in God,
enough. We must also inculcate in ourselves values and attitudes that make us Unity, Patriotism, Work, Respect
for Life, Respect for Law and
good citizens. These are our values as a people. These values and attitudes
Government, Truth, Justice,
Freedom, Love, Equality, Peace,
Promotions of the Common
Good, Concern for the Family
and Future Generations,
have helped us shape our society throughout our history, and we can feel the impacts as well when these values and
attitudes are absent.

The Good Citizenship Values are grouped into the following: Pagkamaka-Diyos, Pagkamaka-Tao,
Pagkamaka-Kalikasan, and Pagkamaka-Bayan.

Lesson 6 - Voter Citizenship Education

Qualification and Disqualification of a Voter

Suffrage may be exercised by all qualified and registered voters of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law.
According to our Constitution, voters shall not be barred from voting by their literacy, amount of property, or other such
matters.

Qualifications to vote in the Philippines are:

a. Being a citizen of the Philippines

b. Being eighteen years of age or over

c. Being a resident of the Philippines for one year, and for at least six months in the city or municipality wherein
he/she proposes to vote immediately preceding the election are qualified to vote.

The following are disqualified from voting:

a. Any person who has been sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not less than one year.
However, he/ she may reacquire the right to vote upon expiration of five years after service of sentence.

b. Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court or tribunal of having committed any
crime involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government such as rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-
subversion and firearms laws, or any crime against national security, unless restored to his/her full civil and
political rights in accordance with law: Provided, That he/she shall regain his right to vote automatically upon
expiration of five years after service of sentence.

c. Insane or incompetent persons as declared by competent authority.

The Commission on Higher Education emphasizes Your vote will mean:

that every voter must value their vote:
 Equal chance for a vote, whether rich or poor
 Guaranteed opportunity to participate
 It is priceless
 Better services from executive
 Better policies and laws from the
legislative
 A brighter future for us, FILIPINOS.

Why is it Important to choose Good Leaders?

The Commission on Higher Education has the following advice for first time voters on why electing good leaders is
vital in reform and governance:
  Elected candidates have access to public resources which can be used for the betterment of all, and not
just a select few.
 Those we elect become incharge of deciding our needs as citizens, and give priority to the most important
issues that directly affect us, and properly allocate resources needed to address these issues.
 Those we elect also become visible role models that help shape attitudes, because we see them every
day.
 When good leaders are elected into influential positions, they want to unite rather than divide the people.

 Our elected officials form our conscience as a people. They embody our judgments and aspirations.

Why we should cast our Votes during Elections?

 It is during the elections where we as citizens determine who is able to make decisions and wield the
power they were handed to make a positive difference for the country for years to come. Our decision on
who to put in power is of national significance.
 Exercising our right to choose our leaders at the very least gives us HOPE that we CAN choose good
people to be our leaders; and having good people in government will assure us that our needs and
welfare will be addressed and safeguarded.
 When we utilize our power to vote, we will have proven to ourselves that we are ready to face our destiny
as a people and indeed be responsible for the welfare of our nation

What must we do?

 Register or revalidate your registration

 Encourage your friends to register and to revalidate their registration.

 Help educate your friends.

 Cast your vote

 Watch the count

Module 2 - Drug Education

Lesson 1 - Nature of Drugs and Drug Abuse
An individual under the influence of drugs is
What is a Drug?
generally viewed as an emotionally unstable
individual. They usually have little to no
Drugs are substances that affect the way our body selfcontrol. They hate physical, mental, or
and our mind function. They can change how a person feels, moral suffering, which explains the need for
them to escape. They rely on drugs for the time
think, and behave. Why people take drugs depends on a
being, which should be changed and never
variety of reasons, and they take it in different ways. tolerated. Drugs don’t simply have an effect on
their physiological condition, it can also affect
What is Drugs or Substance Abuse?
their mental health, finances, their relationship
Substance abuse according to World Health and social life – having them charged with
Organization (WHO) refers to “the harmful or hazardous use criminal offenses.

of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs”. The use of psychoactive substance can result in
dependence syndrome – “a cluster of behavioral, cognitive and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated
substance use”. It is characterized by a strong desire of a person to take drugs, problems in controlling like cravings
for its use, persistence in its use regardless of dangerous consequences, primacy given to drugs than other worthy
activities, increased tolerance having increased dosage to drug use and physical withdrawal state (WHO, 2020).

