Traffic Management and Accident Investigation With Driving 1

Traffic Management and Accident Investigation with Driving
Transportation
 It refers to the system of movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location
to another
 Man’s need to travel dates back as early as the creation of human beings.
Various Modes of Transportation

1. Manpower
2. Animal Power
3. Wind Power
Manpower
 Early man, who had no domesticated animals, carried his own burdens by means of
walking.
 Manpower in important in many parts of the world under the system of barter.
Walking
 It is commonly cited by reference books and literatures that man first used the power of
his own feet in travelling while a load is either being carried or dragged.
Pedestrian
 Comes from the Latin word “pedester” which means to travel by foot.
Carrying Pole
 It is also known as shoulder pole or milkmaid’s yoke.
 In China and other parts of Far East Asia, the carrying pole, balance on one shoulder is a
popular carrying device. On islands of the Pacific, the ends of the pole are supported by
two men, with goods suspended from the pole in between.
Back Load and Tumpline

 In many parts of the world, goods are carried on the back. In Subtemla, pots are carried on
a wooden framework supported by a tumpline across the forehead. In the Andes, the load
is held on the back by strap passing over the chest.
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Sledge on Rollers
 The moving of heavy burdens was to place them on sledge which rested on a series of
rollers.
Sledge on Runners
 A simple sledge, probably man-drawn was in use at the end of the Old Stone Age in
Northern Europe, as evidenced by fragments of wooden runners which survived.
Travois
 It is a type of sled consisting of two poles joined and serves as a platform on which the
burdens are placed.
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Animal Power
 Before 1830 walking remained the most common mode of human transportation, but
throughout the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries people increasingly used animals
to move goods and themselves over land.
Ox
 It was first used in Mesopotamia to draw war carriages. It is still being used in different
parts of the to transport agricultural products and for riding.
Reindeers
 Used during Christian Eras on Siberia and northern part of the world to carry sled.
Dogs
 Used in northern region especially in cold places to carry sled.
Donkeys
 Used to carry packs, even before the birth of Christ.
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Llama
 Used by Incas and later by Pre-Columbian Americans to transport goods.
Elephants
 Used in India to serve as weapon and mode of transportation.
Horse
 Horse drawn chariots appeared in Southwest Asia around 2000 B.C.. In Europe, it was
used to draw four wheeled vehicles for riding.
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Camels
 Used in Central Asia to travel in the dessert.
Yaks
 Used by the Tibetans especially in cold regions.
Canoes
 First means of water transportation made from animal skin, hardened and moulded to
form a boat.
Wind Power
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 Man realized the energy from the mass moving air and learned to utilize such powers to
lift rather to drag. This paved way to invention of air lifter transportation vessels.
Ancient Chinese Kite
 Kites have been flown as popular past time in the Far East since the beginning of time.
Based on Korean Tradition, kite was first used for transport when a Korean General
employed one in bridge building. By means of kite, a cord was conveyed across the river.
In late 10th century, several European armies experimented on transporting men with the
used of kite.
Sail Ships
 A sail ship is a sea-going vessel that uses sails mounted on masts to harness the power of
wind and propel the vessel. It was used from about 3000 B.C.
Junks
 It is a type of Chinese sailing ship with fully battened sails. It has a steering wheel and
rudder in turning or diverting the ship.
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Roads and Vehicles
Romans
 The first to construct a road network that reaches for about 50,000 miles.
Macadamized Road
 It is a form of pavement invented by John Mc Adam of Scotland in the 18th century. Mc
Adam's road cross section was composed of a compacted sub grade of crushed granite or
greenstone designed to support the load, covered by a surface of light stone to absorb wear
and tear and shed water to the drainage ditches but was destroyed by the automatic rubber
wheels.
Spaniards
 The one responsible for the construction of road networks in the Philippines.
Americans
 The first to send automobile in the Philippines in the year 1901.
Canals
 A body of water used in as a channel of sea transportation.
New Castle to Manchester

 The first canal ever built with the span of seven miles.
The Erie Canal
 The first American canal was opened in 1825 with the span of 363 miles that connects the
Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River in upstate New York.
Railways
 A channel of transportation wherein a parallel line of irons were used as a road. The
accessibility is limited to trains only.
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Stockton and Darlington Line
 The first railroad constructed in Northeast England from 1825 to 1863.
Liverpool and Manchester Railway
 The second railroad constructed in 1825 and the first inter-city railroad in the world.
George Stephenson
 A British Civil and Mechanical Engineer who built the Blucher, the first steam
locomotive.
 Also known as the Father of Railways
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
 It was the first common carrier railroad and the oldest railroad in the United States with its
first section opening in 1830.
Evolution of Motor Vehicles

Steam Engine
 It is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. It was
perfected in 1760s by James Watt.
Steamboat
 A boat with steam engine.
Jacques Perrier
 Built a steamboat in the year 1775.
Robert Fulton’s Claremont
 Fulton’s made his first journey on 1807 at the Hudson River, the first steamboat appeared
on 1811.
John Palmer
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 He introduced the fast mail coach in March of 1785 and by 1800, the English coach was
in full swing.
The Invention of Bicycle

 In the early 19th century served as nursery of automobile builders. One of the modern
ancestors of the bicycle was the Hobby Horse or the Dan Horse. The wheels are made of
wood, with tires of iron, and riders pushed themselves along with their feet on the ground.
Bicycle
 A transportation made by series of connected tubes, one pair of pneumonic wheel, a pedal
system, and a steering handle that started around 1818.
Karl Von Drais

 The German Baron in 1817 who introduced a steerable wheel, creating “draisenne” or
dandy horse.
Dandy Horse
 The first bicycle without a pedal system.
Star Bicycle
 Bicycle with open pair of wheels, one large rear wheel and a small one at the front.
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Tandem Bicycle
 Used by several person and both wheels are equal size.
Pneumatic Tires
 Tires that are inflated by the air and was invented by a Scottish, named John Boyd Dunlop
that appeared in the late 19th century about 1988.
Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir

 A Frenchman who made possible the introduction of motorized carriages by his invention
of the “Internal Combustion Engine” in the 1860s and 1870s.
Nicolaus Otto and Gottlieb Daimler
 They pioneered the manufacture of the gas engines, and later became successful
automobile manufacturer.
Automobile
 The automobile found its greatest popularity in the US, where the first horseless carriage
appeared in 1890s.
 In1908, Henry Ford introduced the Model T, which was popular that by 1914, Ford had
adopted mass production methods to cater the demand.
 From Ford Era, the demand of vehicles became great for the transportation of goods,
products, communications and people. Hence, man started manufacturing large cargo
trucks and busses for mass transportation.
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Rudolf Diesel
 A German engineer who developed an internal combustion engine which is similar with
the gasoline engine but requires no electrical ignition system or carburettor and uses other
form of liquid fuel, the diesel fuel.
Felix Wankel
 In 1956, a German mathematician eho developed an advanced type of engine named after
him that operated very differently from gas and diesel engines. It is started by a moving
crankshaft.
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Transportation in the Philippines
 Jeepneys are a popular means of public transportation in the Philippines. They were
originally made from US military jeeps left over from World War II and are well known
for their flamboyant decoration and crowded seating.
 As American troops began to leave the Philippines at the end of the World War II,
hundreds of surplus jeeps were sold or given to local Filipinos. Locals stripped down the
jeeps to accommodate several passengers, added metal roofs for shade, and decorated the
vehicles with vibrant colors and bright chrome hood ornament.
 Leonardo Sarao was an enterprising cochero, who found work in automotive bodybuilding
and repair shop. The first Sarao Motors jeepney rolled out in 1954. Francisco Anastacio
was a calesa painter who was later employed by Sarao, and who struck out his own
Francicso Motors.
 The earliest passenger jeepney is said to have been conceived, built, and driven in 1945 by
Clodualdo Delfino, a musician-entertainer whoo need to make a living immediately after
liberation.
 In the Philippines, the introduction of the Light Rail Transit and Metro Rail Transit,
flyovers, pedestrians and vehicle culverts, rock sheds, and other modern traffic ways
contributed to the expeditious movement of traffic users.
Fundamentals of Traffic Management

Traffic
 It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, wether by combustion system or
animal drawn from one place to another for the purpose of travel.
 It is the movement of vehicles and peoples from point of origin to the point of destination.
 It is also applied with movement of other vehicles, as well as persons, goods or even
messages and articles.
Etymology of Traffic
 Traffic originally meant “trade”. It originates from the Greco-Roman word “Trafico” with
reference to the movement of people.
 The Greek originally called the system as “Trafriga”.
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 There is no dispute that trafico is Greco-Roman word, but the word traffic is crafted from
the famous “Trafalgar Square” a public square in the City of Westminster, Central
London, established in the early 19th century around the area formerly known as Charing
Cross.
Traffic Management
 It is an executive function of planning, organizing, supervising, directing, coordinating,
operating, recording and budgeting traffic affairs.
 It refers to the activities undertaken by a highway transportation agency to improve
roadway system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for both providers and consumers of
transportation services.
Terms to Ponder
Management
 Refers to the skilful use of means to accomplish purpose.
Operation
 Pertains to course or series of acts to effect a certain purpose, manner of action, or a vital
or natural process of activity.
Roadway
 The part of the traffic way over which motor vehicle passes.
Shoulder
 Refers to the either side of the roadway especially along highway.
Traffic Way
 Refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of which any part
is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic.
Pillars of the Traffic Management

General Pillars
1. Engineering
 The science of measuring traffic and travel. The study of basic laws relative to traffic flow
and generation. The application of knowledge to the professional practice of planning and
operating the traffic system to achieve safe and efficient movement of persons and goods.
2. Education
 It refers to any act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge on traffic or
any matters relating to the use of the traffic way or road ways.
3. Enforcement
 It is the action taken by the traffic law enforcers such as arresting, issuing traffic citation
ticket, and giving warning to erring drivers and pedestrians for the purpose of deterring
and discouraging and or to prevent such violations.
Subsidiary Pillars
4. Environment or Ecology
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 It is the study of potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban
environment due to scale and density of new urban concentration and new activities, air,
water and noise pollution, and crowding especially transport congestion which result
therein.
5. Economy
 It deals with the study with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our community.
Agencies Involved in Traffic Engineering

1. Department of Public Works and Highways
 The main executive department which is responsible for the planning, construction, and
maintenance of traffic facilities particularly those categorized as national highways and
other major road arteries.
2. Local Public Works and Engineering Offices
 In the local level, these offices are responsible for the planning, construction, and
maintenance of traffic facilities.
3. Legislative (Congress/City or Municipal Board)
 The legislative bodies are not only responsible for the passing or amendments of laws
concerning traffic but also they are involved in the planning and approval of the
government projects.
Agencies Involved in Traffic Education

1. Academic Institutions
 Schools both public and private are responsible for the basic traffic education.
a. Elementary
 They are tasked to educate children to obey traffic rules through their programmed
curricula.
b. Secondary
 Tasked to educate students in obeying the traffic rules by imposing school policies
intended for the welfare of the students.
c. Tertiary
 They offer subjects on driving and traffic safety course or any allied subjects.
2. Public Information Offices
 They provides necessary updated information to the public by creating traffic safety
campaigns and other activities relating to traffic.
3. Tri-Media
 Government and Privately-owned publications, and radio and television broadcasting
companies provide necessary updated traffic related information to the public through
their respective programs.
Agencies Involved in Traffic Enforcement

