ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF DEEP WELLS ON LAND SUBSIDENCE

USING MODFLOW: THE CASE OF BIÑAN, LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES

JOSHUA ROMEO ARTIGA PALUBON

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE
DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

JANUARY 2023

This field practice manuscript can be accessed:

By the general public -

Only after consultation with the author/thesis adviser Yes
Only by those bound by confidentiality agreement -

Signature of Student: _____________________

Signature of Thesis Adviser: _____________________
 ii

The thesis attached hereto, entitled “ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF DEEP

WELLS ON LAND SUBSIDENCE USING MODFLOW: THE CASE OF BIÑAN,

LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES” prepared and submitted by JOSHUA ROMEO ARTIGA

PALUBON in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, is hereby accepted.

PERLIE P. VELASCO JOSEPH ANGELO R. SABIO

Member Member
Guidance Committee Guidance Committee
January 9, 2023 January 10, 2023
Date Signed Date Signed

KALE ASHLEY P. CARURUCAN

Chair
Guidance Committee
January 13, 2023
Date Signed

CRISAULO M. REYNOSO
Chair
Department of Civil Engineering
January 18, 2023
Date Signed

ROSSANA MARIE C. AMONGO

Dean
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology
05 March 2023
Date Signed

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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Joshua Romeo Artiga Palubon was born in

Tacloban, Leyte on July 18 1999. He is the first child and

only son of Nilda J. Artiga. He took his primary education

at St. Therese of Lisieux School in Bacoor, Cavite and

graduated with honors in 2012. He finished his secondary

education at Las Piñas City National Science High School

and graduated with honors in 2018.

The author is currently taking up a degree in

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering at the University of the Philippines - Los Baños

(UPLB). He is a member of the University of the Philippines Civil Engineering Society

and the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers UPLB Student Chapter since 2020.

The author plans to pursue the structural engineering field once he fulfills his Civil

Engineering degree.

JOSHUA ROMEO A. PALUBON

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My sincerest thanks to all the people that served as the foundation of the person I

am today.

First and foremost, to my dearest mother, Nilda, I am truly grateful for all your

sacrifices and hard work, for staying strong through all the challenges that our family faced,

and for everything. All of this achievement means nothing without you. Your happiness

has been my greatest inspiration in life.

To my sister and little brother, Kate and Nathan, especially to Kate who was there

to make me coffee when I am having a long night and for Nathan as the source of joy for

our family. Your “Kuya Josh” will always be here for the both of you.

To my thesis adviser, Sir Kale, for the patience and guidance you have given me

throughout this study. I have appreciated all the efforts to push me to finish this study and

for being a reliable adviser.

To my Panelists, Sir Sabio and Ma’am Perlie, your detailed comments and

suggestions to my drafts are greatly appreciated and have been a great help to further

improve and finish my paper. I am very grateful for all the patience and understanding you

have given me throughout this paper.

To my gaming buddies, Melvin, Karina, Enzo, JN, Russel, Monina, and Cabe, our

playing time has been a great bonding experience and stress reliever throughout my college

life.

To YB, Kurt, Clio, and Ashley, our coffee breaks, heart to heart talks, and

everything in between have been a great help for me to push through all the struggles in

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life and in my academics. All the money and time spent with you guys have always been

worth it.

To the love of my life, Mikay, I am truly grateful for all the time you have been

there through all my down times and helped me to get back up again, for all the much

needed coffee breaks and food trips, for all the late night talks about career and future, for

the much needed assurance and validation, and for staying.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL PAGE ii
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES xi
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xii
ABSTRACT xiii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Significance of the Study 10
1.3 Objectives of the Study 10
1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study 11
1.5 Date and Place of the Study 11
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 12
2.1 Aquifer 12
2.2 Deep Well 13
2.3 Transmissivity 14
2.4 Storativity 15
2.5 Land Subsidence 16

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PAGE

2.6 Philippine Governmental Agencies related to the analysis of Land

16
Subsidence
DENR 16
NWRB 17
DPWH 17
2.7 Softwares Analyzing Soil Properties and Deep Well 18
ArcGIS 18
AQTESOLV 18
MODFLOW 19
2.8 Past Related Studies 19
Land subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal in urban
19
areas Holzer & Johnson, 1985)
Land Subsidence in Bangkok, Thailand (N. Phien-wej, P.H.
20
Giao, P. Nutalaya, 2005)
Disaster in Slow Motion: Widespread Land Subsidence in
and Around Metro Manila, Philippines Quantified By Insar 21
Time-Series Analysis (Eco et al., 2020)
Inversion of Groundwater Storage Variations Considering
Lag Effect in Beijing Plain, from RadarSat-2 with SBAS- 21
InSAR Technology (Zhang et al., 2022)
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 23
3.1 Preliminary Investigation for the Selection of Deep Wells to
24
Stimulate
3.2 Evaluation of Soil Properties using AQTESOLV 25
3.3 Prediction of Future Drawdown using MODFLOW 28
3.4 Land Subsidence Modeling using MODFLOW 28
3.5 Analysis of the Influence Area of the Land Subsidence Induced by
29
the Deep Wells in Biñan, Laguna

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PAGE

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 30

4.1 Location Map of Deep Wells and Boreholes within Biñan, Laguna 30
4.2 Evaluation of Soil Properties using AQTESOLV 32
4.3 Future Drawdown Modeling of Deep Wells at Different Areas in
35
Biñan, Laguna using MODFLOW
4.4 Land Subsidence Modeling of Deep Well at Different Areas in
41
Biñan, Laguna using MODFLOW
4.5 Analysis of the Influence Area of the Land Subsidence Induced by
48
Deep Wells
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 49
6. RECOMMENDATIONS 51
7. REFERENCES 52
APPENDIX 55
APPENDIX TABLES 56

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1-1 Nearest deep well distance on each location 6

1-2 Spacing requirement of wells from the Water Code of the 9

Philippines

4-1 List of Barangays Covered per Portion 32

4-2 Layer description and soil properties from geotechnical 33

investigation for the boreholes in each portion

4-3 Hydraulic properties solved using AQTESOLV for the 34

borehole in each portion

4-4 Properties of the subsidence model for each portion 42

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1-1 Deep Well Plots in Biñan, Laguna 4

1-2 Vertical deformation rate around Las Pinas, Muntinlupa, San 5

Pedro, and Biñan area

2-1 Illustration of Aquifers and Wells 12

2-2 Illustration of Deep Well System 14

3-1 Methodological flowchart 23

3-2 User Interface of AQTESOLV 27

4-1 Location Map of Boreholes and Deep Wells in Biñan, Laguna 31

4-2 Future drawdown simulated of Portion #1 in Biñan, Laguna 36

using MODFLOW

4-3 Future drawdown simulated of Portion #2 in Biñan, Laguna 38

using MODFLOW

4-4 Future drawdown simulated of Portion #3 in Biñan, Laguna 40

using MODFLOW

4-5 Simulated Land Subsidence of Portion #1 in Biñan, Laguna 44

using MODFLOW

4-6 Simulated Land Subsidence of Portion #2 in Biñan, Laguna 45

using MODFLOW

4-7 Simulated Land Subsidence of Portion #3 in Biñan, Laguna 46

using MODFLOW

4-8 Compiled Land Subsidence Model from MODFLOW 48

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LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

APPENDIX PAGE
TABLE

1 Deep well data in Biñan, Laguna from NWRB 57

2 Borehole Location in Biñan, Laguna 65

3 Well Spacing Simulation Findings from ARCGIS 67

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DInSAR Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar

DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways

GWS Groundwater storage

NWRB National Water Resources Board

USGS U.S. Geological Survey

WMVF West Marikina Valley Fault

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ABSTRACT

PALUBON, JOSHUA ROMEO ARTIGA. College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial

Technology. University of the Philippines Los Baños. January 2023. Analysis of the
Impacts of Deep Wells on Land Subsidence using MODFLOW: The Case of Biñan,
Laguna, Philippines.

Major Adviser: Kale Ashley P. Carurucan

The wide use of groundwater causes great depletion of water resources, which

results in various negative impacts such as land subsidence. For many years, widespread

land subsidence has been a persistent problem in different places in the Philippines which

has been detected and measured through the rates at which wells appear to rise while the

surrounding land sinks, the frequency with which roadways must be raised to avoid re-

inundation, and the formation of earth fissures. Land subsidence also occurs in areas away

from the shore, for instance, earth fissures have developed in Muntinlupa, San Pedro and

Biñan since the early 1990s. In 2022, NWRB granted permits to 120 deep wells around

Biñan in relation to subsidence induced by groundwater pumping. The rate of subsidence

of -1 to -2 cm/yr with an affected area of 27 km2 in the city of Biñan can be rooted to the

noncompliance of some distance of nearby wells with the spacing requirement of wells

from the Water Code of the Philippines by the NWRB. Thus, this study performed

assessments on the current well situation in Biñan, Laguna through predicting the future

drawdown and simulating the future land subsidence, as well as the radius of influence

induced by the deep wells using different softwares such as ArcGIS, AQTESOLV, and

MODFLOW for the analysis of land subsidence occurrence in Biñan, Laguna, Philippines.