Another definition of drug abuse is that it is consumption of certain chemicals to produce pleasurable effects
on the brain. (Mandal, A. 2019) Mandal’s study further notes there are over 190 million drug abusers worldwide, and
this “problem has risen at alarming rates, especially among youth.” Apart from the possible negative side effects of the
excessive use of drugs, a drug abuser can also become vulnerable to many kinds of diseases.

Drug Addiction (Substance Use Disorder)

The Mayo Clinic states that drug addiction, also termed ‘substance use disorder’, is a “disease that affects a
person's brain and behavior” which often leads to one’s inability to control their use of a prescribed or illegal drug.
Addiction as a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite
harmful consequences. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain, they change its structure
and how it works. These brain changes can be long-lasting and can lead to the harmful behaviors seen in people who
abuse drugs (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2014).

Is Drug Abuse and Drug Addiction the Same?

Medical experts advise that the terms ‘drug abuse’ and ‘drug addiction’ are not synonymous. Drug abuse is when legal
or illegal substances are used in ways not advised by medical professionals. Examples of abuse are when you might
take more than the regular dose of pills; or use someone else’s prescription even if you don’t need that particular
medication. Drugs can be abused when the person just wants to “feel good,” ease their stress, or avoid reality.
Typically, the result of abuse is what leads a person to addiction in that you are unable to change the unhealthy habit,
or that you cannot stop using the substance at all. (Casarella, J. 2020).

Why do people turn to Drugs?

The following are some of the reasons why people take psychoactive drugs based on the researches conducted by
famous authors:

1. Curiosity and “because others are doing it” - In this respect adolescents are particularly vulnerable because
of the strong influence of peer pressure.
 2. Recreation - Using prescribed drugs for that was originally to target pain relief, but has been turned into
recreational, addictive use.

3. Culture - Religious or cultural practices/ rituals that may call for the use of certain chemicals.

4. Loneliness – People who are into Substance Use Disorder commonly lack enough positive human contacts
to sustain happiness, and they resort to drug intake partly as self-medication (Panksepp, 2012).

5. To feel good – psychoactive substances contain chemicals that distorts reality and make you feel better.
After a while, the feeling-good in the brain will get addicted to it thus wanting more to get the same novel feeling.

6. To do better - Some people may take stimulants to enhance or improve their cognitive skills as well as
physical activities such as studying or athletic performance.

What are the Categories of Drugs?

The commonly abused drugs fall into three groups, and these include:

Depressants: These are drugs that cause depression of the brain's faculties by attacking the Central Nervous
System (CNS) slowing down the messages between the brain and the body. Some drugs in this category includes
those that are used as tranquilizers and anti-psychosis medicines. Examples of these are barbiturates such as
sleeping pills and non-barbiturates such as benzodiazepines, and alcohol.

Stimulants: Drugs which cause stimulation of the brain, giving rise to alertness and increased bursts of
activity. Examples of these are amphetamine, cocaine, caffeine and nicotine.

Hallucinogens (Psychedelics): These results to hallucinations and an "out of this world" feeling. This drugs
affect the sensation, thinking, and emotion that may lead to distorted sensory stimulations, delusion, paranoia and
even depression. Examples of hallucinogen drugs are ecstasy, mescaline and marijuana.

Basic Facts about Commonly Abused Substances

Marijuana

Marijuana is usually rolled up in a cigarette called a joint or a nail. It can also be brewed as a tea or mixed with
food, or smoked through a water pipe called a bong. According to a National Survey on Drug Abuse, kids who
frequently use marijuana are almost four times more likely to act violently or damage property.

