LTE eRAN6.

0 Handover Feature P-1

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-2

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-3

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-4

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-5

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-6

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-7

 When a UE establishes a radio bearer, the eNodeB delivers the intra-frequency

measurement configuration to the UE through an RRC Connection Reconfiguration
message by default. Then, the UE performs intra-frequency measurements by default.
 When measurement gaps need to be set up, the eNodeB delivers the inter-frequency
and/or inter-RAT measurement configuration to the UE. After that, the UE performs gap-
assisted inter-frequency and/or inter-RAT measurements. Inter-frequency and inter-RAT
measurements can use the same gap pattern, but the eNodeB is able to differentiate
between the gap configurations for inter-frequency and inter-RAT measurements.

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-8

 For intra- frequency neighbor, we don’t need defined the frequency information, it will use
the same configuration as current cell.
 For the inter-frequency or inter-RAT frequencies, we must add these frequencies separately.

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-9

 eNodeB complies with all 3Gpp events to trigger UE report.

 After an event is reported for the first time, the measurement results associated with the
event are reported periodically. This reporting mode is called event-triggered periodical
reporting. The UE sends the measurement results to the eNodeB in event-triggered
periodical reporting mode. The periodical reporting is stopped when the leaving condition
is met or after the UE receives feedback from eNdoeB.
 Event-triggered periodical reporting has the following benefits:
 Reduces the impact of loss of measurement reports or failures in internal
processing on handovers.
 Enables retries of access in case of admission rejection
 Provides complete measurement results by updating cell information in periodical
reports, since a single measurement report may not contain information about all
neighboring cells that meet an event triggering condition and neighboring cells
meeting the condition may change with UE movement.

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-10

 A measurement gap is a time period during which the UE performs measurements on a

neighboring frequency of the serving frequency. Measurement gaps are applicable to inter-
frequency and inter-RAT measurements. The UE performs inter-frequency or inter-RAT
measurements only within the measurement gaps. One UE normally has only one receiver,
and consequently one UE can receive the signals on only one frequency at a time.
 When inter-frequency or inter-RAT measurements are triggered, the eNodeB delivers the
measurement gap configuration, and then the UE starts gap-assisted measurements
accordingly. As shown above, Tperiod denotes the repetition period of measurement gaps,
and TGAP denotes the gap width, within which the UE performs measurements.
 Gap-assisted measurements for the following types of handover may co-exist: coverage-
based, load-based, and service-based handovers. When two or all of the preceding types
of gap-assisted measurement co-exist, the eNodeB records the measurements based on
these types. These different types of measurement are called member gap-assisted
measurements. The member gap-assisted measurements can share the measurement gap
configuration. A UE releases measurement gaps only when all member measurements are
stopped.
 There are two measurement gap patterns available: pattern 1 and pattern 2. In pattern 1,
TGAP is 6 ms and Tperiod is 40 ms. In pattern 2, TGAP is 6 ms and Tperiod is 80 ms. The pattern
to be used is specified through the GapPatternType parameter.

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-11

 Before evaluating the reporting criteria and sending measurement reports, the UE performs
layer 1 (L1) filtering and L3 filtering on the measurement results. The L1 filtering is
performed by the UE at the physical layer to eliminate the impact of fast fading on the
measurement results. No user configuration is required for the L1 filtering. The L3 filtering
aims at eliminating the impact of shadow fading and certain fast fading. In this way, better
measurement data can be provided for the evaluation of the reporting criteria. Based on
the triggering quantity, two L3 filtering coefficients are applicable: one for RSRP
measurements and the other for RSRQ measurements.

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-12

 A neighboring relation is a relation between the serving cell and each candidate cell involved in a
handover. Neighboring relation management covers the following aspects:
 Whether to allow automatic removal of a neighboring relation by ANR or not
 Whether to allow handovers of UEs between two cells or not
 Whether to allow handovers over an X2 interface or not
 Neighboring relations are planned in the network design stage. They can be automatically adjusted
by ANR. The ANR function reduces the risk of missing neighboring cells and solves the problems of
inappropriate neighboring relations caused by collisions of physical cell IDs or by physical positions.
In this way, the call drop rate is reduced and the handover success rate is increased.
 Intra-frequency neighboring cell
 An intra-frequency neighboring cell is a neighboring cell whose DL E-UTRA Absolute Radio
Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN) is the same as the DL EARFCN of the serving cell. An
E-UTRAN cell can be configured with a maximum of 32 intra-frequency neighboring cells.
 Inter-frequency neighboring cell
 An inter-frequency neighboring cell is a neighboring cell whose DL EARFCN is different from
the DL EARFCN of the serving cell. An E-UTRAN cell can be configured with a maximum of
64 inter-frequency neighboring cells, which can be located on a maximum of 8 neighboring
E-UTRAN frequencies. TDD cells can also be configured as inter-frequency neighboring cells
of FDD cells. Huawei eNodeB supports interoperability between LTE FDD and LTE TDD.