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It has been observed in this study that in areas with greater number of deep wells and

located closer to each other results in a greater land subsidence compared to areas with

lesser population of deep wells and are complying to the spacing requirements imposed by

the NWRB. Specifically, it was observed that the cluster of deep wells in Portion 1 of the

map of Biñan induced a subsidence rate of 1.2 cm/yr, while in Portion 2 it was observed to

be at a rate of 0.4 cm/yr. Lastly, for Portion 3 it was observed that the rate of subsidence

induced by the cluster of deep wells in the area was at a rate of 3.2 cm/yr.

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Groundwater is the water that exists beneath the earth's surface in the cracks and

crevices of soil, sand, and rock. It is stored and slowly travels through aquifers, which are

geological formations of soil, sand, and rocks (Groundwater Foundation, n.d.). As a matter

of fact, approximately 14% of the overall water resource potential of the Philippines is

accounted for by groundwater (Philippine Environment Monitor, 2003). It is also

responsible for supplying 50% of the potable water as well as 85% of the piped water

supply in the country (Barkwith, 2021). According to the National Water Resources Board

[NWRB](2002), 49% of groundwater has been consumed by the domestic sector, with the

remaining 32% consumed by agriculture, 15% by industry, and the remaining 5%

consumed by other sectors, including mining. Approximately 60% of groundwater

extraction occurs without water-right permits, resulting in indiscriminate groundwater

withdrawal. Groundwater is a source of supply for a large majority of piped water delivery

systems at around 86% (Philippine Environment Monitor, 2003).

However, the wide use of groundwater also causes vast depletion of these

resources, which results in several negative impacts on the environment and the people.

One of the major consequences is the lowering of the water table. Water must be pumped

from a well that extends below the water table in order to be extracted from the earth, and

thus, the well owner could have to deepen the well, drill a new well, or, at least, attempt to

lower the pump if the groundwater level declines greatly. Moreover, the rate at which the
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well can produce water may decrease as water levels drop. Similarly, groundwater

pumping changes how water moves between an aquifer and a stream, lake, or wetland

which causes the reduction of water in streams and lakes (U.S. Geological Survey [USGS],

2018). Overall, it causes loss of riparian vegetation and wildlife habitat due to lowering of

groundwater levels below the depth required for streamside or wetland plants to survive

(Ponce, 2014). Another effect of groundwater pumping is the increase of cost for users due

to utilization of pumps to elevate the water, requiring more energy and resources. Aside

from these, deterioration of water quality can also be a problem. Infiltration of saltwater is

one hazard to the fresh groundwater water quality. The line separating freshwater and

saltwater is usually fairly stable under natural circumstances, but pumping can cause

saltwater to migrate inland and upward, contaminating the water supply (USGS, 2018).

Lastly, A loss of support under the ground is the main factor in land subsidence. Thus, the

soil can occasionally collapse, compact, and plummet when water is removed from it. The

kind of soil and rock beneath the surface are just a couple of the variables that affect this.

The removal of subsurface water is the key human activity that most frequently results in

land subsidence (USGS, 2018). Among the numerous negative impacts of groundwater

pumping, land subsidence will be the main focus in this study due to its effects in damaging

buildings, bridges, highways, as well as making areas more susceptible to flooding and

storm surge, which has been a prevailing problem in the Philippines (Department of

Environment and Resources [DENR], 2015).

Land subsidence is defined as the progressive lowering of the ground which can be

a rapid process, such as a sudden collapse of soils such as sinkholes, due to karst processes,

or a slow process; in the latter case, this phenomenon can be due both to natural causes,

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such as active faults or volcanic processes, and anthropic causes, such as settlements,

induced by new buildings, mining and groundwater pumping (Rosi, 2014). For many years,

widespread land subsidence has been a persistent problem in coastal Metro Manila and the

neighboring coastal provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga. Since 1997, this phenomenon

has been detected and measured through the rates at which wells appear to rise while the

surrounding land sinks, the frequency with which roadways must be raised to avoid re-

inundation, and the formation of earth fissures. Numerous places near northern Manila Bay

subsided at a rate of 1.7-8.3 cm/yr between 1991 and 2003 (Eco et al., 2020). Recent studies

relating to ground settlements employed differential interferometric synthetic aperture

radar (DInSAR) to determine subsidence rates of up to 15 cm/yr between 1993 and 2010

(Eco et al., 2020). Land subsidence also occurs in areas away from the shore. In fact,

numerous earth fissures have developed in Muntinlupa, San Pedro and Biñan since the

early 1990s. The southern left-stepping en echelon segments of the West Marikina Valley

Fault (WMVF) system is dominated by vertical movements; however, slip rates of

approximately 2-20 cm/yr between 1996 and 1999 are significantly higher than those

observed globally, implying that groundwater extraction becomes a primary contributor.

The structures atop these fractures have sustained considerable damage and are structurally

vulnerable (Eco et al., 2020).

In relation to subsidence induced by groundwater pumping, as of 2022, NWRB

currently has granted permits to 120 deep wells around Biñan which is plotted through

ArcGIS as shown in Figure 1-1 with purposes varying from municipal, domestic, irrigation,

industrial, and livestock despite the subsidence rate recorded as shown in Figure 1-2.

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Figure 1-1. Deep Well Plots in Biñan, Laguna.

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Figure 1-2. Vertical deformation rate around Las Pinas, Muntinlupa,

San Pedro, and Biñan area.
Source: Eco et al., 2020

It has been observed from Figure 1-2 that there is a rate of subsidence of -1 to -2

cm/yr with an affected area of 27 km2 in the city of Biñan (Eco et al., 2020). The cause of

this observed rate of subsidence and affected area problem in Biñan is still uncertain.

However, it may be rooted to the distances of nearby wells seen in Figure 1-1 as presented

in Table 1-1, wherein some of the deep wells located in Biñan do not comply with the

spacing requirement of wells from the Water Code of the Philippines under Section 46

implemented by the NWRB in Table 1-2.

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Table 1-1. Nearest deep well distance on each location.

LOCATION GRANTED DISTANCE TO NEAREST

DISCHARGE, LPS DEEP WELL, m
Biñan, Laguna 5.000 547.009853

San Antonio, Biñan 5.000 195.67182

Sto Tomas, Biñan 7.990 210.547684

Brgy. San Francisco, Biñan 2.000 547.009853

Biñan, Laguna 2.500 322.140668

Biñan, Laguna 14.500 719.35818

Biñan, Laguna 4.070 639.660618

Biñan, Laguna 10.000 394.52967

Ph 4 Brgy Loma Biñan 23.500 727.956173

Laguna
Ph 4 Brgy Loma Biñan 23.500 218.601236
Laguna
Ph4 Brgy Loma Biñan 23.530 218.601236
Laguna
Ph5 Brgy Loma Biñan 23.540 128.737624
Laguna
Biñan, Laguna 16.320 1102.995479

Biñan Laguna 23.540 371.373831

Brgy. Loma,Biñan 23.540 1162.449509

Brgy. Loma Biñan, Laguna 23.540 29.997097

Brgy. Loma,Biñan, Laguna 40.000 260.035814

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Table 1-1. Continued …

GRANTED DISTANCE TO NEAREST

LOCATION
DISCHARGE, LPS DEEP WELL, m

Biñan, Laguna 23.540 3370.855028

Biñan, Laguna 3.880 59.876883

Biñan, Laguna 2.160 198.67348

Biñan, Laguna 0.230 394.52967

Sto. Tomas, Biñan 8.320 59.876883

Brgy. Loma, Biñan, Laguna 0.930 622.335227

Brgy. Loma, Biñan, Laguna 0.166 113.788539

Biñan, Laguna 11.460 563.940751

Sto. Tomas, Biñan 11.460 188.601602

Brgy. Sto. Tomas, Biñan,

4.9800 336.418596
Laguna
Brgy. Sto. Tomas, Biñan,
7.03 538.424914
Laguna
Brgy. Sto. Tomas, Biñan,
7.03 541.397254
Laguna