1. Department of Transportation
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 It is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the
maintenance and expansion of viable, efficient, and dependable transportation systems as
effective instruments for national recovery and economic progress. It is responsible for the
country's land, air, and sea communications infrastructure.
2. Land Transportation Office
 It is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of
Transportation responsible for all land transportation in the Philippines. Functions of the
LTO include the inspection and registration of motor vehicles, issuance of licenses and
permits, enforcement of land transportation rules and regulations, and adjudication of
traffic cases
3. Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board
 The LTFRB is responsible for promulgating, administering, enforcing, and monitoring
compliance of policies, laws, and regulations of public land transportation services. The
agency is in charge of granting franchises or accreditations and regulating public vehicles
such as Public Utility Buses, Mini-buses, Public Utility Jeepneys, Utility Vehicle Express
Services, Filcab service, school services, taxies, Transportation Network Vehicle Services,
and Tourist Transport Services
4. Metro Manila Development Authority
 The MMDA is under the direct supervision of the Office of the President of the
Philippines. It performs planning, monitoring and coordinative functions, and in the
process exercises regulatory and supervisory authority over the delivery of metro-wide
services within Metro Manila without diminution of the autonomy of the local
government units concerning purely local matters.
5. Philippine National Police
 The PNP through the Highway Patrol Group and other traffic management units is
responsible primarily for the direct enforcement of traffic laws, rules, and regulations.
6. Local Traffic Management Bureaus
 These are offices under the supervision of the city or municipal mayors with primary task
of assisting the local PNP traffic units in the enforcement of traffic laws and ordinances.
7. Baranggay
 The Baranggay Tanods or Baranggay Security Forces are the usual traffic control officers
in their perspective localities particularly during emergencies.
8. Citizen Support Groups
 The private institutions and organizations that also help in management of traffic by
assisting government agencies in various activities especially during special occasions and
holidays where traffic problems most likely to occur.
9. Courts
 The courts are responsible for the adjudication of traffic related cases filed before them.
Specific Traffic Problems

1. Traffic Build-Up
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 It is characterized by the gradual increasing of the traffic users in a given portion of the
traffic way.
2. Traffic Congestions
 These are conditions on road networks that occur as increases, and are characterized by
lowers speeds, longer travel time, and increased in vehicular queuing.
3. Traffic Jams or Snarl-Up
 These situations in highways in which the movement of traffic users is very slow and
stationary.
4. Bottlenecks
 These are narrow points or areas in highways where traffic congestions or traffic jams
usually occur.
5. Gridlock
 A state or conditions of severe road congestions arising when continues queues of vehicles
block an entire intersecting streets bringing traffic in all directions to a complete standstill.
6. Accidents
 These are the events or incidents which may cause unintentional damage to property,
injuries, loss of limbs, and death.
7. Collisions
 These are incidents or instances of one moving traffic unit or person striking violently
against another.
a. Head-on Collision
 Occurs when two vehicles made a frontal collision.
Major Causes of Traffic Congestions

1. Physical Inadequacy
 This is characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossings, and lack of other
traffic facilities.
2. Poor Control Measures
 This characterized by ineffective mechanical control devices, inefficient traffic officers,
and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules, and regulations.
3. Human Errors
 Many traffic congestions are caused by slow drivers or poor driving skills and habits,
pedestrian’s mistake, officer’s errors, poor planning, poor legislation, and traffic accidents
which was all attributed to human errors.
4. Poor Maintenance
 Oftentimes motor vehicles stalled in traffic ways because of unrepaired diggings, cracks
on the road pavement, or unfinished road pavement concreting.
Factors Contributing to Road Accidents

1. Human Errors
 Lack of skills
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 Intoxicated by alcohol or drugs
 Driving too fast or excessive speed
 Failing to give way at junctions
 Following too closely
 Overtaking improperly
 Misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead
2. Road Deficiencies
 Poor design of layout of the traffic way
 Inadequate signage, road marking, and lighting
 Slippery roads
 Road obstruction such as stray animals, illegally parked vehicles, ongoing road
constructions, and side-walk vendors
3. Main Vehicle Factor
 Poorly maintained vehicle
 Defects in tires, brakes, lights, and other important components of the vehicle
Driver
 It refers to every and any license operator of a motor vehicle.
 Is shall be unlawful for any person to operate any motor vehicle without having in his
possession a valid license to drive a motor vehicle.
 The license shall be carried by the driver at all times when operating a motor vehicle, and
shall be shown and/or surrendered for cause and upon demand to any person with
authority.
The Biorhythm
 It is a theory which asserts that man exhibits constant variation of life energy and mood
states. Man’s theorized cycles and interpretation rhythm is peculiar characteristics of most
natural phenomena, some of examples of which are:
a. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness
b. The four season
c. Our wet and dry season
d. The waxing of the moon
23 Day Cycle (Physical)
 It is also known as the cycle of our strength, endurance, and courage.
 The male component of a person.
28 Day Cycle (Emotional)
 It is also known as the cycle of our sensitivity, love, and intuition.
 The female component of a person.
33 Day Cycle (Intellectual)
 The intellectual cycle
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All these cycle at the time we are born. When the curve is said to be high or a person has
some more energy to spare:
1. Physically High
 We tend to be energetic, strong, and full of vitality.
2. Emotionally High
 We tend to be creative, artistic, cheerful, and happy.
3. Intellectually High
 We are able to think quickly and logically.
When the curve is below the center line, the biorhythm is said to be low or in a recharge
period:
1. Physically Low
 We tend to tire quickly and succumb to illness easily.
2. Emotionally Low
 We feel moody, irritable or depressed
3. Intellectually Low
 We find concentrating or remembering difficult or we are likely to use poor judgement
when any of the curves crossed the center line.
Traffic Education
 It is the process of training road users in the avoidance and prevention of traffic related
accidents.
 It is imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety.
 Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety
 Developing traffic morality.
Purpose of Driver Education

1. To instil awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibility.
2. To teach abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s license.
The Four Basic Types of Instruction Used in Driver’s Education Program

1. Comprehensive or Real Life Methods
 This method places the student in real life of driving situation from the beginning.
2. Traditional Instruction
 This type of instruction depends on student-instructor communication.
3. Commentary Driving
 The student-driver accompanied by an instructor has to give commentary on his driving,
what he sees, what he does, why he does it, what he proposes to do, what others are likely
to do, etc.
4. Simulated Conditions
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 On and off the road training. The premise of simulated conditions training is that the
behaviors of the driver-subject placed in condition will relatively analogous to normal
behavior.
Road Safety
 It refers to the reduced risk of accident or injury on the roads, achieved through multi-
disciplinary approaches involving road engineering, traffic management, education and
training of road users, and vehicle design.
Road Safety Campaign
 The aim of this campaign is to make the road users behave properly
 It focuses on public information attitudes, this characterized as road propaganda.
Tripod of Road Safety
1. Man Component
2. Engine Component
3. Environment
The Different Types of Driver

1. Egotist
 They are self-centered and not learned how to be unselfish. They have not learned how to
share. They are good examples of perfect egotist. The egotist thinks that the world revolve
around him.
Attitudes of an Egotist Driver
 Pulling out of line to the confusion of others
 Stopping or making turns without using turn signals
 Making turns form improper traffic lanes
 Cutting in too closely after passing
 Not staying in his own side of the road or in his traffic lane
 Boasting of breaking traffic laws
 Acting as though accidents happen only to others
 Demanding the right of way
 Using influence and pull for ticket fixing
 Parking double for his own convenience
 Parking his car so that it occupies almost two parking spaces
 Pulling out the curb without signalling or looking for approaching cars
2. Show-off
 Like the egotist, the show-off driver discloses that he never properly grow up. He has
never managed, no matter what his age, to get both feet on the ground and to see himself
in his proper place among other men and women. He is like the child who enjoys dangling
his lollipop in other children’s faces. He is competitive and boastful. Often suffering from
inferiority complex which he is covering up by trying to superior. He doesn’t stop to
realize how ridiculous he looks to others.
The show-off driver practices the following:
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 Driving too fast for conditions
 Driving more recklessly the larger his audience
 Creating near emergencies to prove that he can get out of them
 Boasting his car’s speed and power and his own skill
 Boasting of the times he make between places
 Acting more for showmanship than for sportsmanship
 Passing other cars at risky places and talking about his luck
 Painting his car with loud colors and smart remarks or plastering it with stickers
 Being ready he can stop on a dime
 Being ready to take a chance or to try anything once
 Being willing to turn the highway into a race track
 Boasting that he can drive after drinking
 Always taking a dare
 Passing red lights and stop signs with an air of bravado
 Trying to give an impression that he drives like a man who has been around a lot
3. Over Emotional
 They take slightest criticism as personal offenses. They whine and sulk and become
resentful. Their emotional development has been stunted. They are called unstable
because they cannot be depended on.
Characteristics of Over Emotional Driver
 Lack presence of mind during emergencies
 Get upset over trifles, or are nervous in unusual situation
 Lose their temper and consequently their judgement
 Express anger by driving recklessly
 Show impatience in traffic jams and start irrational horn-blowing
 Flash their lights in the eyes of oncoming drivers
 Easily distracted from driving
 Talk loud or use profane languages
 Call traffic enforcers by abusive names
 Resort to boorish crowding and pushing others out of their lanes.
4. Rationalizer
 They never learned to face facts squarely. They find it easy to see a thing the way they
want to see it, rather than the way it really is. They will not admit their own fault. If
involved in an accidents, they blame the driver of another car, the traffic regulations, the
road, the backseat driver, their own car, anyone, and anything but not themselves. They
lack courage to admit their own faults. They are clever at finding plausible-sounding
arguments to excuse everything even though they were obviously wrong.
5. Thwarted
 They do absurd things to compensate or make up for failure. There is a strong desire for
them to be masterful, to achieve something, to assert himself and display their power. If
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circumstances prevent them from showing mastery in one situation, they try to show it in
another. They are like unimportant fellow look for a chance to appear powerful.
Characteristics of a Thwarted Driver
 Insisting on the right-of-way.
 Talking big to traffic officers and other drivers.
 Arguing at traffic point endlessly
 Showing the road practices of the egotist
 Bullying other drivers and pedestrians.
 Giving his dust to smaller or older cars
 Edging in to cheat someone out of a parking space
 Making pedestrians scramble to safety
 Not moving over when another driver signals he wants to pass
 Getting even with drivers who pass him.
6. Top Notch Driver
 From a psychological point of view, the top notch drivers have not only motor skill, but
balance and self-control. They have good social attitudes. They show good adjustment and
maturity.
Characteristics of a Top Notch Driver
 Acceptance of responsibility
 Self-control
 Good sportsmanship
 Forethought
 Controlled attention
 Good judgement
Behavioral Level of Intoxicated Driver

 O.05% or less, the driver is presumed not under the influence of intoxicating liquor
 Between 0.08% to 0.15%, the driver apparently lack of mental control
 Between 0.18% to 0.25%, the driver behavioral attributes become patently ominous,
laughing, uncoordinated walking, slur speech, and visibility is blurred.
 Between 0.38% to 0.40%, the average person is physically insensible, as if in coma or
trance.
 Between 0.40% to 0.50%, the person is numbed, as if anesthated.
 Level 0.50%, the average person is seemingly dead but other can still drive but
dangerously.
Note:
Two presumptive standards in the Philippines relating to the interpretation of blood alcohol
contents:
 0.05% or less, presumed that he is not under the influence of intoxicating liquor
 0.15% or more, presumed that he is under the influence of intoxicating liquor.
Blood Alcohol Contents Limits by Different Countries