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-14

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-15

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-16

 If intra-frequency handover switch is set “ON”, then eNodeB will deliver intra-frequency
measurement message by default.
 Relevant switch:

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-17

 If we configure the specific neighbors as high measurement priority, then eNodeB will
deliver theses cells information in measurement control message, and after that UE will
prior to measure theses cells
 Relevant configuration

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-18

 In intra-frequency measurement control message, A3 event configuration will be delivered

by default, and A1, A2 events are optional if inter-frequency or inter-RAT handover is
enabled.

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-19

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-20

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-21

 Mn: The measurement result of the neighboring cell

 Ofn: The frequency-specific offset for the frequency of the neighboring cell, it is not valid
during intra-frequency handover.
 Ocn: The cell-specific offset (CIO) for the neighboring cell, related command: MOD
EUTRANINTERFREQNCELL
 Ms: The measurement result of the serving cell
 Ofs: The frequency-specific offset for the serving frequency
 Ocs: The cell-specific offset for the serving cell
 Hys: The hysteresis for event A3. It is specified through the IntraFreqHoA3Hyst
parameter and contained in the delivered measurement configuration.
 Off: The offset for event A3. It is specified through the IntraFreqHoA3Offset parameter.
 If the entering condition of the event is continuously met during the time specified through
IntraFreqHoA3TimeToTrig, the UE reports event A3 and starts the event-triggered
periodical reporting. Then, if the leaving condition of the event is continuously met during
the time specified through IntraFreqHoA3TimeToTrig, the UE stops reporting event A3.

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-22

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-23

 After receiving a measurement report from the UE, the eNodeB generates a list of
candidate cells, which meet the triggering condition of the specific event. As a second step,
the eNodeB filters the candidate cells. If the measurement result of an intra-eNodeB cell is
the same as that of an inter-eNodeB cell among the candidate cells, the eNodeB prioritizes
the intra-eNodeB cell to prevent signaling and data forwarding required in an inter-eNodeB
handover.

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-24

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-25

 In the handover execution phase, the UE and the eNodeB exchange signaling over the
radio interface according to 3GPP TS 36.331. During an inter-eNodeB handover, the
source eNodeB and the target eNodeB exchange signaling and data through X2/S1
adaptation. The LTE system uses hard handover, that is, only one radio link is connected to
a UE at a time. Therefore, to prevent user data loss at the eNodeB during the handover,
data forwarding is performed to ensure eNodeB data integrity. The loss of data may cause
a decrease in the data transfer ratio and an increase in the data transfer delay.
 In the case of an intra-MME inter-eNodeB handover, the source eNodeB checks whether
the X2 interface is available between the source and target eNodeBs or not and then
automatically selects a path for the handover as follows:
 If the X2 interface is available, the handover request is sent over the X2 interface.
Data forwarding is also performed over the X2 interface.
 If the X2 interface is unavailable, the handover request is sent over the S1 interface.
Data forwarding is also performed over the S1 interface.
 In the case of an inter-MME inter-eNodeB handover, the handover request is sent over the
S1 interface. In addition, the source eNodeB checks whether the X2 interface is available
between the source and target eNodeBs or not and then automatically selects a path for
data forwarding as follows:
 If the X2 interface is available, data forwarding is performed over the X2 interface.
 If the X2 interface is unavailable, data forwarding is performed over the S1
interface.

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-26

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-27

 Specific Cell Individual Offset (CIO) values can be set for the serving cell and its neighboring
cells. (Ocs and Ocn described in the subsequent chapters denote the CIO for the serving
cell and the CIO for the neighboring cell respectively.) When the quality of signals
fluctuates, the probability of triggering handovers to or from a specific cell can be adjusted
by changing the value of CIO. This reduces the risk of call drops. The CIO values can be
adjusted automatically by the MRO function.

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-28

 In LTE, 9 QCI are defined as QoS level. Each QCI is mapped with a series handover group.
The related command is : MOD CELLSTANDARDQCI
 The main parameters for intra-handover decision algorithm are shown as following
 Intrafreq handover hysteresis: Indicates the hysteresis to be used in the triggering
condition for the intra-frequency handover event. This parameter helps reduce the
number of times the event is triggered because of radio signal fluctuation. Thus,
the probability of ping-pong handovers or wrong handover decisions is reduced.
 Intrafreq handover offset: Indicates the quality offset of the neighboring cell over
the serving cell to be used in the triggering condition of the intra-frequency
handover event.
 Intrafreq handover time to trigger: Indicates the time-to-trigger for intra-frequency
handover event A3.When detecting that the signal quality in the serving cell and
that in at least one neighboring cell meet the entering condition, the UE does not
send a measurement report to the eNodeB immediately. Instead, the UE sends a
report only when the signal quality continuously meets the entering condition
during the time-to-trigger