Biñan, Laguna 6.400 336.418596

San Francisco, Biñan, Laguna 10.50 917.643636

B1 Celina Mansons Sub.,

12.50 113.788539
Brgy Loma, Biñan, Laguna

Dw#3, Loma, Biñan, Laguna 11.23 29.997097

Sto. Tomas, Biñan, Laguna 0.02 12.784649

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Table 1-1. Continued …

GRANTED DISTANCE TO NEAREST

LOCATION
DISCHARGE, LPS DEEP WELL, m
San Antonio, Biñan, Laguna 30.00 195.67182
Margarita Homes, Brgy. San
1.64 639.660618
Antonio, Biñan
Laguna Bel-Air, Brgy. Loma,
14.50 229.589194
Biñan, Laguna

Brgy. Biñan, Biñan, Laguna 5.00 220.318692

Brgy. Biñan, Biñan, Laguna 5.00 248.229206

Brgy. Biñan, Biñan, Laguna 5.00 1056.074611

Brgy. Biñan, Biñan City,

34.80 64.954497
Laguna
Brgy. Biñan, Biñan City,
34.80 164.153033
Laguna
Brgy. Biñan, Biñan City,
34.80 666.401181
Laguna
Brgy. Biñan, Biñan City,
34.80 1077.885184
Laguna
Brgy. Biñan, Wellfield Lti,
34.80 220.318692
Biñan, Laguna
Brgy. Biñan, Wellfield Lti,
34.80 89.817241
Biñan. Laguna
Brgy. Sto.Tomas, Biñan,
5.00 445.182568
Laguna
Brgy. Sto.Tomas, Biñan,
4.00 188.601602
Laguna
Brgy. Sto.Tomas, Biñan,
4.52 12.784649
Laguna
Brgy. Sto.Tomas, Biñan,
5.00 198.67348
Laguna
Brgy. Biñan, Biñan City, 23.20 248.229206
Laguna

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Table 1-1. Continued …

GRANTED DISTANCE TO NEAREST

LOCATION
DISCHARGE, LPS DEEP WELL, m
Brgy. Biñan, Biñan City,
34.80 64.954497
Laguna
Brgy. Biñan, Biñan City,
34.80 139.97169
Laguna
Source: NWRB, n.d.

Table 1-2. Spacing requirement of wells from the Water Code of the Philippines.

RATE OF WITHDRAWAL, LPS MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN

WELLS, m

2-10 200
More than 10-20 400
More than 20- 40 600
More than 40 1000
Source: Water Code of the Philippines, Section 46, 2005

Therefore, this study aims to assess the current well situation to further address the

problem of land subsidence in Biñan, Laguna through predicting the future drawdown and

simulating the future land subsidence, as well as the radius of influence induced by the

deep wells in Biñan using different softwares such as ArcGIS, AQTESOLV, and

MODFLOW. ArcGIS for the mapping of the boreholes and deep wells in the area of Biñan,

AQTESOLVe for the evaluation of soil properties, and MODFLOW for the analysis of the

effect of deep wells in terms of land subsidence.

MODFLOW will help in analyzing the individual effect of deep wells in terms of

land subsidence although the resulting land subsidence that will be gathered from this study

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is a rough estimate, the method is very simple and does not need intricate geological

mapping that uses complicated softwares.

1.2 Significance of the Study

This study will help in addressing the ever-growing widespread of land subsidence

cases in the country for many years, specifically in Biñan, Laguna, and that groundwater

extraction is a major contributing factor to this phenomenon. This study may also be

utilized to address the issue of land subsidence in a more specific way such as identifying

wells that induce a larger area and amount of land subsidence which may serve as a

reference for the NWRB in revising the granted amount of discharge in deep wells around

Biñan, the owners, and the local government affected by the influence of the deep well.

Also, the method that will be used in this study can be used to develop a fast

preemptive measure to minimize land subsidence which usually causes floods to take

longer to subside and could damage buildings, bridges, and highways. Moreover, future

research can also be performed in other areas in the Philippines in addressing problems in

land subsidence in reference to the methods utilized in this study.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to determine the impact of deep wells in

Biñan, Laguna on land subsidence of the area in order to provide information to the local

government. Specifically, this study aims to:

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1. predict the future drawdown of the deep wells;

2. model land subsidence induced by deep wells; and

3. analyze the influence area of the land subsidence induced by the deep wells.

1.4 Scopes and Limitations of the Study

The data for the discharge rate of various deep wells in Biñan, Laguna was collected

from and only with the permission of NWRB which holds the discharge permit for all the

deep wells in Biñan, Laguna. The data for soil parameters from the borehole logs needed

was gathered and only with the permission of the Department of Public Works and

Highways (DPWH) Laguna 2nd District Engineering Office. It was simply a close

approximation of the subsidence induced by specific deep wells that was obtained through

simulation in the MODFLOW software.

1.5 Date and Place of Study

The collection of data specifically the discharge rate, deep well location, borehole

location, and soil parameters were done from June 2022 to September 2022. The data

interpretation will come right after gathering the data and will be done in the researcher’s

home in Los Baños, Laguna.

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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Aquifer

An aquifer is a body of saturated rock that allows water to flow freely. Aquifers

must be permeable and porous and may consist of various rock types, including sandstone,

conglomerate, fractured limestone, and unconsolidated sand and gravel. Fractured volcanic

rocks, such as columnar basalts, make excellent aquifers. Between volcanic flows, the

rubble zones are generally porous and permeable, making them excellent aquifers. To be

productive, a well must be drilled into an aquifer (USGS, 2019). Figure 2-1 shows a typical

set up of confined and unconfined aquifers, as well as artesian and flowing artesian wells.

Figure 2-1. Illustration of Aquifers and Wells.

Source: USGS, 2019

Granite and schist are generally poor aquifers due to their extremely low porosity.

If these rocks are highly fractured, however, they make excellent aquifers. A well is a hole

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drilled into the ground to access a subterranean water supply. Usually, this type of water

would have to be pumped to the surface. When water is pumped from a well faster than it

can be replenished, the water table drops, and the well may dry up. When water is pumped

from a well, the water table is typically lowered into a cone-shaped depression near the

well. Normally, groundwater flows down the water table's slope toward the well (USGS,

n.d.).

2.2 Deep Well

Groundwater is extracted from deep well systems, typically consisting of several

drilled wells spaced around the perimeter of an excavation. Submersible borehole pumps

are used to extract the groundwater from the wells. With each pumping cycle, an area of

depression is generated in the groundwater; the interaction between each well's depression

and the surrounding area results in groundwater lowering over an extended period (Arthur

& Saffer, n.d.). Figure 2-2 shows an illustration of deep well systems which consists of

water-table drawdown and its recovery after pumping.

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Figure 2-2. Illustration of Deep Well System.

Source: Buddemeier, 2000

2.3 Transmissivity

The ability of an aquifer to transmit groundwater throughout its saturated thickness

is referred to as transmissivity. The transmissivity of groundwater is defined as the rate at

which it can flow through a unit-width aquifer section under a unit hydraulic gradient

(Bear, 1979). Transmissivity can be determined using the drawdown levels over time

pumped during a pumping test. Moreover, the value of Transmissivity, T, was solved using

the equation:

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 15

𝑇 = 𝐾𝑏 (Equation 2-1)

Where:
T is the Transmissivity
K is the Hydraulic Conductivity
b is the aquifer thickness

2.4 Storativity

The storage coefficient, or storativity, is a dimensionless measure of the volume of

water released from storage about changes in head or water level and the aquifer's surface

area (Rackley, 2017). The storage coefficient depends on the extent to which the aquifer is

unconfined or confined. Furthermore, the value of storativity was solved using the

equation:

𝑆 = 𝜌𝑔(𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽)𝑏 (Equation 2-2)

Where:
S is the storativity
ρ is the density of water
g is the gravitational acceleration
α is the aquifer compressibility
n is the total porosity
β is the water compressibility
b is the aquifer thickness

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2.5 Land Subsidence

Land subsidence happens when substantial amounts of groundwater have been

extracted from specific types of rocks, such as fine-grained sediments, resulting in the

ground surface movement. The rock compacts as a result of the water's contribution to the

stabilization of the ground surface. When the water is turned off, the rocks begin to collapse

in on themselves. Because land subsidence can occur over vast areas rather than in a single

location, such as a sinkhole, you may not notice it as much as you would otherwise (USGS,

2018).

2.6 Philippine Governmental Agencies related to the analysis of Land Subsidence

Several governmental agencies play an important role in implementing and

regulating laws to efficiently manage natural resources and lessen the negative effects of

land subsidence through various infrastructures. The following agencies that are mentioned

in this study have provided relevant data and information for the development of this study.

DENR

The Department is the primary agency responsible for the conservation,

management, development, and proper use of the country’s environment and natural

resources, specifically forest and grazing lands, mineral resources, including those in

reservation and watershed areas, and lands of the public domain, as well as the licensing

and regulation of all natural resources as may be provided for by law to ensure equitable

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sharing of the benefits derived therefrom for the welfare of the present and future

generations of Filipinos (DENR, n.d.).