Country Blood Alcohol Content Percentage
USA 0.08mg/ml
England 0.08mg/ml
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Canada 0.08mg/ml
New Zealand 0.08mg/ml
France 0.08mg/ml
Norway 0.08mg/ml
Sweden 0.05mg/ml
Spain 0.05mg/ml
Lithuania 0.04mg/ml
Poland 0.03mg/ml
Afghanistan 0.00mg/ml
Japan 0.00mg/ml
Saudi Arabia 0.00mg/ml
Qatar 0.00mg/ml
Other Scientific Test for Intoxication

1. Urine-Alcohol Test
2. Saliva-Alcohol Test
3. Breath Alcohol Analyzer Test
The Conductor
 The conductor is responsible for the loading of number of passengers, freight or cargo
inside his public utility motor vehicle.
 He shall be held exclusively liable if he allows more passengers or more freight or cargo
in his public utility vehicle.
Qualifications
1. Must be at least eighteen years old
2. Must be physically and mentally fit to work and no contagious disease
3. Must be able to read and write in Filipino and/or English
4. Must have passed the theoretical examination - New CL and those not renewed for more
than two years from the expiry date
5. Must not have unsettled traffic violation
6. Must have attended and passed the Conductor's Theoretical Course from LTO Driver's
Education Center, or LTO accredited Driving School / LTO Accredited TESDA Training
Center
7. Must have completed the DEP for conductor's re-orientation prior to initial renewal of
five year CL
General Requirement
 Duly accomplished Application for Permits and Licenses (APL) Form
New Application
1. Electronically transmitted medical certificate from LTO accredited medical clinic.
Submission of one photocopy and presentation of original medical certificate
2. Presentation of the original and submission of one photocopy of any of the following:
a. PSA Certificate of Birth
b. Philippine Identification Card
c. Passport
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d. PSA Certificate of Marriage for married women
3. Taxpayer's Identification Number (TIN)
The Passenger
 A passenger is one who entered into a contract of carriage express or implied with a
carrier. The presence or absence of money or a ticket is however not important as long as
entrance to the vehicle is made. One who had stepped on any parts of the vehicle
regardless of whether or not he has already purchased a ticket.
Passenger's Diligence to Be Observed
 The law only requires the passenger to observe ordinary diligence and not extraordinary
diligence
 Ordinary diligence requirements extend even to an invited guest or accommodation
passenger.
 Common carrier is not liable if the passenger negligently thrusts his arm out of the
window
 Common Carrier is not liable if an invited guest falls of the vehicle because of his
negligence.
The Pedestrian
 Is one who goes or travel on foot or in a perambulator. He is bound to observe or obey the
existing traffic management rules and regulations for his safety.
Pedestrian Crossing (PedXing)
 A driver approaching a pedestrian crossing shall travel at such a speed that he will be able
to stop his vehicle before reaching the pedestrian crossing. A driver shall give way to any
pedestrian who is on pedestrian crossing. A driver shall not permit any portion of his
vehicle to enter upon a pedestrian crossing even if any vehicle headed in the same
direction is stopped on the approach side of, or upon the pedestrian crossing. and it hurt in
the process
Duties of the Pedestrian
 When on a footway, marked cross-walk, or shall keep as close as practicable pedestrian
crossing, shall to the right side of the footway.
 When crossing a thoroughfare at an intersection shall keep right of pedestrian the opposite
direction.
 When crossing a thoroughfare or portion of a thoroughfare shall do promptly by shortest
route and most direct route, as may be practicable, to the thoroughfare boundary.
Restriction on Pedestrian
 While waiting a vehicle, standing on any portion of the road.
 Proceed from footway towards a vehicle that has not fully stopped for the purpose of
boarding it.
 Alight from or boarding a moving vehicle, or do so to an area where loading and
unloading is prohibited
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 Remain on a pedestrian crossing, or marked cross-walk longer than necessary for the
purpose of passing over the thoroughfare with reasonable dispatch
 Stand up at a footway thoroughfare so as to inconvenience, obstruct, and prevent the free
passage of any other pedestrian or any vehicle.
Rules for Right of Way

1. First Time Vehicle Rule
 At all intersections without stop or yield signs, slow down and prepare to stop.
 Yield to vehicles already in the intersection or about to enter it.
2. Same Time Vehicle Rule
 At all intersections without stop or yield signs (or with stops signs in all directions). Yield
to the vehicle on your right if it hs reached the intersection of same time as your vehicle.
3. Stop Signs
 Stop at any limit line or crosswalk. Yield to all approaching vehicles on the through street,
go on) when it is safe for you to cross.
 Approaching vehicles should slow down and allow you to get across safely.
4. Left Turn
 Signal left turn and yield to approaching traffic until it is completely safe to finish the
turn.
5. Rotonda
 The right of vehicles around the rotonda have right of way over vehicles which are just
about to enter.
Give the Right-of-Way to Emergency Vehicles
 One should yield the right-of-way to police cars, fire ambulances and other emergency
vehicles which are sounding a siren or bell or flashing a red light by puling to the edge of
the roadway and stopping.
Passing
 The law places the responsibility on the driver of the passing car, if the driver makes
mistakes he is held liable.
The 10 Commandments of Traffic Safety

1. Keep Right
 (Two Lanes, Two Ways) in case of one way the left lane shall be the fast lane and the
slow lane is the right
2. Observe Road Courtesy
 Yield to emergency vehicle, pedestrians, trains, vehicle with right of way, vehicles
ahead, large vehicles, uphill traffic, vehicles with momentum, straight traffic, and
traffic signs.
3. Prohibited Parking
 There are some places where parking is prohibited such as the following:
a. Near an intersection
b. Crosswalk/pedestrian lane
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c. Within 6 meters from drive way of any response installation, fire hydrant and private
roads
d. Double parking
e. Sidewalks, alleys, foot of the bridge
f. Places wherein official signs are posted
4. If in doubt, do not overtake
 Overtaking lane is the lane to the left of overtaken vehicle going in the same direction,
overtaken vehicle is the privileged vehicle.
5. The Bus Stop Rule
 The busses queue up in a single file in their order arrival
 Lead bus moving toward the center of column of busses lining on the bus stop zone, and
remain until zone is filled with busses, but longer than three minutes.
6. Rules to Prevent or Untangle Traffic Congestion or Traffic Jam
 Keep lanes and intersection open in heavy and slow traffic to avoid overtaking. In a
construction, vehicles should merge alternately.
7. Observe The Traffic Management Measure
 Observe and obey traffic notices, signs, and pavement markings.
8. The Philosophy of a Pinoy Driver
 Motorist should observe equity of the lead vehicle doctrine of the last clear chance, and
the first-come first-served or rotunda rule.
9. On Pedestrian
 Keep off the roadway except when crossing on crosswalk. Wait embark and alight a bus
or jeepney stop.
10. Remember The International Driving Safety Reminder Safety First
Traffic Engineering
Road Classifications According to Political Subdivision:
1. National Road
 The main road as conduit system with a right of way from 20 meters to 120 meters.
2. Provincial Roads
 The linkages between two municipalities with right of way from 15 meters to 60 meters.
3. City Roads
 The inter-link between municipalities and within the city proper with right of way of 15
meters.
4. Municipal Roads
 All roads within the town proper with the right of way of not less than 10 meters.
Road Classifications According to Functions:
1. Feeder Road
 Intended for farm-to-market traffic.
2. Local Collector Road
 Intended to collect traffic from feeder road to municipal road.
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3. Major Collector Road
 Intended as major arteries to collect inter-locality traffic to provincial road.
4. Major Highways
 Serve a main artery that caters on big volume of vehicular traffic on national roadways.
5. Expressway
 A through traffic for free-flow of vehicular movement.
6. Tunnel Road
 A passage of wide section cut through a hill or sea to shorten circuitous roads.
7. Subway
 An underground conduit running entirely under the ground for fast travel route of
commuters.
8. Skyway
 A modern urban system of roadway above street level for free flow of traffic.
Road Classifications According to Topographical Terrain
1. Flat Road
2. Zigzag Road
3. Steep-hill Road
4. Down-hill Road
5. Winding Road
6. Mountainous Road
7. Roller-Coaster Road
Speed Limit and other Rules on Speed

Section 35 Restriction as to speed
 Any person driving a motor vehicle on a highway shall drive the same at a careful and
prudent speed, not greater nor less than is reasonable and proper, having due regard for
the traffic, the width of the highway, and of any other condition then and there existing;
and no person shall drive any motor vehicle upon a highway at such a speed as to
endanger the life, limb and property of any person, nor at a speed greater than will
permit him to bring the vehicle to a stop within the assured clear distance ahead.
Maximum Allowable Speeds

Maximum Allowable Speeds Passengers Motor trucks and
Cars and Motorcycle Buses
On open country roads, with no "blinds corners" 80 km. per hour 50 km. per hour
not closely bordered by habitations.
On "through streets" or boulevards, clear of 40 km. per hour 30 km. per hour
traffic, with no " blind corners," when so
designated
On city and municipal streets, with light traffic, 30 km. per hour 30 km. per hour
when not designated "through streets
Through crowded streets, approaching 20 km. per hour 20 km. per hour
intersections at "blind corners," passing school
26
zones, passing other vehicles which are
stationery, or for similar dangerous
circumstances.
Exemptions to the Speed Limit

1. A physician or his driver when the former responds to emergency calls;
2. The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the place of accident or other
emergency;
3. Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency treatment to a hospital, clinic,
or any other similar place;
4. The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the Armed Forces while in use for official
purposes in times of riot, insurrection or invasion;
5. The driver of a vehicle, when he or his passengers are in pursuit of a criminal;
6. A law-enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of traffic laws; and
7. The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of any fire department, provided that
exemption shall not be construed to allow unless or unnecessary fast driving of drivers
aforementioned.
Traffic Signs
 Any device mounted on a portable support whereby a message is conveyed by means of
words or symbols officially installed for the purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding
traffic.
Functions of a Traffic Sign
 To control traffic
 To safeguard the flow of traffic
 To expedite traffic
 To guide traffic and motorist
Classification of International Signs

1. Danger Warning Signs
 It is also known as caution signs. These signs are intended to warn road-user of a danger
on the road and to inform them of its nature.
a. Warn motorist of approaching hazardous road conditions
b. Seek caution for the approaching road hazards.
c. Call for the reduction of speed.
Shape Equilateral Triangle with one side horizontal
Color Border Red
Background White
Sign/Marking Black
2. Regulatory Signs
 These are signs which impose legal restrictions applicable at particular location usually
enforceable in the absence of such signs.
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a. Inform road users of certain laws and regulations
b. Special obligations, instructions, or prohibitions which must comply with and
violations of which constitute misdemeanour.
Subdivision of Regulatory Signs
a) Prohibitive and Restrictive Signs
 Used on specified section of the road which will be easily seen by motorist to indicate
regulation that is prohibitive or restrictive.
Shape Round
Color Border Red
Background White
Sign/Marking Black
b) Mandatory Signs
 Intended to notify the road users of special rules in which they must comply for the
safety, convenience, and smooth flow of traffic.
Shape Round
Color Blue
Sign/Marking White
c) Priority Signs
 These are signs intended to regulate priority over a particular road section or roadway.
3. Informative Signs
 These signs are also known as guide signs. Intended to guide and inform road users of
directions, distances, destinations, routes, location of the road users, and point of interest
while they are travelling or to provide them with other useful information.
a. Guide motorist along established routes
b. Inform the motorists of the proper roads
c. Help motorist along the way in the most simple and direct method
Shape Rectangle
Color Blue or Green
Sign/Marking White
Subdivision of Informative Signs
a) Advance Signs
 Inform road user of the names and distance of the principal destination served by the
intersecting road
b) Direction Signs
 Usually place at the right of the intersection to show the direction and destination of the
route. Direction signs are different from mandatory signs since it gives only information
as to the direction and destination of a place while mandatory signs require compliance.
c) Place Identification Signs
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 Informs the availability of the sign displayed
d) Confirmatory Signs
 Used to confirm the direction of a road. They shall bear the name of one or more places.
Examples of Different Traffic Signs according to LTMS Portal (LTO)