Street Names: Weed, Grass, Herb, Pot, Dope

SHORT-TERM EFFECT LONG-TERM EFFECT

Feeling of warmth, flushed skin, impaired judgement, Leads to a deteriorating physical condition that can
lack of coordination, slurred speech, memory and include liver damage and increases the risk of heart
comprehension loss. Heavy drinking usually results in a disease. If someone suddenly stops drinking, withdrawal
“hangover”, headache, nausea, anxiety, weakness, symptoms may set in which may result to jumpiness,
shakiness and sometimes vomiting. sleeplessness, poor appetite, convulsions and
sometimes death.

Ecstasy

Ecstasy is usually taken orally in pill, tablet or capsule form. Taking more than one at a time is called
“bumping”. Ecstasy is a synthetic (man-made) drug made in laboratory. Makers may add anything they choose to the
drug such as caffeine, amphetamine and even cocaine. It has similar effects to hallucinogens and stimulants. The pills
are of different colors and are sometimes marked with cartoon-like images. Mixing ecstasy with alcohol is extremely
dangerous and can be lethal.

Street Names E, XTC, X, Adam, Beans, Lover’s Speed, Love Drug

SHORT-TERM EFFECT LONG-TERM EFFECT

Impaired judgement, false sense of affection, confusion, Prolonged use causes long-lasting and perhaps
depression, sleep problems, severe anxiety, paranoid, permanent damage to the brain, affecting the person’s
drug craving, muscle tension, involuntary tooth judgement and thinking ability.
clenching, nausea, blurred vision, faintness, chills or
sweating

Cocaine

Cocaine can be taken orally, through the nose(snorted), injected with a syringe or in the case of crack,
through inhalation of the fumes from heating it. It is made from the coca plant and next to methamphetamine creates
the greatest psychological dependence of any drug.

Street Names Coke, Crack, Flake, Rocks, Snow, Charlie, Sniff

SHORT-TERM EFFECT LONG-TERM EFFECT

Causes short-lived intense high that is immediately Cocaine can cause irritability, mood disturbances,
followed by the oppositeintense feelings of depression restlessness, paranoia and auditory (hearing)
and edginess and a craving for more of the drug. hallucinations. Tolerance to the drug develops so that
more is needed to produce the same “high”.

Shabu or Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine are inhaled, smoked or injected. Low doses are in a pill form. Crystal meth is a form of
methamphetamine that resembles small fragments of glass or shiny blue-white rocks. It is a highly powerful and
addictive man-made stimulant that causes aggression and violent or psychotic behavior. It is one of the hardest drugs
to treat.

Street Name Speed, Meth, Crystal, Crank, Ice, Glass, Quartz

SHORT-TERM EFFECT LONG-TERM EFFECT

Negative effects can include disturbed sleep patterns,
hyperactivity, nausea, delusions of power, increased
aggressiveness and irritability. Can decreased hunger
and bring on weight loss.
Increased heart rate and blood pressure, damage to
blood vessels in the brain, leading to strokes or irregular
heart beat and cardiovascular collapse or death. User
may suffer brain damage, including memory impairment
and increasing inability to grasp abstract thoughts.

Inhalants

Inhalants include chemicals found in such household products as aerosol sprays, cleaning fluids, glue, paint,
paint thinner, nail polish remover, amyl nitrate and lighter fuel. Inhalants affects the brain. When substances or fumes
are inhaled, they cause permanent physical and mental damage. They starve the body of oxygen and force the heart
to beat irregularly and more rapidly.

Street Name: Poppers, Whippets, Laughing Gas, Rush

SHORT-TERM EFFECT LONG-TERM EFFECT

People who use inhalants can lose their sense of smell, Can lead to muscle wasting and reduced muscle tone
suffer nausea, and nosebleeds and may develop liver, and strength. Can permanently damage the body and
lung and kidney problems. Continued use can lead to brain.
reduced muscle mass, tone and strength.

