{

,
.
z

. :
: p,
q, r, s, t,, :T, ,
: , , , , : (, ).
{

. :
(1)
.
(2) A B , (A),
(AB), (AB), (A B) (A B)
.
(3)
(1) (2).
: .
{

:
A, B, C, D, , , , . . .
A(p, q) (p1, p2, . . . , pn)
p, q, r, s.



.

Topic #1.0 Propositional Logic: Operators

1
{

(p q) (q r) (p r)

Topic #1.0 Propositional Logic: Operators

- 2
{

(p q) (p r) q
.(:


?).

Topic #1.0 Propositional Logic: Operators

- 2
{

(p q) (p r) q
(p q),

(p r) q.

().

Topic #1.0 Propositional Logic: Operators

- 2
()=T,
()=T ()=T
()= ()=T
()= ()= .
()= ()=T.
()= (p)= (q)= .

Topic #1.0 Propositional Logic: Operators

- 2
{

r:

((p r) q)=T
(( r) )=T
{

r, ()=T,

:
(p)=, (q)= (r)=.
10

.
: p p; (p q) (p q) ;



.
: p p; pp;

11


1 ( ). A (AB)
B .
2 ( ). A

p1 , p2 ,..., pn , B
pi
A Ai, i=1,
2, ...,n, B .
3 B1 A1
A
A1 B,
((AB)(A1B1)) .
12

Topic #1.0 Propositional Logic: Operators

1.
xx,
(pq)r (pq)r
2. (pq) (qp),
( )

((pq) (sp)) ((qp) (sp))

13

(.. )

(.. ).

.



.
A B A
B.
14

2.
A B
A B
.
A B
A B.

15

(p q) p q

p q pq
T
T

T
T
T

(pq) p q

T
T

p q

p q p q

p q p
T
T

T
T

pq

pq

T
T

T
T

16

z
z

pTp
pp

z
z

pT
p

17

z
z

ppp
ppp

(p) p

18

z
z

z
z

(p q) (q p)
(p q) (q p)

(p q) r p (q r)
(p q) r p (q r)

z
z

p (q r) (p q) (p r)
p (q r) (p q) (p r)
19

z
z

z
z

(p q) p q
(p q) p q

p (p q) p
p (p q) p

z
z

p p T
p p
20

(p1 p2 pn) p1 p2 pn

(p1 p2 pn) p1 p2 pn

21

p q p q( )
z

p q q p
z

{
{

p q p q
. q p
, .. q , p
.

p q p q
p q (p q)
z

q .

(p q) p q
z

p q p , q .

22

(p q) (p r ) p (q r)
z

(p r) (q r ) (p q) r
z

r p r q,
r , p q
. , p
q r ,
p , a q ,
p r.
p , a q , q r.

(p q) (p r ) p (q r)
z

p q p r,
p q r. .

p q
p r , p
q r . .

(p r) (q r ) (p q) r
z

r p q,
r , p
q. , p q
r ,
r.
23

p q (p q) (q p)
z

p q , p
q

p q (p q) (p q)
z

p q , p q q
p

p q p q
z

( )

p q ,
(
,
)

(p q ) p q p q
z

p q ,
, p
q.

24

:

z
z
z
z

p:
q:
p q
(p q) .. p q:

:
.
z
z

p q
(p q) .. p q:

.

25

z
z

:
z
z

(p q) p q
(p (p q) p q

26

:
.
z
z
z
z
z

p:
q:
r:
p (q r)
(p (q r)) (p (q r)) p (q r)
p (q r) (p q) (p r)

p (q r): ,
. (
.)
(p q) (p r):

.
(q r) p: ,

27

A

, , .
A ,
, T
A
A *.
:

28

,

.

z (p q) p q
z (p q) p q

z p (p q) p
z p (p q) p

z p p T
z p p
29

n .







.

.

30


{
{

{
{

.
Ci
pi
pi
.
.
k- .
pi
. Ck
pi
pi .
Ck Ci

.
D
Ci.

, D=p1p1.

31

()



.
, ,
z

. ,
pq
pq qp,
p q
pq,

32

 1
p

f(p,q)

D e (pq)(pq)(pq)

33

f(p,q,r)

e (pqr)(pqr)(pqr)( pqr)( pqr)

34

 ()

{

()




.
, ,

. , pq
pq qp,
p q
pq,

35

 ()

,

z

p q (p q)

36

 ()

,

z

p q (p q)

37

 (NAND) (NOR)
{
{

: | ( )
( NAND )
p | q p q
, .
z .
z q - p q .
z p|q
p

p|q

38

 (NAND) (NOR)
{

: (
NOR )
p q p q ,

z

p q.

pq

39

p(p|p)
p q((p|p)|(q|q)).

{
{

p(pp)
(p q) ((p p)(q
q)).

40