1. Regulatory Signs
a. Priority Signs
Sign Meaning/Indication
STOP SIGN
 Driver must stop at designated stop line.
No parking within 6 meters.
Give Way Sign

 Yield to the vehicles on right side of intersection.
Left turner must give way
b. Directional Signs
These signs indicate the
direction in which the
motorist is obliged to
follow.
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c. Prohibitive/Restriction Signs
No Pedestrian Crossing
 Pedestrians are not allowed to
cross the road
Using Overpass or Use Ped Xing

 Pedestrian must use an overpass or
pedestrian crossing
No Bicycles
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No Motorcycles
No Tricycles
No Vehicles With Trailer
No Animal Drawn Vehicles
No entry for all types of vehicles
No Cars
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No Jeepneys
No Buses
No Trucks
d. Speed Signs
Maximum speed restriction
End of speed restriction
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Minimum speed restriction
e. Parking and Stopping Signs

Allowable parking and loading zone at a given
time and place
No stopping anytime
No waiting
Bus-PUJ Stop Zone - parking is not allowed
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Bus Stop Zone - parking is not allowed
PUJ Stop Zone - parking is not allowed
No Parking: Tow-Away Zone- parked vehicle

will be towed
No stopping or parking anytime within the

yellow box
No parking anytime from Monday to Friday
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Right Turner Cross At Broken Lines - vehicles
from the left lane may cross the broken line to
turn right within the BUS/PUJ zone.
f. Miscellaneous Signs
No entry for vehicles with gross vehicle mass
of more than 5 tons
No entry for vehicles with more than 10 meters

in length
No entry for vehicles with more 2 meters of

width
No entry for vehicles with 3.5 meters in height
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No blowing of horns
Use Seat Belt sign is used pursuant to RA

8750, the Seat Belt Law
Be aware of pedestrian crossing
Bike lane ahead
Be aware of children crossing
36
Be aware of Persons with Disabilities crossing
2. Warning Signs
a. Horizontal Signs
Sharp Turn
Reverse Turn (Double Bend)
Reverse Curve (Double Curve)
Reverse Curve
37
Winding Road
Hairpin Bend
b. Intersection Signs
Approach to intersection side road
Approach to intersection merging traffic
Sideroad junction ahead
38
Approach to Intersection
Intersection ahead
T-Junction ahead
Y-Junction ahead
Roundabout ahead (Rotunda)
c. Advance Warning Traffic Control Device Signs

39
Traffic Lights Ahead - driver must not park
or stop within six (6) meters of this sign as it
reduces visibility for other drivers.
Stop sign ahead
Give way sign ahead
d. Road with Signs

Road narrows ahead
Narrow bridge ahead
40
2-way road ahead
End of 2-way road ahead
e. Road Obstacle Signs

Opening bridge ahead
Uneven road ahead
Hump ahead
41
Downhill sign
Uphill sign
Spill way sign
Flood-prone area
Landslide-prone area
42
Slippery when wet
Animal crossing ahead
Low-flying airplane zone
f. Pedestrian Signs
Pedestrian crossing ahead
Be aware and stop for children crossing ahead
43
Be aware and stop for Persons with Disabilities
ahead
Advice to pedestrian to cross at designated

areas
Be aware and slowdown on bike lane ahead
g. Railway Level Crossing Signs

Railroad crossing- vehicles must stop or give
the right of way
Railway crossing advance warning
Alternative railway crossing position in an area

that can be easily seen
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a. Supplementary Signs
Preferred maximum speed during normal,
weather, traffic conditions
Additional sign on road works ahead
Signs of PWD's, senior citizens, schools and

playgrounds
For PUJ or buses
When Wet - combined with the Slippery Road

warning sign
Distance to next hazard area
b. Other Warning Signs

45
Maximum height of a vehicle must be
X.X meters or less
Maximum height of a vehicle must be 4.8

meters or less
3. Guide Informative Signs

a. Advance Direction Signs
These signs indicate the
direction(s) in which the
motorist is obliged to follow.
b. Intersection Signs
Visible in less than 1 kilometer
before an intersection
c. Reassurance Direction Signs

Approximate distance of a
particular exit
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d. Fingerboard Direction Signs
Provides direction to towns, tourist spots,
geographic interests at less important
intersections
e. Street Name Signs

Informs the road users the names of roads and
streets they are passing or entering.
f. Town Names and Geographical Features Signs

Signs that convey the general information of
interest, such as geographical locations
g. Service Signs
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h. Tourist Information and Tourist Destination Signs
i. Route Markers
Identification route number of arterial and
national highway and direction of the route.
In the Philippines, distance is measured from
Zero Kilometer Post in each Province which
should be somewhere near the Provincial
Building. In Luzon, distance is measured
between each Provincial Zero KM Post and the
Zero Kilometer Post is in Luneta Park, Manila.
j. Asian Highway Route Markers

48
Our country-assigned number is AH26. This is
to identify the general direction of arterial
roads of the Asian Highways that have
significance as "through" routes.
Advance directional signs with route marker

shield
Asian Highway Leg Marker Sign
4. Signs on Expressway
a. Expressway Approach Signs
Installed in advance or at the nearest
intersection or interchange leading to the
expressway.
b. Expressway Information Signs

Prohibited on Expressway prohibits
traveling on an expressway.
49
Lane Direction used to guide the
motorists into correct lanes leading to
an intersection or an interchange.
Toll Charges inform motorists the

amount of toll charges required to
pay at the toll plaza.
c. Advance Exit Signs

Placed in advance of an exit toll
d. Expressway Exit Direction Signs

Exit signs posted overhead before the
exit ramp of the interchange
e. Expressway Service Signs

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Distance and direction to rest areas
Distance and direction to various expressway

services
f. Expressway Traffic Instruction and Regulatory Signs

Expressway Traffic Instruction and
Regulatory Signs
g. Start and End of Expressway Signs

These special signs are normally
seen exclusively for expressways
Special signs that can be seen 200

meters from the toll exit
The Traffic Signal Lights
51
 These refer to any power operated traffic control device by which is warned or directed
to take some specific actions.
Color Indication/Meaning
Red Stop
Yellow/Amber Indicates that the red signal is about to appear. Stop the vehicle if you
can do so safely, otherwise you may proceed with caution.
Green Go. It means you proceed provided that you yield a right of way to
pedestrian and other traffic unit lawfully using the intersection.
Flashing Red Signal Means bring your vehicle to a complete stop and proceed only when is
safe to do so.
Flashing Yellow Means to proceed with caution
Signal
Flashing Green A flashing green signal or a left turn green arrow with a green signal
Signal permits the vehicle facing that signal to turn left, turn right, or go
through while opposing traffic faces red signal.
Green Arrow with You may enter the intersection to move only in the direction shown by
or without Red the arrow.
Signal
Traffic Signal Phasing

1. Traffic Phase (Split Phase)
 Any traffic signal displays its own set of timings that controls an individual vehicle or
pedestrian.
2. Phase Set
 Any unique combination of vehicle or pedestrian phases occurs at the same time.
3. Signal Cycle
 It is one complete set of the signal phase sets.
4. Cycle Length
 The time to complete one cycle
5. Interval
 It is the duration of time during which the signal indications do not change.
Pavement Markings
 Lines and symbols on roadways which are used to warn and direct drivers and to control
the flow of traffic.
1. Solid Lines
 Should not be crossed in passing maneuvers
2. Broken Lines
 May be crossed in a passing maneuvers
3. White Lines
 Separate traffic travelling in same direction
4. Yellow Lines
52
 Separate traffic travelling in opposite direction
5. Solid White Center Line
 Often used to divide traffic on a two-way multi lane road. You are discouraged from
overtaking it unless the way is absolutely clear.
6. Solid White Double Center Line
 You are forbidden from overtaking over this line but you may make left turns over it,
provided the way is clear. Remember, however, that oncoming traffic is still
automatically has a right of way.
7. Broken White Lines
 Passing to the left or right is allowed provide that the way is clear.
8. Solid White Lane Divider
 These are often found near intersections, and are reminders to say in lane. As a practice,
if you are turning at an intersection, it is best to get to the turning lane fifty meters before
the intersection while the divider lane is still broken.
9. Directional Arrows
 When combined with solid lane dividers, it indicates the direction you are allowed to go
within a lane.
10. Solid Yellow at the Left
 It is unsafe to pass
11. Broken Yellow Line at the Left
 Passing is allowed if the way ahead and rear is clear.
12. Solid Yellow Double Center Line
 It indicates that it is unsafe to overtake at anytime. It is often found around blind curves.
13. Broken Yellow Line Divider
 This indicates areas where you can merge into the bus lane and often found in
preparation for turning in EDSA.
14. The Yellow Box
 It indicates the part of the intersection that must by law be kept open at all times. Even in
the absence of signal light, the yellow box must be kept clear.
15. Broken Blue Lane Divider
 Indicates the motorbike lane along major thoroughfares. The broken lane indicates that
you can move in or out of it, but the lane is preferentially for motorbike.
16. Rumble Strips
 These tightly spaced horizontal white lines indicates hazards ahead such as dangerous
curves or merging traffic,
17. Horizontal Lines
 Indicates where you must stop at stoplight or stop sign.
18. Zebra Lines
 Indicates a pedestrian crossing zone.
Important Provision of RA 4136

53
Motor Vehicle
 shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using the
public highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers,
lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on
public highways, vehicles which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers and
traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.
Trailers
 Having any number of wheels, when propelled or intended to be propelled by attachment
to a motor vehicle, shall be classified as separate motor vehicle with no power rating.
Passenger Automobiles
 Shall mean all pneumatic-tire vehicles of types similar to those usually known under the
following terms: touring car, command car, speedster, sports car, roadster, jeep, cycle,
car (except motor wheel and similar small outfits which are classified with motorcycles),
coupe, landaulet, closed car, limousine, cabriolet, and sedan.
Articulated Vehicle
 Shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so attached that part
of the trailer rests upon motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the trailer
and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle. Such a trailer shall be called as semi-trailer.
Required Motor Vehicle Accessories

1. Tires of Motor Vehicle
2. Brakes
3. Horns
4. Headlight
5. Taillights
6. Stop Lights
7. Motorcycle and other vehicle lights
8. Lights when parked or disabled
9. Windshield wiper
10. Use of red flag
11. Muffler
Classification of Automobile
1. Private
 Motor vehicles which are used for personal purposes of their owner
 White color background and green markings of the plate number
2. Public Utility Vehicle
 These are registered primarily for the conveyance of passengers and other commercial
goods
 Yellow color background and black markings of the plate number
3. Government
54
 These are motor vehicles owned by the government offices and are used for official
purposes only.
 White color background with red markings of the plate number
4. Diplomatic
 These are issued to foreign diplomats and consuls assigned in the Philippines
 White color background with blue markings of the plate number
Geographical Designation of Plate Number