Most Common Signs of Drug Use and Addiction

A resource for American Addiction Centers state that every person's drug abuse or addiction experience is unique, but
there are some ‘basic’ signs that apply to many people who abuse substances, which include the following:

1. Intense cravings. 6. Drug-seeking behaviors.

2. Tolerance. 7. Financial trouble related to drug use.
3. Withdrawal symptoms 8. Neglecting responsibilities.
4. Physical dependence. 9. They are developing unhealthy relationships with
5. They are engaging in increasingly risky behaviors. those who support the addiction.
10. Isolating behaviors.
How do People take Illegal Drugs?

No matter which way people prefer to take in drugs, it will always end up in our bloodstream and create an effect on
our bodies. The common methods of administering drugs are the following:

Swallowing tablets or drinking liquids – The drugs are absorbed by the body via the stomach lining.

Breathing them into the lungs - The drugs are absorbed in the system through the lining of the lungs.

Snorting into the nose – The drugs are absorbed through the thin nasal lining.

Injecting - The drug substance enters the body via the blood stream.

Through the skin – The drugs are slowly absorbed into the body via a topical application like a cream or
body patch.

Rectally or vaginally as a suppository - The drugs are absorbed to the bowels via the vaginal lining or the
anal lining.

Ill Effects of Drugs

Overusing certain drugs and consuming illegal ones will lead to different effects physiologically, socially, and
legally. Abusing drugs may also lead to economic and political instability. The following are the ill effects of drugs:

Physiological - Any drugs are deemed dangerous when taken beyond the right dosage and beyond the right
intention. Drugs that can be harmful and dangerous when taken in combinations; or it becomes harmful to a
person who has contraindications such as an allergy to the substance, even if it is in small or typical doses.
Aside from the short and long-term effects cited in the previous pages, using illegal drugs can put a person at
 risk of transmissible diseases such as Hepatitis, and viruses like th e Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV),
which can then result in Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Social - Drugs’ consciousness-altering effects can severely aggravate the mood of the person taking it.
People frequently using drugs will more often than not, engage in aggressive and violent behaviors like
fighting, stealing, riots, and ot her forms of criminality; and will even develop an anti-social personality (Pozzi,
2018; and Johnson and Raine, 2013)

Legal - Dealing or just using illegal drugs can lead to imprisonment. People who are convicted often faced
social stigma from people around which in some cases resulted in social rejection. Another legal consequence
of drug abuse can lead to difficulty in applying a job as many employers conducts background investigation to
know if their new hires are free from legal encumbrances and liabilities.

Economic - Pozzi adds that “economic aftershock” that illegal drug use may cause comes often from loss of
potential manpower; low productivity; money laundering (because the illegal drug trade is profitable in the
black market black market); and the lack of security and safety in the community makes it an unfavorable
environment for investors to trust that their businesses will thrive. Additionally, governments spend quite an
amount of ta xpayer’s money to boost security against insurgency and criminality caused by the drug menace;
when instead it could go towards providing the basic needs of its citizens.

Political - The illegal drug trade corrupts the government system as well when drug syndicates and politicians
become involved, mostly due to access to money and power. (Kawugana & Faruna, 2018; Pozzi, 2018; and
Ciocchini, 2019).

Global Drug Situation

 Around 269 million people who used drugs in 2018- a figure that is 30% higher than in 2009 according to the
latest World Drug Report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC);
 35 million people suffering from drug use disorders;
 Developing countries has a rapid increase in drug use through the years (2000-2018) compared to developed
countries;
 192 million users worldwide of cannabis (marijuana) and is known as most used substance around the globe
in 2018;
 Opioids remained to be the most harmful classification of drug because of the 71% increase in opioid-related
deaths;
 Of that 71% increased, 92% are women and 63% are men;
 Increasing unemployment and the lessened opportunities for jobs caused by the COVID-19 pandemic will
likely “disproportionately affect the poorest,” (World Trdae Report, 2020).
 In effect it will make them likelier to turn to drug use, or drug manufacturing, and drug trafficking as well for a
source of income.

