FORM 4 LESSON 5 & 6

https://youtu.be/ZkqEno1r2jk
aerobic respiration

https://youtu.be/6-D1oes63_U
anaerobic respiration

2.8 Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

- definition of aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- the products of respiration
- description of industrial and domestic applications of anaerobic
respiration
- oxygen debt
- worded equations to represent the processes of aerobic and
anaerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration – is the release of energy, water and carbon dioxide

from food substances in the presence of oxygen.

✔ Oxygen is needed

✔ Large amounts of energy released

✔ Glucose completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water

✔ Occurs in the mitochondria of cells

 Chemical equation:
C6H12 O6 + 6O2 ----- 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Word equation:
Glucose + oxygen ------ carbon dioxide + water + energy

Anaerobic respiration

❖ BY YEAST
– is the release of energy, carbon dioxide and ethanol from food
substances in the absence of oxygen.
C6H12O6 ------ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + ENERGY - fermentation
Glucose ------ ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

✔ NO oxygen is needed

✔ SMALL amounts of energy released

✔ Glucose not completely broken down because ethanol or lactic acid

remain
✔ Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells

❖ IN HUMANS - vertebrate muscle carries out anaerobic respiration

during strenuous exercise when the oxygen supply becomes too little
for the demands of aerobic respiration:
C6H1206 ------ 2C3H6O3 + ENERGY
Glucose ------ lactic acid + energy
To remove lactic acid from the body you need to breathe deeply and faster
to get enough oxygen to convert it to carbon dioxide and water
lactic acid + oxygen ---- carbon dioxide + water
OXYGEN DEBT:
As lactic acid builds up in the muscles it begins to harm them, causing
fatigue, cramp and eventually collapse. The muscles have built up an
oxygen debt which must be repaid immediately after exercise by resting
and deep breathing so that the lactic acid is converted aerobically into
carbon dioxide and water.
Description of industrial and domestic applications of anaerobic
respiration
Bread making –
When we make bread, we mix flour with water and yeast to make dough.
The flour contains starch and a stretchy protein called gluten.
The yeast breaks down some of the starch to a sugar called maltose. The
yeast uses this for respiration. At first, while there is air in the dough, it
uses aerobic respiration, but as the air runs out it switches to anaerobic
respiration.
As the yeast respires, bubbles of CO2 are given off. They expand inside
the dough, pushing on the stretchy gluten causing the dough to rise.
When the bread is baked, the yeast is killed. Any alcohol that is made is
broken down by the heat.
Brewing and rum making –
 o To make beer, barley grains are moistened so they start to germinate.
They contain starch, but when they are germinating the starch
changes to maltose.
The germinating grains are then mixed with warm water. Then yeast is
added. The yeast respires anaerobically, using the maltose and producing
alcohol.
o To make rum, yeast is mixed with cane juice or molasses from sugar
cane. It respires anaerobically, using the sugars to make carbon
dioxide and alcohol. But this process alone cannot make rum,
because yeast is killed once the alcohol concentration gets above
14%. So the liquid is distilled. This increases the alcohol content and
produces rum.
2.9 Explain the role of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) in the transfer of energy – ADP as the energy
currency of the cell

https://youtu.be/NN5Y57NbnrU

Respiration occurs slowly in a large number of stages.

Energy released at each stage is stored in a chemical called adenosine
triphosphate (ATP).
This is formed by combining an adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
molecule with a phosphate group and some energy.
This energy can then be released by the reverse action:
 ADP + phosphate + energy ------- ATP
A -- P --- P +P ------ A --- P --- P --- P

Storage of energy in ATP has several advantages:

▪ The energy can be released rapidly

▪ The energy can be released wherever and whenever required in

the cell
▪ Smaller quantities of energy can be released than are released by
one molecule of glucose

2.10 Explain the technique of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

Homework - Read up on the disposal device used

https://youtu.be/ozzZVQQTvo4
2.11 Explain the effects of cigarette smoking

Effects of smoking(cigarette, marijuana,vaping, hookah)

– components are nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide
– effects of smoking as it relates to nicotine addiction
– damage to the lungs
– carcinogenic properties and
reduction in the oxygen – carrying capacity of the blood –
interpretation of data

Nicotine –
o Makes cigarettes highly addictive
o Reduces air flow in (oxygen) and out (carbon dioxide) of the
lungs
o Paralyses the cilia lining the trachea, which remove dirt and
bacteria Pg 112 figure 7.6 (a) (b)
o Raises blood pressure
o Raises heart rate
o Increases the risk of osteoporosis – i.e the loss of calcium
carbonate from the bones which can happen in older people.
It makes the bones brittle, so they break more easily and are
more difficult to heal
o Damages brain tissue
o Causes blood to clot more easily
o Hardens walls of the arteries causing hypertension and heart
disease
 Tar -
✔ Sticks to cells in the lungs

✔ Causes the development of cancer

✔ Damages lung tissue – cirrhosis ( hardening)

✔ Breaks down the alveoli (air sacs), thus decreasing the surface
area for gaseous exchange (emphysema)

Tar causes the walls of the alveoli to become less elastic and the walls
between the alveoli to break down, which decreases their surface area.
This reduces gaseous exchange, makes exhaling difficult and causes air to
remain trapped in the lungs. The bronchioles often collapse when
exhaling, obstructing the airways, making exhaling even harder.

✔ Causes bronchitis (bronchioles) or inflammation of the lining of

the air passages
✔ Causes smokers cough

✔ Kills cells in air passages and in lungs

✔ Increases production of mucus and phlegm in lungs

 Mucus - the clear slimy lubricating substance consisting mostly of
mucins and water that coats and protects mucous membranes

Mucin - a complex protein present in mucus

Phlegm - the thick mucus secreted by the walls of the respiratory

passages, especially during a cold

Carbon monoxide –
● Combines irreversibly with haemoglobin in the blood to form
carboxyhaemoglobin
● Causes a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

● Reduces the smokers ability to take strenuous exercise

● Causes breathlessness

● If a pregnant woman smokes, carbon monoxide gets into the

blood of the foetus and combines with the haemoglobin.
Less oxygen gets to the growing tissues, resulting in a smaller
birthweight which is associated with greater risk of health
problems during and after birth
2.12 Use tables, graphs and charts to represent data on the
respiratory system