First Letter Region
A 1 Ilocos Region
B 2 Cagayan Valley
C/R 3 Central Luzon
D/V 4A CALABARZON /4B MIMAROPA
E 5 Bicol Region
F 6 Western Visayas
G/Y 7 Central Visayas
H 8 Eastern Visayas
J 9 Zambaoanga Peninsula and Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of
Muslim Mindanao
K 10 Northern Mindanao/13 CARAGA
L 11 Davao
M 12 SOCCSARGEN
N/P/T/U/W/X/Z NCR
Note:
 I, O and Q are previously not used to avoid confusion with the numbers "1" & "0". But
with the recent exhaustion of the "Z" series, they are already used by reverting to the old
"N" series. A new serial scheme is implemented using these characters, instead of the
third letter coming into series (e.g. after ZAA-999 has been reached, ZAB-100) the
middle letter is the one being replaced (e.g. after NAI-999 series has been exhausted,
NBI-100 will follow) e.g. NAI 101, NQO 212, NOQ 323
Protocol Plate Number

Number Designation
1 President of the Philippines
2 Vice-President of the Philippines
3 President of the Senate
4 Speaker of the House of Representatives
5 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
6 Cabinet Secretaries
7 Senators
8 Representatives (Congressman)
9 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
10 Presiding Justice and other Justices of the Court of Appeals, Solicitor
General (President Arroyo abolished the OSG's protocol plate number '13'
55
by virtue of Executive Order No. 400-A)
11 Chairman of the Commission on Elections
12 Cabinet Undersecretary
14 Chief of Staff, AFP/Chief, PNP
16 RTC Judges
17 First Level Courts (Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court,
Municipal Trial Court in Cities and Shari'ah Circuit courts), added by
Memorandum Order No. 297 signed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
on March 2, 2009
Schedule of Registration
Last Digit of the License Plate Number
1 January
2 February
3 March
4 April
5 May
6 June
7 July
8 August
9 September
0 October
Middle digit
Number Week days
1, 2,3 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (1st week)
4, 5, 6 8,9,10,11,12,12,14 (2nd week)
7, 8, 15,16,17,18,19,20,21 (3rd week)
9, 0 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 (4th week)
Kinds of Driving Privileges
1. Student Driver’s Permit
Qualifications:
a) Filipino citizens sixteen years of age and above
b) Foreign citizens at least eighteen years old and must have been in the Philippines for at
least one month and proof of stay for at least six month
c) Must be physically and mentally fit
d) Must be able to read and write in Filipino or English
e) Must not have unsettled traffic violation
f) Must have completed Theoretical Driving Course
g) Must have an email address
Checklist of Requirements:
a) Duly accomplished Application for Permits and Licenses (APL) Form.
b) Electronically transmitted medical certificate from LTO accredited medical clinic.
c) Presentation of original and submission of one photocopy of any of the following:
56
PSA/NSO Certificate of Birth
Philippine Identification Card
Passport
Local Civil Registry (for areas where there is no PSA)
PSA Certificate of Marriage
d) For applicants below 18 years of age, one parent's consent or a person having
custody/care or supervision over the minor applicant authorizing the applicant to secure a
student permit with presentation of one original and submission of one photocopy of any
valid government issued ID of the parent/affiant with photo and signature
e) Presentation of original and submission of one photocopy of any issued ID with photo
and signature of the applicant
f) In addition, for foreigner, presentation of the original and submission of one photocopy
of passport with entry date of at least one month and visa duration of six months from
date of application, or if born in the Philippines, presentation of the original and
submission of one photocopy of birth certificate duly authenticated by Philippine
Statistics Authority
g) Taxpayer’s Identification Number, if employed
h) Presentation of the original and submission of one photocopy of Certificate of
Completion of the 15-hours Theoretical Driving Course (Electronically transmitted to
LTO by the accredited driving school / LTO DEC / LTO Accredited TESDA Training
Center)
Validity:
 The Student Permit shall be valid for one year from the date of its issuance. After one
year, it cannot be used for purposes of the practical driving course. However, it can be
used to apply for Non-Professional Driver's License if the practical driving course has
been completed within the one year validity period.
 After two years from the date of issuance of Student Permit, the holder shall be required
to acquire a new student permit bearing the same Student Permit number and undergo
the required apprenticeship period reckoned from the date of issuance of the new Student
Permit. All records of training courses shall be retained.
 Student Permit may be renewed on or before the expiry date if the holder is not ready to
apply for the Non-Professional Drivers License. Except for settlement of penalties due to
traffic violations, only the basic fee shall be collected for the renewal of Student Permit
after the expiry date.
2. Non-Professional Driver’s License

Qualifications:
a) Must be at least seventeen years old. For foreigners, at least eighteen years old.
b) Must be able to read and write in Filipino and/or English
c) Must be a holder of Student-Driver’s Permit valid for at least one month from issuance
d) Must have attended and passed the Practical Driving Course from LTO accredited
licensed driver, LTO Driver's Education Center or LTO accredited Driving School / LTO
accredited TESDA Training Center
e) Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle
f) Must not have unsettled traffic violation
57
g) Must have passed the Automated Theoretical Examination and Practical Driving Test
a) Duly accomplished Application for Permits and License Form
b) Electronically transmitted medical certificate from LTO accredited medical clinic.
c) Presentation of original and submission of one photocopy of Practical Driving Course
d) Valid Student-Driver's Permit
e) Parental or guardian's consent (with valid government I.D with photo and signature) if
applicant is seventeen years old.
f) Tax Identification Number, if employed
Validity:
 A New Driver's License shall be valid for five years reckoned from the date of birth of
the license, unless sooner revoked or suspended. A DL holder who has not committed
any violation/s during the five years period preceding its expiration shall be entitled to a
renewal of such license valid for ten years.
3. Professional Driver’s License

Qualifications:
a) Must be at least eighteen years old.
b) Must be able to read and write in Filipino and/or English
c) Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle
d) Must not have unsettled traffic violations
e) For applicants with the following demerit points, the period of prohibition for change
classification shall apply from the date of settlement of fines and penalties:
1-2 demerit points 3 months
3-4 demerit points 6 months
5 or more demerit points 1 year
f) For valid NPDL, must have passed the Automated Theoretical Examination
g) For expired NPDL, must have passed the Automated Theoretical Examination and
Practical Driving Test
h) For RC 1 / DL Codes A and A1, must be a holder of a valid NPDL for at least six months
from the date of issuance
i) For RC 2 or 4 / DL Codes B, B1 and B2, must be a holder of a valid NPDL for at least
one year from the date of issuance
1. Duly accomplished Application for Permits and License Form
2. Electronically transmitted medical certificate from LTO accredited medical clinic.
3. Presentation of original valid / expired NPDL
4. Taxpayer's Identification Number
Validity:
 A New Driver's License shall be valid for five years reckoned from the date of birth of
the license, unless sooner revoked or suspended. A DL holder who has not committed
any violation/s during the five years period preceding its expiration shall be entitled to a
renewal of such license valid for ten years.
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Special Type of Driver’s License
1. International Driver’s License
 It is issued for special purpose and issued by Automobile Association of the Philippines
 This kind of license is also issued to foreigner or tourist
Requirements
 For Filipino, must be a holder of domestic driver’s license
 For foreigner, with foreign driver’s license issued by their country
Restriction
 Filipino holder of this kind of license must carry with him the valid local driver’s license.
Validity
 Indicated on its face and recognize in countries signatory to the Geneva Convention.
2. Military/Government Driver’s License
 Issued by the agency for limited and special purpose
 Issuance was made by the Armed Forces of the Philippines but the holder must pass all
the test and examination in compliance with the rules and regulation.
Restriction
 The holder must be a military personnel and authorize to drive a military vehicle only
Validity
 3 years
Driver’s License Restriction Code

A Motorcycle
A2 Tricycle and Micro cars
B,B1,B2 Cars and Light Trucks
C Large Trucks
D Busses
BE Articulated Cars, Cars with trailers
CE Articulated Trucks, Trucks with trailers
Driver’s License Condition Codes

Codes Conditions
1 Wear corrective lenses
2 Drive only with special equipment for upper/lower limbs
3 Drive customized motor vehicle only
4 Daylight driving only
5 Hearing aid required
Traffic Laws
1. Republic Act No. 10930
 An act rationalizing and strengthening the policy regarding Driver's License by extending
the validity period of Driver's Licenses, and penalizing acts in violation of its issuance
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and application, amending for those purposes section 23 of Republic Act No. 4136, as
amended by Batas Pambansa Blg. 398 and Executive Order No. 1011, otherwise known
as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code
 An Act Defining and Penalizing Distracted Driving
 An Act Providing for the Safety of Children Aboard Motorcycles
 An Act Penalizing Persons Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol, Dangerous Drugs,
and Similar Substances, and for Other Purposes
 An Act Mandating All Motorcycle Riders to Wear Standard Protective Motorcycle
Helmets While Driving and Providing Penalties Thereof
 An Act Imposing a Motor Vehicle User's Charge on Owners of all Types of Motor
Vehicles and for Other Purposes
 An Act Requiring the Mandatory Compliance by Motorists of Private and Public
Vehicles to Use Seat Belt Devices, and Requiring Vehicle Manufacturers to Install Seat
Belt Devices in All Their Manufactured Vehicles
 An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Air Pollution Control Policy and for Other
Purposes
 An Act Requiring the mandatory Compliance by Motorists of Private and Public Vehicles
to Use Seat Belt Devices and Requiring Vehicle Manufacturers to Install Seat Belt
Devices in All Their Manufactured Vehicles
 An Act to Compile the Laws Relative to Land Transportation and Traffic Rules, to Create
a Land Transportation Commission and for Other Purposes
Traffic Enforcement
Traffic Law Enforcement
 It is the action taken by the police to compel obedience to traffic laws and ordinances
regulating the use and movements of motor vehicles for the purpose of creating a
deterrent to unlawful behavior by all potential violators. It is also part of enforcement
involving the arrest, issuance of Traffic Citation Ticket or Inspection Report Summons or
warning of any person who is believed to have violated the law, ordinance, or regulation
pertaining to the use of traffic roads.
Rationale of Traffic Law Enforcement
 Traffic enforcement action may prevent traffic related violations from endangering
persons, property, or inconveniencing other road users and will prevent continued
violation, or discourage future repetition.
 Traffic law enforcer must decide the kind of action he will take in case he has knowledge
of any violation. Drivers are guided more by the enforcement actions of traffic law
enforcers than by the way the law is written. Enforcement of Traffic Legislation Is the
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area of activity that aimed to control road user behavior by persuasive and punitive
methods in order to effect the safe and efficient movement of traffic.
Functions of Traffic Enforcement
1. Police Traffic Enforcement
 The part of the traffic enforcement performed by the police and other agencies with
police power including deterrent to law violation created by the presence of uniformed
police officer.
2. Court Traffic Law Enforcement
 The part of traffic law Enforcement is performed by the court through prosecution,
adjudication and penalization of cases.
The Five Essential Steps in the Enforcement Process