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-29

 The signaling procedure shown in above figure is described as follows:

 When the UE establishes a radio bearer, the source eNodeB sends the UE an RRC
Connection Reconfiguration message that contains the measurement configuration.
The measurement configuration is set by the source eNodeB to control the
measurements of the UE in connected mode.
 The UE sends measurement reports to the source eNodeB based on the
measurement results.
 The source eNodeB makes a handover decision based on the measurement reports.
 After deciding that a handover is preferred, the source eNodeB sends a Handover
Request message to the target eNodeB, to request the target eNodeB to prepare
for the handover.
 The target eNodeB makes admission decisions. If resources can be granted by the
target eNodeB, the target eNodeB performs admission control depending on the
QoS information about the Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer.
 The target eNodeB prepares L1/L2 resources for the handover and then sends a
Handover Request Acknowledge message to the source eNodeB.
 The source eNodeB sends the UE an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message that
contains the mobilityControlInfo IE, indicating that the handover shall start.

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-31

 When a handover fails, the UE performs a cell selection procedure and then initiates a
procedure of RRC connection re-establishment towards the selected cell. The eNodeB
makes a decision based on whether the context of the UE is present. If the eNodeB accepts
the re-establishment request, the UE accesses the selected cell, avoiding a dropped call
caused by the handover failure. The eNodeB will the status of UE context, if it exists, the
procedure could be proceed, otherwise, eNodeB rejects reestablishment.

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-32

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-33

 Blind handover switch

 Once blind HO is activated, eNodeB directly decide the HO target based on the priority
configuration of each neighbor

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-34

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-35

 The switch for each scenario

 eNodeB level switch: coverage based, service based, UL quality based

 Cell level switch: frequency priority based and distance based

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-36

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-37

 This execution is mandatory to for inter-frequency measurement, must be done by manual

configuration.
 If it is configured, then A1/A2 event parameters will be delivered by eNB by default, thus
to trigger inter-frequency measurement.

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-38

 In a coverage-based inter-frequency handover, event A2 triggers inter-frequency

measurements. The triggering of this event indicates that the signal quality in the serving
cell is lower than a specified threshold.
 Ms: The measurement result of the serving cell
 Hys: The hysteresis for event A2
 Thresh: The threshold for event A2, it can be defined separately with RSRP or RSRQ

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-39

 A1 event is opposite as A2 event.

 Note: A1 threshold must be larger than A2 threshold so that there is no overlapping area
for UE activate/deactivate measurement.

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-40

 Note: This A1 threshold is dedicated, different from other A1 threshold.

 Event A1 triggers measurements for frequency-priority-based handover.
 The FreqPriInterFreqHoA1TrigQuan parameter specifies the event A1 triggering
quantity for frequency-priority-based measurement, which can be either RSRP or RSRQ. If
the triggering quantity is RSRP, the threshold for this event is specified by the
FreqPriInterFreqHoA1ThdRsrp parameter. If the triggering quantity is RSRQ, the
threshold for this event is specified by the FreqPriInterFreqHoA1ThdRsrq parameter.
 Other parameters related to event A1 for frequency-priority-based measurement are the
same as those for coverage-based inter-frequency measurement.
 After receiving an event A1 report from a UE, the eNodeB proceeds as follows:
 If frequency-priority-based blind handover is enabled,the eNodeB selects the
neighboring cell with the highest blind-handover priority to perform a handover.
However, if load balancing from that neighboring cell to the serving cell is in
progress, the eNodeB selects the neighboring cell with the second highest priority.
If the eNodeB traverses all candidate cells but fails to find a cell that fulfills the
criteria, the eNodeB will decide not to perform a handover.
 If frequency-priority-based blind handover is disabled, the eNodeB delivers the
inter-frequency measurement configuration to the UE. If the triggering condition of
event A4 is fulfilled, the UE sends a frequency-priority-based event A4 report to the
eNodeB. (The triggering of event A4 for frequency-priority-based handover is
similar to that for coverage-based inter-frequency handover

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-41

 As shown above, F1 and F2 indicate two frequencies: Cell 1 uses F1, and Cells 2, 3, and 4
all use F2. The gray area in the figure (Cell 1) is covered by F1, while Cells 2, 3, and 4 is
covered by F2. It is obvious that cell 1 exerts cross-cell coverage to the other three cells.
Assume that the UE moves along the direction indicated by the arrow. As the UE moves,
F1 provides sustained signal quality and therefore inter-frequency measurements are not
triggered for the UE even when the UE has been in the coverage of F2 for a long time.
Gradually, the UE enters the overlap coverage between Cell 1 and Cell 4. Considering the
long distance between the two cells, it is unlikely that Cell 4 is configured as a neighboring
cell of Cell 1. As a result, as soon as the UE leaves the coverage of Cell 1, it experiences a
call drop. To prevent such a call drop and ensure service continuity, the UE should have
been handed over to F2 earlier.
 Related command:

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-42

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-43

 Related command:

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-44

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-45

 Mn: The measurement result of the neighboring cell.