NWRB

NWRB is the government organization managing and regulating all water resources

and services in the Philippines (DENR, 2020). The country's water-related initiatives that

have social, environmental, and economic consequences are integrated and coordinated

through this organization (NWRB, n.d.). In relation to subsidence induced by groundwater

pumping, NWRB currently has granted permits to 120 deep wells around Biñan with

purposes varying from municipal, domestic, irrigation, industrial, and livestock use.

DPWH

DPWH serves as the government's engineering and construction arm, tasked with

continuously developing its technology to ensure the safety of all infrastructure facilities

and the highest level of construction efficiency and quality for all public works and

highways. DPWH is presently responsible for planning, designing, building, and

maintaining infrastructure, particularly national highways, the flood control and water

resources development system, and other public works in compliance with national

development goals (DPWH, n.d.).

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2.7 Softwares Analyzing Soil Properties and Deep Well

Softwares is useful in this study to easily identify the soil properties of the deep

wells that are relevant for the analysis of land subsidence induced by the deep well.

Additionally, they are used to simulate and predict future conditions to further help in the

assessment of this study. The following softwares is utilized in the study to provide

sufficient findings to deepen the analysis of the deep wells in the country.

ArcGIS

For integrating location-based analytics into a vast range of different applications,

ArcGIS offers distinctive capabilities and adaptable licenses, with the use of contextual

tools to display and analyze data, enabling clearer results and deeper insights. In this study,

ArcGIS will be used to create and use maps to plot the coordinates of the different deep

wells and boreholes, necessary for the analysis in this study. With the aid of maps, spatial

patterns can easily be identified from the data and come up with better conclusions and

recommendations. (Esri, n.d.)

AQTESOLV

AQTESOLV is the premier program in the world for the design and interpretation

of aquifer tests such as pump tests, slug tests, and constant-head tests in confined, leaky,

unconfined, and fractured aquifers and has been linked with competence in aquifer test data

interpretation since 1989 (Duffield, 2019).

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MODFLOW

MODFLOW is the modular hydrologic model of the USGS. MODFLOW is the

international benchmark for simulating and predicting groundwater conditions and

groundwater/surface water interactions. MODFLOW was first published in 1984; it was

created and distributed only as a groundwater-flow simulation code. However, its modular

structure has given a stable framework for incorporating other simulation capabilities

beyond its original focus. The MODFLOW family of tools can simulate coupled

groundwater/surface-water systems, solute transport, variable-density flow (including

saltwater), aquifer-system compaction and land subsidence, parameter estimation, and

groundwater management (USGS, 2022).

2.8 Past Related Studies

Land subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal in urban areas (Holzer &

Johnson, 1985)

At least eight urban areas worldwide have suffered considerable economic losses

due to land subsidence caused by unconsolidated sediment pumping. Bangkok, Houston,

Mexico City, Osaka, San Jose, Shanghai, Tokyo, and Venice are among the coastal areas.

Subsidence causes flooding due to reduced ground elevation. Others include localized

ground failures or ruptures and well casing failures. Most of these cities began to sink

before the phenomenon was noticed. So the subsidence issues were unexpected.

Controlling groundwater pumping and developing surface water to compensate for reduced

groundwater pumping have been used to stop subsidence. Groundwater recharging is also

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used. Flood-prone areas have been protected by dikes, sea walls, locks, and storm-water

pumping stations.

Land Subsidence in Bangkok, Thailand (N. Phien-wej, P.H. Giao, P. Nutalaya, 2005)

Bangkok has been suffering from land subsidence for 35 years. The flat, low-lying

topography and dense, soft clay layer at the ground surface exacerbate flood danger and

foundation engineering issues. Subsidence reached a crucial point in the early 1980s

reaching 120 mm/year. The rate fell with time, but the area affected by subsidence grew

with the city. Ensuring the city's vast aquifer system continues to pump groundwater has

become increasingly difficult as the city's population grows. Piezometric levels in the

primary aquifer strata have dropped by 65 m. The subsidence and piezometric drawdown

were correlated. The statistics showed that for every m3 of groundwater pumped out in

Bangkok Plain, 0.10 m3 was lost at the surface. Numerical approaches for predicting

differential settling between building foundations due to aquifer piezometric decline have

advanced significantly. With the recent adoption of severe mitigation measures such as a

groundwater management price strategy, increased tap water supply, and strict

groundwater rules, groundwater use has significantly decreased. However, land sinking

will persist due to the time-dependent consolidation behavior of the soft clay layer and clay

aquitards.

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Disaster in Slow Motion: Widespread Land Subsidence in and Around Metro Manila,
Philippines Quantified By Insar Time-Series Analysis (Eco et al., 2020)

Land subsidence in and around Metro Manila is orders of magnitude faster than

sea-level rise due to global warming. It exposes residents to worsening floods and tidal

incursions and increases the hazard of storm surges. Also, differential displacement at pre-

existing faults damages adjacent properties. From 1990 forward, the rate at which wells

rise as the land around them lowers, the frequency with which roadways must be raised,

and societal surveys of historical flooding and tide heights have been identified and

measured. To analyze the impact of subsidence and create effective solutions, the subsiding

zones must be identified and their subsidence rates quantified. To this goal, Envisat 2003-

2010 and ALOS PALSAR-1 2007-2011 images were analyzed using PSInSAR. At least 2-

4.2 cm/yr of groundwater over-extraction caused subsidence in Manila, Caloocan,

Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela, Rosario, San Pedro, Las Piñas, and Dasmariñas. The

southern section of the WMVF shows subsidence but not the northern segment. Coastal

land subsidence.

Inversion of Groundwater Storage Variations Considering Lag Effect in Beijing

Plain, from RadarSat-2 with SBAS-InSAR Technology (Zhang et al., 2022)

From 1955 to 2010, the area of the Beijing plain with a cumulative deformation

above 100 mm was close to 4000 km2. Beijing's groundwater supply fulfills two-thirds of

the demand. The results reveal groundwater exploitation reached 2.28 109 m3 from 2004

to 2013. The SNWDP, the world's largest water resource allocation project, was launched

in late 2002 to address water scarcity in northern China. The middle route from

Danjiangkou to Beijing opened by the end of 2014. The SNWDP changes the temporal-

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spatial response connection between surface deformation and Groundwater storage (GWS)

variation. To fill this research gap, we seek to invert aquifer storage characteristics and

GWS using time series SBAS-InSAR technology and hydraulic head data.

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3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A methodological flowchart presents a step-by-step procedure that is employed in

this study addressing its main objectives. Figure 3-1 shows the detailed description of each

procedure that is used to obtain definite results for the analysis in this study.

Figure 3-1. Methodological flowchart.

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As presented in the figure, the first step is to perform a preliminary Investigation

for the possible deep wells to simulate through mapping of location of deep wells and

boreholes in Biñan, and then selecting appropriate locations to analyze in the study. After

which, the soil properties of each selected deep well location will be evaluated to determine

the total porosity, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, and storativity to be used to obtain

results for further analysis of this study. One expected outcome of this study that satisfies

the first objective is the prediction of future drawdown using MODFLOW. Additionally,

the second objective is obtained through the modeling of land subsidence for each location

using MODFLOW. Lastly, an evaluation of the current well situation in Biñan, Laguna is

also performed that satisfies the third objective of the study. Moreover, the succeeding

discussions in this chapter will further explain each procedure in detail, starting with the

preliminary investigation of deep wells.

3.1 Preliminary Investigation for the Selection of Deep Wells to Simulate

ARCGIS is to be utilized in mapping the locations of deep wells using its respective

coordinates obtained from NWRB, as well as borehole logs from DPWH. These plotted

locations are then used in selecting the most ideal borehole by considering the presence of

a nearby cluster of deep wells which will then be the basis of the value of the soil properties

needed to simulate future drawdown and land subsidence.