1. Detection
 Wholly a police responsibility that entails looking for defects in the behavior of
motorists, pedestrians, vehicles, equipment and roadway conditions that requires
knowledge of law on the part of the police.
2. Apprehension
 It is also a whole police function which involves the actual taking of enforcement action.
3. Prosecution
 While this area is a court function, the police also provides corresponding influence
through preparation and introduction of evidence or close contact with the prosecuting
officer
4. Adjudication
 While this is obviously a court function the police provides influence on this step by
acting as a witness to the prosecution or supplying additional evidence. This step
determines the guilt or innocence of the accused.
5. Penalization
 The court after due process imposes the penalty upon the accused if found guilty. The
penalty is greatly influenced by previous records of conviction as provided by the police.
Penalty involved is either fined or imprisonment or both fine and imprisonment or may
result to the suspension or revocation of the driver’s license of the accused.
Objectives of Traffic Law Enforcement

1. Preventive Activities
 Activities such as preventive patrols, directing, supervising traffic, investigating accidents
and eliminating road hazards.
2. Persuasive Activities
 Activities such as oral warning, written warning or visible patrols.
3. Punitive Activities
 Normally dealt with by the courts, police or traffic authorities.
Goals of Enforcement Activities

a) To increase safety level
b) To increase traffic efficiency
c) To ensure harmonious and comfortable environment.
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Major Elements of Traffic Enforcement System
1. Enforcement System
 Consist of legislation, police, court and penalties. Legislation defines and specifies
correct or incorrect road user's behavior. Police and the courts are charged with the
responsibility of ensuring that these laws are adhered to.
2. Road Users
 This element includes pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers and passengers .
3. Traffic System
 Composed of entire road and vehicle complex.
Violations
 those act and omissions against traffic laws
Classification of Violation
1. Hazardous
 Traffic violations that cause danger to road users. Unsafe behavior and unsafe conditions
are the causes of these violations.
2. Non-hazardous
 Violations that do not affect safety of the public but affect the use of roads.
Reasons for Violation of Traffic Flow

a) Physical disabilities or infirmities
b) Ignorance of traffic laws
c) Lack of training and experience
d) Wrong attitude towards driving
e) PUV drivers for increased compensation
f) Driver's apathy towards signs, signals and markings
g) Influential person violate because they feel they are exempted for punishment.
Deterrents to Motorists and Pedestrians

a) Fear of fine or punishment
b) Loss of driving privilege
c) Possibility of being involved in accident
d) Positive area of good citizenship doing what is right and setting example.
Kinds of Enforcement Action

1. Traffic Arrest
 It is an enforcement action which consists of taking of person into custody for the
purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a court. It
is made when the;
a) Offense committed is serious.
b) There is necessity to avoid continued violation.
c) There is reasonable doubt that the violator will not appear in court.
2. Traffic Citation
 It is made of having violator appear in court without physical arrest. The issuance of
citation is the most common enforcement action by the police. This is an efficient system
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since majority of violations with minor offenses are punishing promptly by paying their
fine at an administrative body with court appearance. The Traffic Citation is a ticket
issued to erring driver apprehended for certain violations in exchange of his confiscated
driver's license and stand as a temporary driver's license.
Types of Traffic Citation Ticket
a) Temporary Operator's Permit ( TOP )
 A traffic citation ticket used in the enforcement of traffic management measures (DOTC
MC No. 2008-39) and other special laws by the Land Transportation Office Traffic Law
Enforcers and other deputized officers.
b) Unified Ordinance Violations Receipt ( UOVR )
 A traffic citation used in the enforcement of traffic management measures in
Metropolitan Manila which includes MMDA and all Local Governments Units in the
enforcement of its respective traffic management regulations.
c) Ordinance Violations Receipt ( OVR )
 A traffic citation ticket used in the enforcement of traffic management measures of the
local Government Units outside Metropolitan Manila Area in the enforcement of its local
traffic ordinances and special laws by the Local Government Traffic Law Enforcers and
other deputized officers under the Department of Public Safety and Traffic Management
Types Issuing Authority Area Validity
TOP LTO and other deputized agents Entire Philippines 72 hours
UOVR MMDA Metro Manila 72 hours
OVR Local Government Jurisdiction of issuing agency 5 days
3. Traffic Warning
 Is an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible assessment of penalty by
the court or otherwise as a result of warning alone.
a) Visual Warning
 This is usually used when you have observed a minor violation but are importantly
occupied at a moment. Indicate by gesture of the hand and or of the head to remind the
violator that he has committed a violation and that the police are observant.
b) Verbal Warning
 This is a form of safety education by telling the driver / violator that he violated a law and
explain the hazards of such Violations
c) Written Warning
 These are combination of verbal warning and citation. They gave the spirit of verbal
warning and the form of citation. The written warning has more noticeable deterrent
effect than verbal warning. There is no immediate penalty attached and it allows the
violator an opportunity to profit by his error putting emphasis on education rather than
discipline.
Objective in Dealing with Violators

1. Immediate objective
 To act against the person
2. Ultimate objective
 To change the future of a person
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Points to Remember
1. Violators are diversified
2. Conflicts arises in violators
3. You are professional officer, there is no professional violator
4. Be alert for an unexpected
Stopping and Approaching Traffic Violators

1. It must be done with consideration to safety of both parties engaging
2. Upon approaching officer must be from the left side from the rear, be alert
Things to Consider In Pursuit as Traffic Enforcement

1. Decision - nature of violation
2. Pursuit technique
3. Safety driving technique
Traffic Patrol
 Is commonly by mobile and foot patrol to provide traffic patrol services for the safety of
the motorist, pedestrians, and the public in general.
Types of Traffic Patrol
1. Line Patrol
 Moving patrol or stationary observation on a specified road between two points usually
on one City Street.
2. Area Patrol
 Stationary observation in an area or beat, which includes a number of streets.
Types of Traffic Observation

1. Stationary Patrol
 Traffic observation at a selected place usually one with an unfavorable accident
experience and traffic flow problem for traffic law enforcement purposes to detect
violations and deter violators.
2. Conspicuous Patrol
 Stationary observation in which the observer tries to attract attention by keeping in full
view of traffic.
3. Visible Patrol
 Traffic observation in which the observer is in full view but so located, for instance on a
side street, as to require effort on the part of the traffic to discover the observer.
4. Concealed Patrol
 Stationary observation in which observer is not visible to persons using ordinary powers
of observation from the roadway being observed.
Traffic Road Check

 It is done to inspect the following:
1. Faulty vehicle equipment
2. Registration and licensing procedure
3. Intoxication or cargo check
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Types of Traffic Check
1. Faulty vehicle
2. Officer directing road check
Consideration in Road Check

1. Minimum delay to motorist
2. Thorough checking procedure
3. Protection and safety of parties involved
4. Timing and location and frequency
Traffic Supervision, Direction and Control

 An act of overseeing the traffic to keep order on street and highways within existing laws
Officers are required to know how to direct in the following places:

1. Not signalized intersection
2. Signalized intersection
3. Between intersection
Supervised Route
 A street or highway on which traffic is supervised to some considerable degree
Police Traffic Direction
 It involves telling the public how and when they should not stand and move
Point/Area Control
 It is the part of the traffic direction concerning the control of vehicular/ pedestrian
movement
Police Traffic Escort
 It involves mobile supervision of traffic movement, directing orally and visually are done
to allow free and safe movement of escorted vehicles.
Traffic Direction and Control

 It is the control direction of traffic units according to proportionate time to prevent traffic
accident to maintain smooth flow of traffic.
Means of Directing
1. Signalling
2. Whistling
3. Gestures
Hand Signal
1. Use hand signals
2. Use uniform signals
3. It must be clear
4. Don’t make verbal
5. Be alert, stand erect
6. Look to the person when signalling
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7. Arm signal should be shoulder high
8. Supplement it with whistle
9. Hang your hand when not in use
10. Constant waving of hands causes confusion
11. Maintain 90 degrees turn of the body
12. When stopping point to a man you want to stop
13. Hand signal should be with arm and palm facing the person
Whistle Signal
1. One long blast for STOP
2. Two short snappy blast for GO
3. Three blast to be used TO ASK FOR ASSISTANCE
A. Command Of Traffic
 Stand where you can be seen with firm and posture
B. Gesture In Stopping
 Point the arm and index finger toward the vehicle to be stopped then show your palm
 Repeat the process at the opposite side
 Not lower your arm until traffic is ceased
C. Gesture to Start Traffic
 Stand sideways
 Point your index finger toward the vehicle to start, hold it till he verified, swing your
hand up to your chin
 Drop and repeat the process at the opposite side
 Use it when they are slow or hesitant to move
D. Right Turn Gestures
 Not required at intersection
 Point to the vehicle you want to turn and point to the direction of turning
 Vehicles to your left for right turn bend your left arm and allow a thumb sign
E. Left Turn Gestures
 Vehicles turn left from right, stop vehicle from right and direct vehicle to the left
 Left turn vehicle from your right, turn around and repeat the procedure above
 Street with one lane only
a) Allow space for ongoing straight and turning left vehicles
b) Direct finger left turning car with proper finger left
c) Semaphore signals may be used
F. Two-Officer Traffic
 The team leader shall initiate command followed by the members.
Techniques in Traffic Direction and Control

1. Keep intersection open
2. Don’t allow motorist to cross without exit
3. Stop motorist at their lane
4. Prefer to stop the last moving vehicle
Procedures in Different Traffic Problems
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1. Determine the cause
2. In case of accident conduct fast investigation
3. In case of engine trouble assist the motorist in pushing car to place
4. Establish oneself and conduct systematic flow of traffic
5. Observe the traffic flow if it smooth, if not repeat procedure no. 1
6. Implement traffic regulation to prevent jam
Responsibilities of Traffic Enforcer

1. Enforce the law without fear or favor and assist public when needed
2. In an intersection, remember the following:
a. Personal safety of enforcer
b. Policeman’s visibility
c. Visibility of officers to traffic
d. Non obstruction to traffic
e. Ability to effect necessary control
3. Officer shall not leave his post during tour of duty without permission from higher
authority. In case personal necessity he should notify the station.
4. Respond immediately to emergency calls and notify the station
5. Be calm and control the temper even under provoking situation
6. He should be in proper uniform
7. In apprehending issue citation, and do it in one minute
Traffic Accident Investigation

 A process of systematic collection and analysis of information relating to an accident that
resulted in the property damage, physical injuries and homicide.
Included are:
a) Accident injury from inhalation of exhaust gas
b) Fires
c) Explosion
d) Discharge of firearm within the motor vehicle while in motion
e) Collision between a motor vehicle and railroad train or streetcar on stationary rails on
trucks.
f) Failure of any parts of the motor vehicle while it is in motion.
Excluded are:
a) Collision of motor vehicle with an air craft or water craft in motion.
b) Injury or damage due to cataclysm
c) Injury or damage while the motor vehicle is on or unloaded from another conveyance
Traffic Accident Investigation
 Determines the Following
a) What happened?
b) Who were involved?
c) Where did it happen?
d) When did the accident happen?
e) Why did it happen?
f) How did the accident occur?
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Purposes of Traffic Accident Investigation
a) To determine the causes and circumstances of the accident.
b) To produce evidence , determine if there is any traffic law violation committed by either
parties that resulted to the accident
c) To prevent future accidents.
d) For insurance claims or filing of criminal cases in court.
Earliest Recorded Traffic Accident

1771 France
 Nicolas - Joseph Cugnot's second steam-powered vehicle is said to have crashed into a
wall during a test run, in what would have been the first automobile accident. However, it
is disputed that this ever happened.
August 31, 1869 UK (Ireland)
 While riding as a passenger with relatives in an experimental steam car, Mary Ward was
thrown from the car and fell under the wheels as it rounded a bend. This is believed to be
the first recorded automobile death.
Definition of Terms about Traffic Investigation