Philippine Drug Situation

 The Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) reported that there are 1.8 million Philippine drug users;
 4.8 million Filipinos reported to using illegal drugs at least once in their lives;
 More than three-quarters of these drug users are adults (91%), and a higher percentage were males (87%),
and have reached high school (80%);
 More than two-thirds (67%) of drug users are employed;
  Methamphetamine, locally called shabu or the “poor man’s cocaine,” is regarded as the most commonly used
drug in the Philippines;
 The United Nations in a 2012 report found that the Philippines had the highest rate of methamphetamine
abuse in countries in East Asia;
 About 2.2% of Filipinos between the ages 16–64 years were methamphetamine users.
 Upon assuming office on June 30, 2016, Philippine President Rodrigo R. Duterte and his cabinet launched a
campaign that focused on combating illegal drugs “OPLAN TOKHANG”

Drug Courier

The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) recognizes the drug courier as a “huge challenge” to law
enforcement. Over many years, it is becoming a trend to utilize drug couriers in transporting illegal drugs and has
become a worldwide concern. It poses serious threats to health, violates human rights, and cultivates illegal activities
and other crimes such as human trafficking and prostitution.

Drug mules or “drug couriers” are persons who transport illegal drugs in exchange for getting paid a huge
amount of money, usually determined by the amount of drugs to be delivered and the route/distance to be traveled.
The anti- illegal drug authority adds that women are typically targeted by syndicates “since they typically generate mild
suspicion from authorities,” and because there are “more cavities” in the female body to possibly insert the drugs in,
women pose less of a detection risk.

Factors Contributing to the Drug Courier Problem

Female Filipinos are enticed to enter as drug couriers by the syndicates because they were promised either
money, a relationship, or marriage; as have been the case with several arrests made by PDEA. Many people, whether
men or women, enter into being drug couriers out of the promise of the opportunity to travel, a comfortable life, and an
‘easy,’ high-paying job, according to a study by the PDEA.

These are the following factors that give rise to the drug courier problem:

 Prevalent poverty  Unemployment

 Lack of education  Traveling opportunities

 The promise of easy money

Anti-Drug Campaigns and Advocacies of the Government

 “Barkada Kontra Droga” or “Peer Group Against Drugs” program launched by the Dangerous Drugs Board
aims to tap teen-peers in advocating for preventive education to counter the ill effects of drug abuse;
 Several policies have been mandated by the Duterte administration including:
o the establishment of community-based treatment and rehabilitation programs and services;
o institutionalizing the Drug-Free Workplace Policy; and
o Conducting authorized drug testing for elective local officials and appointive public officers.
  In July 2016 “Oplan Tokhang,” a combination of the Bisayan words for knock (toktok) and plead (hangyo)
was launched which involves officers going door- to- door in communities to root out drug-related offenders;
 On September 19, 2016, the DDB approved Board Regulation No. 4, Series of 2016, entitled “OPLAN
SAGIP”, which provided guidelines on the voluntary surrender of drug users and dependents, as well as
mandating a monitoring mechanism for barangays in their Anti-Drug Abuse campaigns.
Republic Act No. 9165

Also known as the Philippine Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, it is enshrined in the law that it
will be responsibility of our government to “safeguard the integrity of its territory and the well-being of its citizenry
particularly the youth,” and one of the ways they aim to do that is to keep its citizens away from the awful effects of
illegal drugs on their overall well-being.

Article II – Unlawful Acts and Penalties.

Under this article of RA 9165, the various illegal acts related to the creation, sale, and distribution of drugs are
detailed.

 Section 5 – Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of

Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals
 Section 6 - Maintenance of a Den, Dive, or Resort
 Section 7 - Employees and Visitors of a Den, Dive or Resort.
 Section 10 - Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus, and Other Paraphernalia for
Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.
 Section 11 - Possession of Dangerous Drugs.
 Section 12 - Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs.
 Section 13 - Possession of Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings.
 Section 14 - Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs
During Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings.
 Section 15 - Use of Dangerous Drugs.
 Section 16 - Cultivation or Culture of Plants Classified as Dangerous Drugs or are Sources Thereof.

Article IV - Participation of the Family, Students, Teachers and School Authorities in the Enforcement of this
Act.