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3.2 Evaluation of Soil Properties using AQTESOLV

Total Porosity

With the data of oven dry weight and initial weight from the borehole logs near the

deep well, the mass of water was solved using the equation:

𝑀!"#$% = 𝑀&'(#(") − 𝑀*+$' -%. (Equation 3-1)

Where:
Mwater is the mass of water
Minitial is the initial mass of the soil sample
MOven dry is the oven dry weight of the soil sample

From the solved mass of water, the value of the volume of water was solved using the

equation:

0!"#$%
𝜌/"#$% = 1!"#$%
(Equation 3-2)

Where:
ρwater is the density of water
Mwater is the mass of water
Vwater is the volume of water

From the solved volume of water, the volume of solid was solved using the equation:

0!"#$% 4 0&'()*
𝜌2"#3%"#$- = 1!"#$% 4 1+'()*
(Equation 3-3)

Where:
ρsaturated. is the saturated density

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Mwater is the mass of water

Msolid is the mass of water
Vwater is the volume of water
Vsolid is volume of water

From the solved value of the volume of water and volume of solid, the value of void ratio

was solved using the formula:

1,
𝑒 = 1+
(Equation 3-4)

Where:
e is the void ratio
Vv is the volume of voids = Vair + VWater
Vair is the volume of air = 0
Vs is the volume of solids

From the solved value of void ratio, value of porosity was solved using the equation:

$
𝑛 = 54$
(Equation 3-5)

Where:
n is the porosity
e is the void ratio

Hydraulic Conductivity

Given the values of the particle size distribution from the sieve analysis done, the

diameter at which 10% of the sample is finer, D10, and the particle diameter at which 60%

of the sample is finer, D60, was plotted and with the value of porosity solved from equation

3-5, the value of the hydraulic conductivity was calculated using AQTESOLV as shown

from the figure below.

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Figure 3-2. User Interface of AQTESOLV.

Transmissivity and Storativity

In this study, AQTESOLV is utilized to solve other properties such as the

transmissivity and storativity. Using the value of hydraulic conductivity, the value of

Transmissivity, was solved using Equation 2-1. Meanwhile, with the value of porosity

solved from the equation 3-5, the value of storativity was solved using Equation 2-2.

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3.3 Prediction of Future Drawdown using MODFLOW

Using MODFLOW-2005, initial boundary conditions were setted, namely the

number of soil layers considered and its classification such as if it is an aquifer, aquitard,

or aqueduct according to the area considered and its corresponding findings from the

geotechnical report. Then the MODFLOW packages needed were enabled namely the Well

Package which controls the parameters applicable for the well to simulate such as the

amount of discharge and which layer it is located and the General Head Boundary Package

which controls the initial head of the aquifer. Next would be the setting of the layer

properties needed which were calculated through AQTESOLV such as the hydraulic

conductivity, transmissivity, and storativity. Lastly, the time span of the simulation was set

to 5 years through the MODEL-Time option to be able to show the drawdown result after

pumping for 5 years.

3.4 Land Subsidence and Groundflow Modeling using MODFLOW

Using MODFLOW-2005, initial boundary conditions were setted, namely the

number of soil layers considered and its classification such as if it is an aquifer, aquitard,

or aqueduct according to the area considered and its corresponding findings from the

geotechnical report. Then the MODFLOW packages needed were enabled namely the Well

Package which controls the parameters applicable for the well to simulate such as the

amount of discharge and which layer it is located then the General Head Boundary Package

which controls the initial head of the aquifer and lastly, the Subsidence Package which

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would enable the simulation of subsidence in relation to the discharge and location of the

well. Next would be the setting of the layer properties needed which were calculated

through AQTESOLV such as the hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, and storativity.

Lastly, the time span of the simulation was set to 5 years through the MODEL-Time option

to be able to show the resulting land subsidence after pumping for 5 years.

3.5 Analysis of the Influence Area of the Land Subsidence Induced by the Deep
Wells in Biñan, Laguna

The resulting models for land subsidence showing the scope of the affected area of

the induced subsidence was then correlated with the scope of the future drawdown induced

by the continuous discharge of the wells to further illustrate on how land subsidence occurs

in the area. It was also then compared to the initial findings with regards to the current well

spacing situation observed in the area of Biñan, Laguna.

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the future drawdowns of different wells in Biñan, Laguna

through MODFLOW as well as its relationship in comparison to the land subsidence

modeling done using also MODFLOW. The relationship of the current well spacing

situation of the City of Biñan and the area of influence induced by the land subsidence

was also correlated to the parameters set by the NWRB regarding the spacing required and

its corresponding discharge as shown in Table 1-2. A series of tables and illustrations were

used to show these relationships. A general illustration of the exact locations of deep wells

and borehole logs in Biñan, Laguna was plotted as shown in Figure 4-1 which serves as

the main basis for the area to be analyzed in this study.

4.1 Location Map of Deep Wells and Boreholes within Biñan, Laguna

A total of 24 boreholes and 54 deep wells were plotted using ARCGIS as illustrated

in Figure 4-1. Among the plotted deep wells and boreholes, 3 boreholes were considered

in this study as a basis for calculating the soil properties needed to analyze the drawdown

and land subsidence induced by the deep wells in Biñan. Then the map was divided into

three portions according to portions with a cluster of deep wells that did not follow the

spacing requirement set by the NWRB as indicated in Table 1-1. With this, the city of

Biñan was divided into three portions as shown also in Figure 4-1. The division of Biñan

and the groupings of the barangays was shown in Table 4-1 below.

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Figure 4-1. Location Map of Boreholes and Deep Wells in Biñan, Laguna.

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Table 4-1. List of Barangays Covered per Portion.

DIVISION BARANGAY

Portion 1 1. San Francisco

2. Soro Soro
3. Tubigan
4. San Vicente
5. San Antonio
6. Poblacion
7. San Jose
8. Sto. Domingo
9. Canlalay
10. De La Paz
11. Casile
12. Malaban
Portion 2 1. Sto. Nino
2. Platero
3. Sto. Tomas
4. Bungahan
5. Mampalasan
6. Ganado
7. Zapote

Portion 3 1. Langkiwa
2. Loma
3. Timbao
4. Biñan
5. Malamig

4.2 Evaluation of Soil Properties Using AQTESOLV

Each location was considered wherein its soil properties such as total porosity,

hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and storativity from geotechnical investigation were

obtained. Findings from this portion can aid in the analysis of drawdown in these locations.

The succeeding discussion shows a summary of the results in each location, as well as the

corresponding conclusions for each findings.

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Table 4-2. Layer description and soil properties from geotechnical investigation for the
boreholes in each portion.

VOID TOTAL
PORTION LAYER DESCRIPTION DEPTH, m
RATIO POROSITY

1 1 Silty Clay 0.00 - 6.00 0.4581 0.3111

2 Well Graded 6.00 - 30.00 0.5442 0.3504
Sand

2 1 Graded Sand 0.00 - 15.00 0.3884 0.2778

3 1 Graded Sand 0.00 - 15.00 0.1390 0.1212

Table 4-2 shows the result of the geotechnical investigation done in the area

covered in each portion as shown in Figure 4-1 where the subsoil profiles were from the

Soil Classification Test done in the laboratory. For the first portion, the first layer of the

soil was composed of a silty clay material with a thickness of 6 m then the second layer

was made up of a well graded sand with a thickness of 24 m. With Layer 2 composed of

sand material, it was the most likely area to place a well screen to be used in a deep well

system and the most appropriate choice in analyzing the drawdown induced by the

continuous pumping of the deep well. Meanwhile, the subsoil profile for Portion 2 shows

that the layer from 0 m to 15 m of the soil was composed of a graded sand material with a

thickness of 15m. With the whole soil profile composed of sand material, the depth at 10

m to 15 m was the most likely area to place a well screen to be used in a deep well system

and the most appropriate choice in analyzing the drawdown induced by the continuous

pumping of the deep well. Lastly, the Soil Classification Test done for Potion 3 shows that

all the layer of the soil investigated was composed of a well graded sand material with a

thickness of 15 m. With the layer composed of sand material, the depth of 10 m to 15 m

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was the most likely area to place a well screen to be used in a deep well system and the

most appropriate choice in analyzing the drawdown induced by the continuous pumping of

the deep well. Through these considerations and the values of void ratio and total porosity,

the values of hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, and storativity in the sand layer was

computed with the help of AQTESOLV as shown in Table 4-3.

Table 4-3. Hydraulic properties solved using AQTESOLV for the borehole in each portion.

HYDRAULIC
DESCRIP- TRANSMISSI STORATI
PORTION LAYER CONDUCTIVITY,
TION -VITY, cm2/s -VITY
cm/s

1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2 Well 0.035 84 0.024
Graded
Sand

2 1 Graded 0.0254 38.1 0.015

Sand

3 1 Graded 0.0326 48.9 0.015

Sand

With the values shown in Table 4-3, the corresponding drawdown after 5 years of

Portion 1, Portion 2, and Portion 3 were simulated using MODFLOW and was illustrated

through a model as shown in Figure 4-2, Figure 4-3, and Figure 4-4, respectively.

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4.3 Future Drawdown Modeling of Deep Wells at Different Areas in Biñan Laguna
using MODFLOW-SUB

The data of hydraulic conductivity, thickness of soil layer, recharge rate, and

discharge rate obtained from AQTESOLV was inputted in the software to simulate the

future drawdown and land subsidence of each area from the present up until 5 years.

Findings from MODFLOW help in the analysis of the effect of each deep well on land

subsidence. Moreover, interpretation of these results were elaborated in the next

discussions in this study.