Cause
 The combination of simultaneous and accentual factors without any one of which result
could not have occurred.
Debris
 Scattered broken parts of vehicles caused by collision
Flip
 The movement of vehicle, without touching the ground from where its forward velocity is
suddenly stopped by an object.
Skid Marks
 Marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate due to sudden application
of brakes
Scuff Marks
 These are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or scrubbing while the wheel is
still turning.
Centrifugal Skid
 A marks left on the road while the car is sliding on a curve.
Gas Skid
 A breaking skid marks which is interrupted by release and reapplication of brakes or
which terminates by of brakes before collision.
Skip Skid
 A breaking skid mark interrupted at regular intervals; the skid mark made by a bouncing
wheel on which brakes keep the wheel from turning.
Primary Cause
 A misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily explained factor in the cause of
an accident or the most easily modified factor.
Reaction Distance
 The distance moved or travelled by the vehicle during reaction time.
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Reaction Time
 The time from perception to reaction.
Traffic Unit
 Is any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other purposes as a pedestrian or
driver, including any vehicle, or animal which he is using. It applies not only to motor
vehicle but also to:
a. Pedestrians;
b. Cyclists;
c. Street cars;
d. Horse-drawn (animal-drawn) vehicles;
e. Farm tractors; and
f. Other road users in almost any combination.
Kinds of Traffic Accidents

 In the investigation of traffic accidents, it is imperative for the traffic investigator to
know the kinds of accidents occurred in order to map out the necessary activities to be
done when responding and investigating.
1. Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident
 Refers to any accident occurring on a traffic way involving persons using the traffic way
or travel or transportation, but not involving a motor vehicle in motion
 Pedestrian and a cyclist in a traffic way
2. Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident
 Any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in any place other than a traffic way
 Accident on a private driveway
3. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident
 Any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way
 Collision between automobiles on a highway
4. Non-Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident
 Any accident occurring on a private traffic way involving persons using vehicle, but not
involving a motor vehicle.
 Pedestrian and cyclist in a private road
Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident

A. According to Key Event
1. Running off road
 This is usually characterized by a motor vehicle falling on the roadside or on a cliff along
mountainous roads.
2. Non-collision on road
 This does not involve any collision an example of which is overturning.
3. Collision on road
 This type of accident includes all forms of accident as long as there is a collision
B. According to Severity
1. Property Damage Accident
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 Is any motor vehicle accident where there is no fatal or injury to any person but only
damage to the motor vehicle or to other property including injury to animals.
a) Slight
 Accident causing slight damages to properties.
2. Non-Fatal Injury Accident
 Any motor vehicle accident that results in injuries other than fatal to one or more persons.
a) Less Serious
 Accidents causing less serious injuries to persons.
b) Serious
 Causing serious injuries to persons.
3. Fatal Injury Accident
 Any motor vehicle accidents that results in death to one or more persons.
Causes of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident

1. Simultaneous Factors
 Road condition
 Driver’s attitude
 Weather condition
2. Sequential Factors
 Unsafe greater speed
 Defective vehicle
3. Operational Factor
 Road hazard
 Driver’s non compliance
4. Perception Factor
 Driver’s inability to react
 Driver’s faulty action to escape
Chain of Events in a Vehicular Accident

1. Perception of Hazard
 It is seeing, feeling or hearing and understanding the usual or unexpected movement or
condition that could be taken as a sign of an accident about to happen
2. Start of Evasive Action
 It is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course or otherwise
avoid a hazard
3. Initial Contact
 The first accidental touching of an object collision course or otherwise avoids a hazard
4. Maximum Engagement
 It is the greatest collapse or overlap in a collision; the force between the traffic unit and
the object collided with are greatest at maximum engagement
5. Disengagement
 It is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it has collided;
the force between the object ceases at this time
6. Stopping
 This is when the traffic units involved come to rest; it usually stabilizes the accident
situation
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7. Injury
 It is receiving bodily harm; this event does not necessarily occur after the accident but
within any of the chain of events; it may also happen right after the evasive action taken
by the drivers involved or during the initial contact
Other events that may occur during accidents
1. Point of Possible Perception
 It is the place and time of which the hazard could have been perceived by a normal
person. It precedes actual perception and is the beginning of perception delay.
2. Point of No Escape
 It is that place and time after or beyond which the accident cannot be prevented by the
traffic unit under consideration.
3. Perception Delay
 It is the time form the point of possible perception to actual perception.
4. Final Position
 It is the place and time when objects involved in an accident finally come to rest without
application of power.
Five Levels of Activity in Accident Investigation

1. Reporting
 This stage involves basic data collection to identify and classify a motor vehicle, traffic
and persons, property and planned movements involved.
2. At-Scene Investigation
 This level involves all action taken by the investigator at the scene of the crime or
accident.
3. Technical Preparation
 This involves delayed traffic accident data collection and organization for study and
interpretation.
4. Professional Reconstruction
 This involves efforts to determine from whatever information is available, how the
accident happened.
5. Cause Analysis
 This final level usually involves final analysis on the causes of accident which are bases
for the prevention of another accident.
Steps to be taken by the police as a traffic law enforcer during traffic accidents:
Step One: UPON LEARNING OF ACCIDENT:

1. Asked first:
 When did the accident happen?
 Exactly where was it?
 How bad was it?
 Did you see the accident happened?
 Where can you be reached?
2. Decide whether to go to the scene:
 Will scene have been cleared by the time of arrival?
 Is it in investigator’s area?
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 Should headquarters’ be informed or consulted?
3. Then find out, if necessary:
 Is traffic blocked?
 Has ambulance been called?
 Has wrencher been called?
 Was fire apparatus called?
Step Two: START FOR THE SCENE

 With two-way radio, you can do two things while on the way.
1. Choose the best approach.
 Consider the following:
a. Time
b. Possible traffic jams
c. Possible route of driver involved
d. Probable situation at the scene
2. Drive safely
 Get there safely. If you get involved in accident yourself, then other units must be used.
3. Be alert for cars leaving the scene
 Be alert on the following:
a. As possible witness and hit and run drivers
b. Records registration numbers of any likely looking vehicles
4. Get equipment ready for use
 So far as practical on the way
5. Look for conditions confronting a driver approaching scene
 Look for the following:
a. Low visibility obstructions
b. Traffic control devices
6. Note hazards to approaching traffic
 Drop helpers to direct if necessary
 Look for physical evidence. Have it guarded until it can be examined, collected, or
located.
Step Three: UPON ARRIVAL AT THE SCENE OF ACCIDENT:

1. Select parking place carefully.
 Is it safe?
 Will it block traffic?
 Can headlight illuminate scene?
2. Care for injured
 Stop arterial bleeding
 Call for help if necessary
 Help injured from cars safely
 Ask for emergency assistance from bystanders from anywhere.
3. Look over bystanders and others.
 Look for drivers.
 Look for possible witnesses.
 For volunteers who will help you.
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 Get them under control
4. Have emergencies under control
 Have spilled gasoline guarded.
 Look for fire and electrical hazards.
 Look for traffic hazards.
 Put out flares.
 Ask helper to direct traffic
 Keep bystanders off roadway.
 Request help from headquarter if needed.
5. Measure location or short lived evidences.
6. Arrange for clearing roadway.
7. Delay removal of vehicles except to aid injured.
Step Four: WHEN EMERGENCY IS UNDER CONTROL

1. Preliminary questioning of drivers:
 Who was driving each vehicle?
 Note unpremeditated statement.
 Look for signs of nervousness, confusion and intoxication.
2. Gather clues for identifying hit and run cars.
 Question other witnesses especially bystanders in hurry to go.
 It needed, get signed statement at once from why who may be hard to find later.
3. Examine drivers conditions
 Get specimen for chemical test.
 Question about trip plan for possible fatigue.
4. Question drivers carefully
 Check license and record data from it.
 Verify and identify address.
 Check registration and record data.
 Verify ownership and correct address.
 Get step by step account of what driver saw and did.
5. Position and condition of vehicles.
 Note lights and light switches
 Note gear position and tires.
 Mark position of vehicles if it must be removed.
 Look for unusual thing inside the vehicles.
6. From preliminary opinion as to how accident occur:
7. Photography:
 Photograph skid mark and location of vehicles.
 Mark skid mark location for later measurement.
8. Record place to which injured persons or damage vehicles were or will be taken.
Step Five: AFTER GETTING SHORT-LIVED EVIDENCES:

1. Get additional evidence
 Make test skids.
 Decide whether proof of violation is sufficient for arrest.
 If so, make arrest or issue citation.
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 Get additional formal statements, from witnesses remaining at the scene.
 Have road clear if traffic is obstructed.
2. Suggestion to drivers:
 How much accidents can be avoided in the future.
 Tell drivers what reports they must make and dismiss them.
3. Approach the scene by path of each traffic unit involved. Look for:
 View obstructions.
 Traffic control devices
 Probable points of perception
 Road surface conditions
4. Complete examinations of vehicles.
5. Locate key event of accident.
6. Make additional photographs of the following:
 Vehicle damage
 View obstruction
 Pavement’s conditions
 Control devices,
 General view
7. Establish exact location of accident and record it.
8. Measure for scale diagram if location is hard to reach.
9. Review notes of evidence or testimony.
 Get additional facts at scene.
 Identify all notes with places and time.
10. Clean up location or arrange to have it done.
11. Report to headquarters by radio or telephone.
Step Six: AFTER LEAVING THE SCENE

1. Get medical report on injured persons from doctor or hospital.
2. Question drivers or witnesses:
 At hospital or home if not adequately questioned.
 Take need additional statements.
3. Notify:
 Relatives of dead or injured;
 Owner of vehicles.
4. Have specimens analyzed if were taken for chemical / laboratory test.
5. Have photograph developed; get prints if needed for report.
6. Complete the report of the accident.
 Have copies made if necessary
 File report and copies
 Complete factual data on investigation report if not completed at scene.
7. Decide whether analysis of accident is warranted by the time available for making it.
8. Reconstruction of the accident.
 Estimate speeds of vehicles involved.
 Draw scale diagram
 Analyze angle of collision
 Get technical help if necessary, and
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 Summarize opinions
9. Present case summary to a lawyer.
10. Complete report or investigation (file reports and notes).
11. Submit to superior for approval.
12. Inform other Agencies or departments of any condition at the scene which needs attention for
safety.
Step Seven: IF CASE GOES TO COURT

1. Find out what the prosecutor wants further to develop evidence.
2. Return to the scene if necessary for the following:
 Additional photographs of general scene and
 Long-lived evidence
 Measure for scale diagram for use in court.
 Locate additional witnesses and review thier testimony.
3. Locate also
 Relatives and friends who confirm activities before the accident.
 Technicians who developed pictures, made chemical tests, etc.
 Experts who can help.
4. Have enlargement made of any photo needed in court
5. Enlarge scale diagram made for use in court.
6. Pre-trial conference with prosecution witnesses to review testimony.
7. Ensure that subpoenas are issued
8. Testify in court.
9. Organize papers and file permanently, if necessary, for future reference.
10. Insure that the disposition of case is recorded in drivers record and other reports.
Partial Check List for Investigating Accidents:

 The following check list will assist the accident investigation to evaluate the quality of
his investigations. It may be used as an administrative tool to determine the quality of
accident investigation that will be used as a standard.
1. Get to Scene Quickly and Safely
a) Respond Immediate to Call:
b) Drove carefully on way
c) Parked properly at scene
2. Care for Injured
a) Made immediate inquiry for injuries
b) Provide first aid, or for medical attention
c) Handled injured properly
d) Safeguard properly injured
3. Safeguard Scene
a) Took precautions to prevent further accident
b) Prove for orderly handling of traffic
c) Obtained required help in handling the accident
d) Prevented destruction of evidence
e) Parked car properly
4. Determine if Hit-and-run
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a) Quickly located drivers
b) Observed condition of drivers
c) Listened to drivers’ story
d) Took notes on drivers’ story
e) Question the drivers about the accident
5. Seek and Interview Witnesses
a) Made proper search for witnesses
b) Techniques used in search for witnesses
c) Approached witnesses
d) Listened” to witness’ story
e) Questioned” witnesses on pertinent information
f) Asked witnesses to write out his statement
g) Asked for witnesses’ signatures to statements taken
h) Handled” witnesses interview properly.
6. Examine Physical Evidence
a) Checked position of vehicles on roadway
b) Checked traffic control devices
c) Checked damage of vehicles
d) Checked brakes of vehicles
e) Checked obstruction to view
f) Checked condition of roadway
g) Checked marks and materials on roadway surface.
7. Compare Statements of Drivers and Witnesses
a) Checked statement against each other
b) Checked with drivers and / or witnesses on statements inconsistent with each other or
physical condition
c) Decision at this point, tentatively at least on any violation of law involved
8. Witnesses Repeat Statement In Presence of Drivers and Investigator
a) Brought drivers and witnesses together
b) Stories repeated in presence of each drivers and investigator
c) Drivers permitted to reply to statement made
d) Procedure handled tactfully by investigator
9. Secure Written Statement of Drivers
a) Drivers asked to write out their story
b) Drivers asked to sign statement they made
c) Signed statement obtained
d) Procedure handled efficiently by investigators
10. Take Photograph and Measurements
a) Proper photograph taken
b) Tire and skid marks tied in with vehicles
c) Marked properly measurement
d) Diagram of accident made, both drivers signed it
11. Take Appropriate Enforcement Action
a) Investigator identified violations involved
b) Proper charges placed against the violator
c) Evidence obtained to satisfy all elements of charge made
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d) Investigator detected all pertinent evidence
12. Obtain Complete Factual Data
a) All pertinent data on accident obtained.
b) All obtained data factual
c) “On the Scene” notes taken by investigators
d) Complete investigation made by investigators
13. Pre-Report Follow-up
a) Mechanical inspection of vehicles was made
b) Participants not at scene, interviewed
c) Witnesses not at scene, interviewed
d) All other follow-up requirements made
14. Write up Report
a) Investigator obtained sufficient data
b) Investigator obtained accurate data
c) Proper diagram included in report
d) Sound opinions also included in the report
e) Finished report meets of department records
Liabilities Arising from Vehicular Accident

1. Culpa Contractual
 Liability arising from contractual negligence or that a results in a breach of contract.
 A passenger was hurt because of the driver’s negligence.
2. Culpa Aquiliana
 Liability as a result of civil negligence or quasi-delict.
 A pedestrian was hit by a taxi and suffered physical injury.
3. Culpa Criminal
 Liability caused by criminal negligence or that which results in a commission of a crime.
 A pedestrian was hit by a jeepney that resulted to his death.
Hit and Run

 Evading responsibility is a term commonly applied to a traffic accident in which drivers
fails to comply with any of the duties required according to Section 55 of RA 4136.
Driver’s Duties in case of Accident
 The driver shall stop immediately, and if requested by any person present, shall show his
driver’s license, give his true name and address, and also the true name and address of the
owner of the vehicle.
 No driver of a motor vehicle shall leave the scene of the accident without aiding the
victim, except under the following circumstances:
a) If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harm by any person or persons by
reason of accident
b) If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law, or if he summon a
physician or nurse to aid the victim.
Elements of Hit and Run
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 You must prove the suspect was driving the vehicle at the time of the accident. Even if
you have witness to prove this, get evidence to disapprove his alibi.
1. Suspect was involved in an accident resulting in death, injury, or damage to property.
2. Suspect failed to stop, give aid or information as to his identity or persons involved, to police
or to anyone at the accident scene; or failed to take reasonable steps to notify the owner of
the damaged property other than a vehicle.
3. Do not overlook the possibility of a simulated second accident to explain damaged caused by
the first accident.
4. Suspect had the knowledge of the accident.
a. Physical evidence may prove the vehicle figured in the accident.
b. Extent of the damage to vehicle. Extensively damage to vehicle would preclude
allegation of lack of knowledge. If suspect refrained from using his vehicle for several
days since the accident, this would also indicate the guilt.
c. Guard against claims that the vehicle was stolen to evade responsibility.
Two Important Considerations

1. The driver who flees on the scene of the accident is not necessarily the driver responsible
for the accident. His reason for his flight is often more important than the simple evasion of
responsibility. He may be wanted for another crime, or without a valid license, etc.
2. The hit and run drivers often will report the damage to his own vehicle as having been the
result of another hit and run accident in which some other mysterious driver fled without
identifying himself.
Hit and Run Investigation

 Involves the investigation of motor vehicle accident involving the flight of one of the
participants.
Classes of Hit and Run Drivers

1. Drunk Drivers
2. Criminals fleeing from the crime scene
3. Improperly licensed drivers or drivers without license
4. Drivers who fear publicity and prosecution
5. Ignorance of the accident
6. Drivers who flees in panic
7. Drug addicts
8. Financial Reasons
9. Juveniles
Legal cases to be filed:

1. Article 275 Abandonment of person in danger and abandonment of one's own victim
2. Reckless imprudence resulting to homicide
3. Reckless imprudence resulting to physical injury
4. Reckless imprudence resulting to damage to property
5. Violation of section 55 of RA 4136
6. Civil liability
78
Common Nature of Hit-And-Run
1. Ran over pedestrian
2. Sideswiped pedestrian
3. Collided with moving vehicle while overtaking
4. Collided with moving vehicle while overtaking on opposite direction
5. Damaged parked vehicle
6. Crushed police road block
7. Bumped by stray animal
Fast Tracked Investigation

1. Send the corpse to laboratory after investigating
2. Obtain fingerprint and other specimen and send it to laboratory
3. Splintered glass can be a lead
4. Broken headlamp manifest a run over
5. Paints might stick at victim belonging
6. Don’t forget to bring paper and pencil for initial note taking
Examination of Recovered Vehicle

1. Recover physical evidence immediately
2. Measure the vehicle
3. Photograph the vehicle, debris and chipped off part
4. Check the interior of the car for driver’s identity
Preliminary Steps in Hit-and-Run Investigation

 The following usually serve as the guideline for hit-and-run cases investigators:
1. Refer to checklist on Accident Investigation.
2. Obtain the best possible descriptions of the car and driver. a.
a. A good description may be obtained from partial descriptions given by witnesses.
b. Get the license plate and any unusual features of the vehicle.
c. Concentrate on the car's description first.
d. Dispatch initial description and all subsequent information to the Headquarters and to
police agencies that may assist in spotting and stopping the suspect vehicle.
e. Broadcast descriptions of the suspected car and driver to all police units and offices.
f. Try to determine the damage to the fleeing car.
3. Appeal for information through local newspapers, radio, T.V., etc.
4. Carefully search the hit-and-run scene for physical evidence.
a. These may include broken glasses and fragments, hubcaps, paint scrapping from hit-
and-run car, otherevidence such as dirt from subject car, radiator, ornament, etc.
b. Carefully preserve and label all evidence found at the scene.
c. Request laboratory study of evidence.
d. Watch out for the possible return of the hit-and-run driver to the scene of the accident.
This has been known to happen.
5. The Victim
a. Check his clothing; other parts of his body, tire marks, grease, paint chips, fragments,
and such things that might have been left on him by the suspect car.
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b. If the victim is killed, get samples of uncontaminated blood from him at the morgue
and samples of hair, skin, etc.
c. Collect and preserve for laboratory examination, the clothes, shoes, and other items
he was wearing at the time of the accident.
Follow-up Investigation
 During follow-up investigation, the investigator should
1. Interview persons living along the route taken by the hit- and-run driver; also, operators of
filling stations and garages.
2. Canvass parking lots and other filling stations and garages.
3. Return to the accident scene at the same time on subsequent days and on the same day of the
following weeks to obtain additional witnesses such as delivery men operating on scheduled
routes.
4. Follow-up phone calls to garages and dealers of auto parts.
5. Continue appealing for information through the press, radio and TV.
Search for Suspect Car

 If it is located and recovered: pieces of clothing, marks, damaged parts, hair, blood, etc.
1. Look for physical evidence, such as latent fingerprints, which will identify the car as that
involved in the hit-and-run accident.
2. Search the undercarriage of the suspect car. Determine also if there is indication of
disturbance in the grease or dirt adhering to it.
3. Make a careful investigation for replaced parts. Interview of Suspect.
Interview of the Suspect

 When the suspect is apprehended
1. Obtain a signed statement if you can.
2. Get a full account of suspect's whereabouts and write it down just in case he refutes in later.
3. Approach and apprehend the driver of the suspect car as soon as his identity and whereabouts
are ascertained
4. Place the driver in a defensive position by properly directed questions upon approach.
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Traffic Management and Accident Investigation With Driving 1

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Traffic Management and Accident Investigation With Driving 1

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Traffic Management and Accident Investigation with Driving

Various Modes of Transportation

Back Load and Tumpline

New Castle to Manchester

Evolution of Motor Vehicles

The Invention of Bicycle

Karl Von Drais

Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir

Fundamentals of Traffic Management

Pillars of the Traffic Management

Agencies Involved in Traffic Engineering

Agencies Involved in Traffic Education

Agencies Involved in Traffic Enforcement

Specific Traffic Problems

Major Causes of Traffic Congestions

Factors Contributing to Road Accidents

Purpose of Driver Education

The Four Basic Types of Instruction Used in Driver’s Education Program

The Different Types of Driver

Behavioral Level of Intoxicated Driver

Blood Alcohol Contents Limits by Different Countries

Other Scientific Test for Intoxication

Rules for Right of Way

The 10 Commandments of Traffic Safety

Speed Limit and other Rules on Speed

Maximum Allowable Speeds

Exemptions to the Speed Limit

Classification of International Signs

Examples of Different Traffic Signs according to LTMS Portal (LTO)

Give Way Sign

Left turner must give way

Using Overpass or Use Ped Xing

No Vehicles With Trailer

No Animal Drawn Vehicles

No entry for all types of vehicles

End of speed restriction

e. Parking and Stopping Signs

Bus-PUJ Stop Zone - parking is not allowed

PUJ Stop Zone - parking is not allowed

No Parking: Tow-Away Zone- parked vehicle

No stopping or parking anytime within the

No parking anytime from Monday to Friday

No entry for vehicles with more than 10 meters

No entry for vehicles with more 2 meters of

No entry for vehicles with 3.5 meters in height

Use Seat Belt sign is used pursuant to RA

Be aware of pedestrian crossing

Bike lane ahead

Be aware of children crossing

Reverse Turn (Double Bend)

Reverse Curve (Double Curve)

Approach to intersection merging traffic

Sideroad junction ahead

Roundabout ahead (Rotunda)

c. Advance Warning Traffic Control Device Signs

Stop sign ahead

Give way sign ahead

d. Road with Signs

Narrow bridge ahead

End of 2-way road ahead

e. Road Obstacle Signs

Uneven road ahead

Spill way sign