The government is not the sole actor in implementing the prevention of citizens in making, selling, and
distributing illegal substances. The various stakeholders of society have a part to play as well in ensuring that society
avoids the ills of illegal drugs.

 Section 41 - Involvement of the Family.

 Section 42 - Student Councils and Campus Organizations.
 Section 43 - School Curricula.

Lesson 2 - The Role of the Youth in Drug Abuse Prevention

WHO notes that drugs affect young people in every part of the world. They may use drugs, be involved in the
cultivation or production of drugs, or are used as couriers. Factors such as the personal, micro level (influence of the
family, school, or peers), and macro level (their socioeconomic and physical environment) interplay may cause young
people to be more vulnerable to substance use. A large body of research has suggested that early (12–14 years old)
to late (15–17 years old) adolescence is a “critical risk period” at which adolescents may engage in substance abuse,
before it peaks at around 18 – 25 years old. Quite a number of young people dabble in drugs to try and be able to
cope with social and psychological challenges during the different phases of their development. Others have far more
tragic reasons, such as using drugs or other regulated substances like nicotine or alcohol as a way to cope with
physical or sexual abuse.
Engaging the Youth in Drug Prevention

The International Youth Foundation espouses that “Young people are not problems to be solved, but problem
solvers themselves,” which is a claim that rings true, because the young people of society are integral voices in
helping shape our culture, government, and society at large. There are many reasons why youth’s participation in
development programmes are vital. Their unique skills and innovative ideas to communicate and reach-out to people
can be of extreme help to communities such as but not limited to disseminating information through media.
Participation provides young people with a sense of purpose and direction, giving them the feeling of being more
connected to the activities and taking accountability of the programme’s mission (UNODCCP, 2002). In a study
entitled “Youth Participation in Drug Prevention Programmes,” Poole, stated that the “unique experiences, viewpoints
and vitality,” of young people make them capable of making extremely important contributions to their immediate
communities and society as a whole. Encouraging the participation of young people in drug prevention programs and
allowing them to communicate their message in their own unique way is an example of recognizing the “vast potential”
of young people for productiveness and responsibility (Poole et. Al., 2005).

The Value of the Youth in Participating the Drug Prevention

Poole in her study notes the following advantages of engaging the youth sector in drug prevention:

1. Morals and character are developed The youth are empowered to question what is happening around
them, and gain confidence in themselves to think critically, especially when they support each other.

2. The youth listen to their fellows Young people are some of the most effective teachers, reliable
messengers, and successful recruiters who can convince their peers to join any cause. There is no one
better at knowing youth attitudes and behaviors than the people living these experiences.

3. A foundation for a good adult life Deliberately keeping young people uninformed and making them unable
to contribute only leads to future problems that can be avoided.

4. A direct reflection of what young people want and need Young people have a lot to say and contribute.
Young people understand that drug prevention is a crucial issue, and they also know they are great sources
of information. They realize the importance of drug prevention because it is better to help youth avoid drugs
rather than try to stop them after addiction.

T.E.N. (10) WAYS TO SAY "NO" TO DRUGS

1. Use your voice, just say "NO" and mean it!

2. Show them an image of clean living for yourself.

3. Get into sports.

4. Choose your friends and influence them positively.

5. Get involved in community-based projects.

6. Join organizations (church, school, community, or social) or youth clubs.

 7. Learn how to manage stress.

8. Join seminars on anti-drug abuse prevention.

9. Talk to your family, listen to the problems of your brothers and sisters.

10. Enhance your talents or skills by taking part in workshops, training or seminars.

To be involved in drug prevention and control requires a S.T.R.O.N.G. group:

S – Steadfast personality

T – Trustworthy in words and deeds

R – Respectable in relating to others

O – Open-minded in facing situations

N – Noble character

G – Gusty actions and ideas

Nobody, especially a teenager, likes to be lectured about what they can or cannot do. Thus, we shall
provide the facts that allow a person to make an informed decision on their own to remain drug-free. The light that will
shed success to this plan would be student participation.