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Figure 4-2. Future drawdown simulated of Portion #1 in Biñan, Laguna using MODFLOW-2005.
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The Figure 4-2 shows the future drawdown of the deep well which was the box

shapes in the model at Portion 1. The future drawdown forecasted was for the span of 5

years where it shows that the future drawdown exponentially grows reaching a drawdown

of 10.3764 m. With the simulated depth of the area equal to 30 m and the placement of the

well screen at 20 m to 30 m, the resulting drawdown was still acceptable and won’t cause

any damages to the pump since the maximum drawdown does not reach the depth where

the well screen was placed. This case may be rooted to the recharge of aquifers in Biñan

with a value of 0.7610 m3/s as well as with the initial head of the aquifer at 7.5 m depth.

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Figure 4-3. Future drawdown simulated of Portion #2 in Biñan, Laguna using MODFLOW-2005.
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The Figure 4-3 shows the future drawdown of the deep well which was the box

shapes in the model at Portion 2. The future drawdown forecasted was for the span of 5

years where it shows that the future drawdown exponentially grows reaching a drawdown

of 4.5166 m. With the simulated depth of the area equal to 15 m and the placement of the

well screen at 10 m to 15 m, the resulting drawdown was still acceptable and won’t cause

any damages to the pump since the maximum drawdown does not reach the depth where

the well screen was placed. This case may be rooted to the recharge of aquifers in Biñan

with a value of 0.7610 m3/s as well as with the initial head equal to 3 m below the ground

surface.

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Figure 4-4. Future drawdown simulated of Portion #3 in Biñan,Laguna using MODFLOW-2005.
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The Figure 4-4 shows the future drawdown of the deep well which was the box

shapes in the model at Portion 3. The future drawdown forecasted was for the span of 5

years where it shows that the future drawdown exponentially grows reaching a drawdown

of 7.7862 m. With the simulated depth of the area equal to 15 m and the placement of the

well screen at 10 m to 15 m, the resulting drawdown can be considered critical and may

cause any damages to the pump in the near future since the maximum drawdown was close

to the depth where the well screen is placed. This case may be rooted to the close spacing

distances of the wells in the area because even with the initial head equal to 1.3 m below

ground surface it still showed a large drawdown compared to the later simulation.

4.4 Future Land Subsidence Modeling of Deep Wells at Different Areas in Biñan

Laguna using MODFLOW-SUB

Given the sorting of the barangays to simulate as a group as shown in Figure 4-1,

each portion was simulated to further visualize the possible effect of the current deep well

situation in the city of Biñan wherein it shows what the future land subsidence would look

like after five years if the issue of noncompliance with the minimum spacing requirement

was not addressed. The succeeding discussion shows a summary of the results in each

portion, as well as the corresponding conclusions for each findings.

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Table 4-4. Properties of the subsidence model for each portion.

PROPERTY PORTION 1 PORTION 2 PORTION 3

Hydraulic Conductivity
0.00035 0.000254 0.000326
(Kx), m/s
Hydraulic Conductivity
0.000035 0.0000254 0.0000326
(Kz), m/s
Initial Head, m -7.5 -3 -1.3
Specific Storage 0.00098 0.00098 0.0008
Transmissivity, m2/s 0.0084 0.00381 0.0048
Recharge Rate, m3/s 0.76104 0.76104 0.76104

In Table 4-4, shows initial properties needed for the simulation of land subsidence

in MODFLOW wherein three layers were considered in each portion. For Portion 1, with

the upper layer composed of clay material with a thickness of 10 m, it was considered to

be an aquitard. Then the second and the third layer with its composition of mainly sand

material was considered as an aquifer with thickness of 10 m each covering the depth of

20 m and 30 m respectively. The well was then simulated at the third layer since it was the

location at which the well screen was most likely placed. Meanwhile, since all three layers

of Portion 2 was composed of sand material, the upper layer was considered to be an

aquitard while the remaining two layers was considered to be an aquifer with thickness of

5 m each and the third layer as the layer where the well simulation was done. Moreover,

since all layers of Portion 3 was also composed of sand material, the upper layer was also

considered to be an aquitard and the remaining two layers as an aquifer with thickness of

5 m each. For the well placement in the simulation, it was placed in the third layer since its

depth was the most appropriate location to place a well screen. Through all these initial

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parameters, the resulting land subsidence for Portion 1, Portion 2, and Portion 3 were

simulated through MODFLOW and was shown in Figure 4-5, Figure 4-6, and Figure 4-7,

respectively.

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Figure 4-5. Simulated Land Subsidence of Deep Well #1 in San Antonio, Biñan, Laguna using MODFLOW-2005.
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Figure 4-6. Simulated Land Subsidence of Deep Well #3 in Sto. Tomas, Laguna using MODFLOW-2005.
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Figure 4-7. Simulated Land Subsidence of Portion #3 in Biñan, Laguna using MODFLOW-2005.
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In Figure 4-5, the maximum value of land subsidence rendered after 5 years using

the MODFLOW software at a constant discharge rate of the involved deep wells in Portion

1 was 0.06 m. For Portion 2, it was observed to be at 0.02 m as shown in Figure 4-6. Lastly,

Figure 4-7 shows that the maximum land subsidence for Portion 3 was 0.16 m. It has also

been observed for the three portions that the model of land subsidence rendered was

following a contour pattern similar to the contour of the future drawdown in each portion.

Based on the results obtained from MODFLOW, the Portion 1 in the map of Biñan

induced a subsidence rate of 1.2 cm/yr, while the deep wells in Portion 2 induced a

subsidence rate of 0.4 cm/yr, and lastly the 3rd portion in Biñan induced a subsidence rate

of 3.2 cm/yr. It can also be observed from the three portions that the rate of pumping does

not directly affect the amount of subsidence, but the radius of area affected by the land

subsidence induced by groundwater pumping. It can be rooted to the area of groundwater

influenced by the pumping wherein at greater pumping rate, it would withdraw water at a

wider area of the aquifer, and thus causing compaction due to the increase in the volume

of voids in the soil layer because of the decrease in the amount of water in the aquifer which

justifies the observation that the area of drawdown shown in Figures 4-2, 4-3, and 4-4 are

similar to pattern of the area of influence of land subsidence observed in Figure 4-5, 4-6,

and 4-7.

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4.5 Analysis of the Influence Area of the Land Subsidence Induced by Deep Wells

It has also been observed from the three models of land subsidence that the contour

elevations at deep wells that were close to each other shown in Figure 4-8 were at the same

elevation indicating that the radius of influence in those deep wells overlaps thus, justifying

the initial findings that the well spacing situation in Biñan was one of the major factor

affecting the land subsidence observation of past studies using InSar mapping.

Portion 3 Portion 2 Portion 1

Figure 4-8. Compiled Land Subsidence Model from MODFLOW

Figure 4-8 also shows that the maximum land subsidence for each portion, as

labeled, was located at the encircled part which highlights the area at which numerous deep

wells were close to each other which further proves that noncompliance to the spacing

requirement greatly affects the amount of land subsidence that deep wells induce.

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5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

In this study, individual land subsidence effects of selected deep wells in the area

of Biñan were investigated using the MODFLOW software developed by the USGS. It has

been observed that groundwater extraction was one of the contributors in the slow process

of ground settlement in different areas around the world, which in this study was in the

area of Biñan. NWRB currently has a record of 120 deep wells operating in the area of

Biñan with different purposes varying from municipal, domestic, irrigation, industrial, and

livestock use. Recent studies also show that the vertical velocity movement or land

subsidence rate in Biñan ranges from -1 to -2 cm/yr affecting most parts of the city as

shown in Figure 1-1.

With this, three portions were considered to be the subject of this study which was

divided according to area with a cluster of deep wells that did not follow the spacing

requirement set by the NWRB. The soil properties of each portion were assumed to be

similar to the nearby borehole logs given by the DPWH. Each deep well was simulated at

a constant pumping rate for 5 years to investigate the amount of subsidence it will induce

after 5 years. The results show that the maximum land subsidence was located at the area

at which numerous deep wells were close to each other and of non-compliance with the

standards set by the NWRB. It had also been observed that the drawdown model had a

similarity with the resulting model of land subsidence per portion which can be rooted to

the increase in the volume of voids in the soil layer because of the decrease in the amount

of water in the aquifer.

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In some areas where ground-water pumping has caused subsidence, the subsidence

has been stopped by switching from ground-water to surface-water supplies. If surface

water is not available, then other means must be taken to reduce subsidence. Possible

measures include reducing water use and determining locations for pumping and artificial

recharge that will minimize subsidence. Optimization models coupled with ground-water

flow models can be used to develop such strategies.

