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CHAPTER: 6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

XI BIOLOGY SHORT NOTES

Tissues - A group of cells having a common origin and usually performing common function are
called tissues.

Types of plant tissues.

Meristematic tissues

• Meristematic tissue is a simple tissue composed of group of similar and immature

cells which can divide and form new cells.
• Have power of cell division

Characteristics features
• Cells are thin walled
• No intercellular places
• Abundant cytoplasm
• Retains power of cell division

Classification based on position. Three types

1. Apical meristem :- The meristems which occur at the tips of roots and shoots and produce
primary tissues are called apical meristems.
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2. Lateral Meristem:- The meristem which occurs on the sides and takes part in increasing
girth of the plants are called Lateral meristem. Intrafascicular cambium in the primary
lateral meristem. Vascular cambium, cork cambium are secondary meristem.

3. Intercalary meristem :- The meristem which occurs between mature tissues is known as
intercalary meristem. They occur in grasses and regenerate parts removed by the grazing
herbivores

Based on the origin – three types

1. Promeristem- embryo/ seedlings

2. Primary meristem :- Both apical meristems and intercalary meristems are primary
meristems because they appear early in life of a plant and help to form the primary plant
body.Apical and Intercalary Meristem

3. Secondary meristem: - Intrafascicular cambium in the primary lateral meristem. Vascular

cambium, cork cambium are secondary meristem

Permanent tissues:

Simple permanent tissues :- A simple tissue is made of only one type of cells
1. Parenchyma( storage)-living , isodiametric cells, They store the food and provide turgidity
to softer parts of plant, Their walls are thin and made up of cellulose
2. Collenchymas (support ) below epidermis, living, thickened at corner due to cellulose,
hemicellulose and pectin. Oval, spherical or polygonal often contain chlorophyll
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3. Sclerenchyma – sclereids and fibres- dead

Compound permanent tissues

• Xylem- xylem vessels, xylem tracheids, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibres

• Phloem – sieve tubes, sieve cells, companion cells, phloem parenchyma

Tissue system :
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1. Epidermal tissue system

• Cuticle present- contains stomata ( guard cells, subsidiary cells, stomatal apparatus )
• Trichomes – (on stem) multicellular, secrete oils. Roothairs- single celled.

2. Ground tissues
• Tissues except epidermal and vascular tissues.
• Mesophyll. ( collenchymas, sclerenchyma, parenchyma )

3. Vascular tissue system

• Cambium. ( lateral meristem )
• Radial vascular bundle – in roots
• Conjoint open vascular bundle - in dicot stem and leaves
• Conjoint closed vascular bundle – in monocot stem and leaves

Anatomy of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants:

1. Dicotyledonous root and Monocot Root

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Dicot and Monocot Stem

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Leaves :
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Secondary growth:

The growth of the roots and stems in length with the help of apical meristem is called the
primary growth. Apart from primary growth most dicotyledonous plants exhibit an increase
in girth. This increase is called the secondary growth. The tissues involved in secondary
growth are the two lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium

Vascular Cambium

The meristematic layer that is responsible for cutting off vascular tissues – xylem and pholem – is
called vascular cambium.

Formation of cambial ring

In dicot stems, the cells of cambium present between primary xylem and primary phloem is the
intrafascicular cambium. The cells of medullary cells, adjoining these intrafascicular cambium become
meristematic and form the interfascicular cambium. Thus, a continuous ring of cambium is formed.

Activity of cambial ring:-

The cambial ring becomes active and begins to cut off new cells, both towards the inner and the
outer sides.
The cells which are cut off towards pith mature into secondary xylem. The cells which are cut off
towards periphery mature into secondary phloem.

The cambium is more active on the inner side than on the outer. As a result, the amount of
secondary xylem produced is more than secondary phloem. The primary and secondary phloems
get gradually crushed due to the continued formation and accumulation of secondary xylem.
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At some places, the cambium forms a narrow band of parenchyma, which passes through the
secondary xylem and the secondary phloem in the radial directions. These are the secondary
medullary rays

Spring Wood and Autumn Wood

Heart Wood and sap wood

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Cork cambium:

Meristematic tissue which develops in the cortex region is called cork cambium or
phellogen.
The phellogen cuts off cells on both sides. The outer cells differentiate to form cork or
phellem while the inner cells differentiate into secondary cortex or phelloderm.
Phellogen, phellem and phelloderm are collectively called periderm.
Due to activity of the cork cambium, pressure builds up on the remaining layers peripheral
to phellogen. These layers gradually die and fall off.

Bark
Bark is a non-technical term that refers to all tissues exterior to the vascular cambium, therefore
including secondary phloem.
Bark that is formed early in the season is called early or soft bark. Towards the end of the season
late or hard bark is formed
Lenticels
At certain regions, the phellogen cuts off closely arranged parenchymatous cells on the outer side
instead of cork cells. These parenchymatous cells soon rupture the epidermis, forming a
lensshaped openings called lenticels.
Lenticels permit the exchange of gases between the outer atmosphere and the internal tissue of
the stem. These occur in most woody trees
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Secondary growth in roots:

• The vascular cambium of the dicot root originates from the tissue located just below the
phloem bundles. A portion of pericycle tissue present above the protoxylem forms a
continuous wavy ring. It gradually becomes circular. Rests of the steps are similar as in
dicot stem.
• Secondary growth takes place in stems and roots of gymnosperms. No secondary growth
occurs in monocots.

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