 Ofn: The frequency-specific offset for the frequency of the neighboring cell.
 Ocn: The cell-specific offset for the neighboring cell.
 Hys: The hysteresis for event A4
 Thresh: The threshold for event A4

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-46

 Each parameters are described as below:

 Max report cell number: Indicates the maximum number of cells to be included in
the measurement report after an event for the intra- or inter-frequency handover
within the E-UTRAN is triggered.
 Measurement report amount: Indicates the number of periodic measurement
reports to be sent after an event for the intra- or inter-frequency handover within
the E-UTRAN is triggered. It is used to prevent the impact of measurement report
loss and internal processing failure on the handover.
 A3 measurement trigger quantity: Indicates the quantity used to evaluate the
triggering condition for the intra-frequency handover event. The quantity can be
RSRP or RSRQ. Recommended value: RSRP
 A3 measurement report quantity: Indicates the quantity to be included in the
measurement report for the intra-frequency handover event
 Intrafreq measurement report interval: Indicates the interval between each periodic
report
 Measurement A4 report quantity: The same meaning as A3 measurement
 A1A2 Measurement trigger quantity: The same meaning as A3 measurement
 Interfreq measurement report interval: The same as itrafreq measurement report
interval

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-47

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-48

Parameter Description
FddIfHoA2ThdRsr Indicates the offset of the RSRP threshold for LTE
pOffset FDD inter-frequency measurement event A2
relative to the RSRP threshold for inter-frequency
measurement event A2 (which is specified by
InterFreqHoA2ThdRsrp).
TddIfHoA2ThdRsr Indicates the offset of the RSRP threshold for LTE
pOffset TDD inter-frequency measurement event A2
relative to the RSRP threshold for inter-frequency
measurement event A2 (which is specified by
InterFreqHoA2ThdRsrp).
BlindHoA1A2ThdR Indicates the RSRP threshold for events A1 and A2
srp that are used for inter-frequency and inter-RAT
blind handovers based on coverage.
BlindHoA1A2ThdR Indicates the RSRQ threshold for events A1 and
srq A2 that are used for inter-frequency and inter-RAT
blind handovers based on coverage.

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-49

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-50

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-51

 If the InterRatHoState parameter is set to MUST_HO for a QCI, the eNodeB delivers the
service-based handover measurement configuration to a UE when the UE initiates a service
with that QCI.
 If the InterRatHoState parameter is set to NO_HO for a QCI, the eNodeB does not
deliver the service-based handover measurement configuration to a UE on which a service
with that QCI is running, even if the UE initiates a service for which InterRatHoState is set
to MUST_HO
 If the InterRatHoState parameter is set to PERMIT_HO for a QCI, the eNodeB does not
deliver the service-based handover measurement configuration to a UE when the UE
initiates a service with that QCI. When a service with that QCI isrunning on the UE, the
eNodeB delivers the service-based handover measurement configuration to the UE if the
UE initiates a service for which InterRatHoState is set to MUST_HO.

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-52

 Assume that an operator plans to use bearers with a QCI of 1 to carry voice over IP (VoIP)
services, bearers with a QCI of 5 to carry IMS signaling, and bearers with a QCI of 9 as
default bearers. The operator also hopes that UEs performing only VoIP services are served
by an inter-RAT system to ensure the service continuity while sparing E-UTRAN resources
 The value MUST_HO is recommended for QCI 1
 The value NO_HO is recommended for QCI 2 to QCI 4, and QCI 6 to QCI 8.
 The value PERMIT_HO is recommended for QCI 5 and QCI 9.

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-53

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-54

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 LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-55

 Mn: The measurement result of the neighboring cell

 Ofn: The frequency-specific offset for the frequency of the neighboring cell
 Hys: The hysteresis for event B1. The hysteresis values for inter-RAT handovers to UTRAN,
GERAN, and CDMA2000

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-56

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-57

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-58

Parameter Description

UtranA2ThdRsrpOffset Indicates the offset of the RSRP threshold for UTRAN inter-
RAT handover event A2 relative to the RSRP threshold for
inter-RAT handover event A2 (which is specified by
InterRatHoA2ThdRsrp).
GeranA2ThdRsrpOffse Indicates the offset of the RSRP threshold for GERAN inter-
t RAT handover event A2 relative to the RSRP threshold for
inter-RAT handover event A2 (which is specified by
InterRatHoA2ThdRsrp).

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-59

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-60

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LTE eRAN6.0 Handover Feature P-61

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Course Name P-62

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