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6. RECOMMENDATIONS

With the study done in the middle of the pandemic, the researcher had limited

access to different resources as well as with the privacy policies of different companies and

government agencies most of the data were assumed specifically, when it comes to the soil

properties of the area of the chosen deep wells and its specific discharge. Having the

specific soil properties and discharge for a specific deep well would have allowed the

researcher to analyze more deep wells and cover most of the area of Biñan. Lastly, other

aspects such as the locations of the well screen and the well depth must also be taken into

account when simulating the deep well to develop a more accurate result and to be able to

assess the issue of land subsidence more specifically.

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7. REFERENCES

ARTHUR, M., & SAFFER, D. (n.d.). Effects of Pumping Wells. Water: Science and
Society. Retrieved November 25, 2022, from https://www.e-
education.psu.edu/earth111/node/929

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54
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APPENDIX

55
 56

APPENDIX TABLES

56
Appendix Table 1. Deep well data in Biñan, Laguna from NWRB.

CHARGES, GRANTED,
LOCATION SOURCE TYPE LATITUDE LONGITUDE PURPOSE
php lps

Binan, Laguna Deepwell GW 14-19-57 121-03-44 513.75 5.000 Domestic

Shallow
San Antonio, Binan GW 14-20-32 121-05-10 500.27 5.000 Domestic
Well

Sto Tomas, Binan Deepwell GW 14-19-06 121-04-13 522.00 7.990 Domestic

Brgy. San Francisco,

Deepwell GW 14-20-13 121-03-36 505.50 2.000 Domestic
Binan

Binan, Laguna Deepwell GW 14-19-13 121-04-21 506.88 2.500 Domestic

Binan, Laguna Deepwell GW 14-17-15 121-03-25 539.88 14.500 Domestic

Binan, Laguna Deepwell GW 14-19-40 121-05-19 511.19 4.070 Domestic

Binan, Laguna Deepwell GW 14-17-29 121-04-37 527.50 10.000 Commercial

57
 2

Appendix Table 1. Continued…

CHARGES, GRANTED,
LOCATION SOURCE TYPE LATITUDE LONGITUDE PURPOSE
php lps

Ph 4 Brgy Loma Binan

Deepwell GW 14-16-53 121-03-16 564.62 23.500 Industrial
Laguna

Ph 4 Brgy Loma Binan

Deepwell GW 14-16-25 121-03-55 564.62 23.500 Industrial
Laguna

Ph4 Brgy Loma Binan

Deepwell GW 14-16-27 121-04-02 564.71 23.530 Industrial
Laguna

Ph5 Brgy Loma Binan

Deepwell GW 14-16-35 121-04-08 564.74 23.540 Industrial
Laguna

Binan, Laguna Deepwell #8 GW 14-16-19 121-02-59 544.90 16.320 Domestic

Binan Laguna Deepwell #2 GW 14-16-22 121-03-43 564.70 23.540 Industrial

Brgy. Loma,Binan Deepwell #7 GW 14-16-18 121-04-48 564.70 23.540 Industrial

58
2
 3

Appendix Table 1. Continued…

CHARGES, GRANTED,
LOCATION SOURCE TYPE LATITUDE LONGITUDE PURPOSE
php lps

Brgy. Loma Binan,

Deepwell #9 GW 14-16-38 121-04-04 564.70 23.540 Industrial
Laguna
Brgy. Loma,Binan,
Deepwell #1 GW 14-16-43 121-04-12 564.70 40.000 Industrial
Laguna

Binan, Laguna Deepwell#12 GW 14-16-45 121-06-37 564.75 23.540 Industrial

Binan, Laguna Deepwell GW 14-18-46 121-03-56 510.70 3.880 Domestic

Binan, Laguna Deepwell GW 14-19-44 121-04-39 505.90 2.160 Livestock

Binan, Laguna Deepwell GW 14-17-31 121-04-50 502.75 0.230 Domestic

Sto. Tomas, Binan Deepwell GW 14-18-46 121-03-58 522.90 8.320 Domestic

Brgy. Loma, Binan,
Deepwell GW 14-17-15 121-03-49 508.60 3.13 Municipal
Laguna
Brgy. Loma, Binan,
Deepwell GW 14-17-01 121-04-04 508.60 3.13 Municipal
Laguna

59
3
 4

Appendix Table 1. Continued…

CHARGES, GRANTE
LOCATION SOURCE TYPE LATITUDE LONGITUDE PURPOSE
php D, lps

Others (Gasoline
Binan, Laguna Deepwell GW 14-18-30 121-04-40 502.55 0.930
Station)
Others (Refilling
Sto. Tomas, Binan Deepwell GW 14-18-55 121-04-11 5,001.70 0.166
Station)

Brgy. Loma, Binan Deepwell GW 14-17-08 120-04-41 5,097.41 11.460 Municipal

Brgy. Loma, Binan Deepwell GW 14-17-12 120-04-48 5,097.41 11.460 Municipal

Brgy. Sto. Tomas, Binan,

Deepwell GW 14-18-58.46 121-04-33.80 5,027.39 4.9800 Municipal
Laguna
Brgy. Sto. Tomas, Binan,
Deepwell GW 14-18-25.24 121-04-13 5,038.66 7.03 Municipal
Laguna
Brgy. Sto. Tomas, Binan,
Deepwell GW 14-18-07.74 121-04-15.07 5,038.66 7.03 Municipal
Laguna

Binan, Laguna Deepwell GW 14-19-01.52 121-04-44.58 5,035.20 6.400 Municipal

60
4
 5

Appendix Table 1. Continued…

CHARGES, GRANTED,
LOCATION SOURCE TYPE LATITUDE LONGITUDE PURPOSE
php lps

San Francisco, Binan,

Bokal Spring GW 14-20-19 121-03-06 544.62 10.50 Irrigation
Laguna
B1 Celina Mansons Sub.,
Brgy Loma, Binan, Deepwell GW 14-16-57.87 121-04-1.97 5,127.50 12.50 Municipal
Laguna

Dw#3, Loma, Binan,

Deepwell GW 14-16-38 121-04-05 5,097.15 11.23 Municipal
Laguna

Sto. Tomas, Binan, Others (Water

Deepwell GW 14-19-01 121-04-08.2 5,000.00 0.02
Laguna Refilling)

San Antonio, Binan,

Deepwell GW 14-20-31.13 121-05-16.47 5,255.00 30.00 Municipal
Laguna

Margarita Homes, Brgy.

Deepwell GW 14-19-55.88 121-05-32.80 5,009.02 1.64 Municipal
San Antonio, Binan

Laguna Bel-Air, Brgy.

Deepwell GW 14-16-27.97 121-04-10.59 5,147.90 14.50 Municipal
Loma, Binan, Laguna

61
5
 6

Appendix Table 1. Continued…

CHARGES, GRANTED,
LOCATION SOURCE TYPE LATITUDE LONGITUDE PURPOSE
php lps

Brgy. Binan, Binan,

Deepwell GW 14-15-52.06 121-03-34.57 5,033.00 5.00 Municipal
Laguna

Brgy. Binan, Binan,

Deepwell GW 14-15-44.75 121-03-18.72 5,033.00 5.00 Municipal
Laguna

Brgy. Binan, Binan,

Deepwell GW 14-15-22.39 121-03-52.34 5,061.50 5.00 Municipal
Laguna

Brgy. Binan, Binan City,

Deepwell GW 14-15-27.74 121-02-59.54 5,354.96 34.80 Municipal
Laguna

Brgy. Binan, Binan City,

Deepwell GW 14-15-20.92 121-03-02.15 5,354.97 34.80 Municipal
Laguna

Brgy. Binan, Binan City,

Deepwell GW 14-15-20.88 121-02-38.45 5,354.96 34.80 Municipal
Laguna

Brgy. Binan, Binan City,

Deepwell GW 14-15-15.23 121-02-02.96 5,354.96 34.80 Municipal
Laguna

62
6
 7

Appendix Table 1. Continued…

CHARGES, GRANTED,
LOCATION SOURCE TYPE LATITUDE LONGITUDE PURPOSE
php lps

Brgy. Binan, Wellfield

Deepwell GW 14-15-59.20 121-03-33.90 5,354.96 34.80 Municipal
Lti, Binan, Laguna

Brgy. Binan, Wellfield Lti,

Deepwell GW 14-15-30.58 121-03-00.26 5,354.96 34.80 Municipal
Binan. Laguna

Brgy. Sto.Tomas, Binan,

Deepwell GW 14-18-39.27 121-04-23.76 5,033.00 5.00 Municipal
Laguna

Brgy. Sto.Tomas, Binan,

Deepwell GW 14-18-49.15 121-04-12.90 5,026.40 4.00 Municipal
Laguna

Brgy. Sto.Tomas, Binan,

Deepwell GW 14-19-01.22 121-04-07.84 5,029.83 4.52 Municipal
Laguna

Brgy. Sto.Tomas, Binan,

Deepwell GW 14-19-47.64 121-04-44.48 5,033.00 5.00 Municipal
Laguna

63
7
 8

Appendix Table 1. Continued…

CHARGES, GRANTED,
LOCATION SOURCE TYPE LATITUDE LONGITUDE PURPOSE
php lps

Brgy. Binan, Binan City,

Deepwell GW 14-15-44.89 121-03-10.44 5,236.64 23.20 Municipal
Laguna

Brgy. Binan, Binan City,

Deepwell GW 14-15-26.13 121-03-00.94 5,354.96 34.80 Municipal
Laguna

Brgy. Binan, Binan City,

Deepwell GW 14-15-34.71 121-03-02.22 5,354.96 34.80 Municipal
Laguna

64
8
 9

Appendix Table 2. Borehole Location in Biñan, Laguna

BOREHOLE NUMBER NORTHING EASTING LOCATION

1 14.3122444 121.0633472 Binan City

2 14.3276833 121.0776111 Brgy.Sto. Tomas, Binan

3 14.336683 121.082161
Binan City
4 14.336486 121.082072
5 14.3428972 121.0868139
Brgy. Dela Paz, Binan
6 14.3430111 121.0864806
7 14.3237861 121.0394389
Brgy. San Francisco, Binan
8 14.3255194 121.0407333
9 14.272079 121.067554
Brgy. Loma, Binan
10 14.271333 121.066487
11 14.269944 121.065019
Brgy. Binan, Binan
12 14.271333 121.066487
13 14.27207 121.069877
Brgy. Loma, Binan
14 14.273146 121.069113

65
9
 10

Appendix Table 2. Continued…

BOREHOLE NUMBER NORTHING EASTING LOCATION

15 14.288464 121.047996
Phase 1, Binan
16 14.287851 121.04724
17 14.3369556 121.0892556
Brgy. San Antonio, Binan
18 14.33711399 121.089175
19 14.3388056 121.0854722
Brgy Sto. Tomas, Binan
20 14.3283333 121.0780833
21 14.3256639 121.0540583
Brgy. San Francisco, Binan
22 14.326 121.05325
23 14.2791444 121.0769417
Brgy. Loma, Binan
24 14.2790194 121.0778417

66
10
 11

Appendix Table 3. Well Spacing Simulation Findings from ARCGIS.

FEATURE NEAR FEATURE DISTANCE, DISCHARGE,

SHAPE LOCATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE
IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION m lps
0 Point Binan, Laguna 14.3325 121.062222 3 547.009853 5.000
1 Point San Antonio, Binan 14.342222 121.086111 36 195.67182 5.000
2 Point Sto Tomas, Binan 14.318333 121.070278 35 210.547684 7.990
Brgy. San Francisco,
3 Point 14.336944 121.06 0 547.009853 2.000
Binan
4 Point Binan, Laguna 14.320278 121.0725 2 322.140668 2.500
5 Point Binan, Laguna 14.2875 121.056944 22 719.35818 14.500
6 Point Binan, Laguna 14.327778 121.088611 37 639.660618 4.070
7 Point Binan, Laguna 14.291389 121.076944 20 394.52967 10.000
Ph 4 Brgy Loma Binan
8 Point 14.281389 121.054444 5 727.956173 23.500
Laguna
Ph 4 Brgy Loma Binan
9 Point 14.273611 121.065278 10 218.601236 23.500
Laguna
Ph4 Brgy Loma Binan
10 Point 14.274167 121.067222 9 218.601236 23.530
Laguna
Ph5 Brgy Loma Binan
11 Point 14.276389 121.068889 34 128.737624 23.540
Laguna
12 Point Binan, Laguna 14.271944 121.049722 52 1102.995479 16.320
13 Point Binan Laguna 14.272778 121.061944 9 371.373831 23.540
14 Point Brgy. Loma,Binan 14.271667 121.08 38 1162.449509 23.540
Brgy. Loma Binan,
15 Point 14.277222 121.067778 34 29.997097 23.540
Laguna

67
11
 12

Appendix Table 3. Continued…

FEATURE NEAR FEATURE DISTANCE, DISCHARGE,

SHAPE LOCATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE
IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION m lps
Brgy. Loma,Binan,
16 Point 14.278611 121.07 34 260.035814 40.000
Laguna
17 Point Binan, Laguna 14.279167 121.110278 14 3370.855028 23.540
18 Point Binan, Laguna 14.312778 121.065556 21 59.876883 3.880
19 Point Binan, Laguna 14.328889 121.0775 51 198.67348 2.160
20 Point Binan, Laguna 14.291944 121.080556 7 394.52967 0.230
21 Point Sto. Tomas, Binan 14.312778 121.066111 18 59.876883 8.320
Brgy. Loma, Binan,
22 Point 14.2875 121.063611 23 622.335227 0.930
Laguna
Brgy. Loma, Binan,
23 Point 14.283611 121.067778 33 113.788539 0.166
Laguna
24 Point Binan, Laguna 14.308333 121.077778 48 563.940751 11.460
25 Point Sto. Tomas, Binan 14.315278 121.069722 49 188.601602 11.460
Brgy. Sto. Tomas,
26 Point 14.316239 121.076056 31 336.418596 4.9800
Binan, Laguna
Brgy. Sto. Tomas,
27 Point 14.307011 121.070278 48 538.424914 7.03
Binan, Laguna
Brgy. Sto. Tomas,
28 Point 14.30215 121.070853 29 541.397254 7.03
Binan, Laguna
29 Point Binan, Laguna 14.317089 121.07905 28 336.418596 6.400
San Francisco, Binan,
30 Point 14.338611 121.051667 3 917.643636 10.50
Laguna

68
12
 13

Appendix Table 3. Continued…

FEATURE NEAR FEATURE DISTANCE, DISCHARGE,

SHAPE LOCATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE
IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION m lps
B1 Celina Mansons
31 Point Sub., Brgy Loma, 14.282742 121.067214 23 113.788539 12.50
Binan, Laguna
Dw#3, Loma, Binan,
32 Point 14.277222 121.068056 15 29.997097 11.23
Laguna
Sto. Tomas, Binan,
33 Point 14.316944 121.068944 50 12.784649 0.02
Laguna
San Antonio, Binan,
34 Point 14.341981 121.087908 1 195.67182 30.00
Laguna
Margarita Homes, Brgy.
35 Point 14.332189 121.092444 6 639.660618 1.64
San Antonio, Binan
Laguna Bel-Air, Brgy.
36 Point 14.274436 121.069608 11 229.589194 14.50
Loma, Binan, Laguna
Brgy. Binan, Binan,
37 Point 14.264461 121.059603 46 220.318692 5.00
Laguna
Brgy. Binan, Binan,
38 Point 14.262431 121.0552 52 248.229206 5.00
Laguna
Brgy. Binan, Binan,
39 Point 14.256219 121.064539 39 1056.074611 5.00
Laguna
Brgy. Binan, Binan
40 Point 14.257706 121.049872 53 64.954497 34.80
City, Laguna
Brgy. Binan, Binan
41 Point 14.255811 121.050597 53 164.153033 34.80
City, Laguna

69
13
 14

Appendix Table 3. Continued…

FEATURE NEAR FEATURE DISTANCE, DISCHARGE,

SHAPE LOCATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE
IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION m lps
Brgy. Binan, Binan
42 Point 14.2558 121.044014 42 666.401181 34.80
City, Laguna
Brgy. Binan, Binan
43 Point 14.254231 121.034156 44 1077.885184 34.80
City, Laguna
Brgy. Binan, Wellfield
44 Point 14.266444 121.059417 39 220.318692 34.80
Lti, Binan, Laguna
Brgy. Binan, Wellfield
45 Point 14.258494 121.050072 42 89.817241 34.80
Lti, Binan. Laguna
Brgy. Sto.Tomas,
46 Point 14.310908 121.073267 49 445.182568 5.00
Binan, Laguna
Brgy. Sto.Tomas,
47 Point 14.313653 121.07025 25 188.601602 4.00
Binan, Laguna
Brgy. Sto.Tomas,
48 Point 14.317006 121.068844 35 12.784649 4.52
Binan, Laguna
Brgy. Sto.Tomas,
49 Point 14.3299 121.079022 19 198.67348 5.00
Binan, Laguna
Brgy. Binan, Binan
50 Point 14.262469 121.0529 40 248.229206 23.20
City, Laguna
Brgy. Binan, Binan
51 Point 14.257258 121.050261 42 64.954497 34.80
City, Laguna
Brgy. Binan, Binan
52 Point 14.259642 121.050617 47 139.97169 34.80
City, Laguna

70
14