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NEMD-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2276 (2022) 012018 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2276/1/012018

The adaptability of IEC 60909: 0-2016 to power grid with

voltage levels above 400kV

Yuhong Zhang, Yantao Zhang*, Jiahui Han, Xueqiong Wang, Qiyu Chen, Jian
Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Safety and Energy Conservation (China Electric
Power Research Institute), Haidian District, Beijing 100192, China
masterepri@126.com

Abstract. The equivalent voltage source method is recommended in IEC 60909 for short-circuit
current calculation, and the accuracy is verified by 400 kV and below voltage level power grids.
There are 500 kV, 750 kV or 1000 kV power grids in some countries where IEC standards are
applied, but there is no relevant research to verify the accuracy of the calculation method. In this
paper, verification methods for IEC 60909 calculation accuracy for the three voltage level power
grids are adopted. Calculation examples based on the operation and equipment parameters of the
500 kV, 750 kV and 1000 kV power grids are established. The results show that IEC 60909
short-circuit current calculation method is conservative, and the calculation accuracy meets the
requirements. The research expands the application scope of this standard to all AC power grids,
which is conducive to the engineering application of IEC 60909.

1. Introduction
Short-circuit calculation is one of the major tasks related to the analysis, planning and operating of
electric power systems [1-5]. This is a compromise between accuracy and calculation simplicity, provided
that the results are on the safe side, in the engineering calculation method [6]. At present, a variety of
short-circuit current calculation methods are proposed. The theoretical basis is the same, but the
calculation boundary conditions and calculation accuracy are different. In 2001, the International
Electrotechnical Commission formulated a series of IEC 60909 short-circuit current calculation
standards [7–10]. The calculation method recommended in IEC 60909 is rigorous, comprehensive, safe
and economical, and the calculation accuracy is supported by a large number of examples. Therefore it
has been recognized and applied internationally. In 2016, the standard was revised, and IEC 60909: 0-
2016 was released. The main revision contents include two points. One is to add a principled method to
calculate the short-circuit current provided by new energy. The second is to add a point of explanation:
the key coefficient in the calculation method is not defined for power grids above 400 kV voltage level.
This is because the high voltage level power grids are put into operation, but the relative calculation
accuracy is not verified. As a result, there is no standard for short-circuit current calculation of 500 kV,
750 kV and 1000 kV power system in countries using IEC 60909. This paper mainly studies methods
to prove the accuracy of the calculation method for the voltage level power grids above.

2. Short-circuit current calculation method in IEC60909: 0

2.1. Basic ideas

The basic idea of short-circuit current calculation method recommended by IEC 60909 is to calculate

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NEMD-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2276 (2022) 012018 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2276/1/012018

the maximum and minimum short-circuit current of the short-circuit point. The method uses basic data
of the power grid for instance the nameplate parameters of the equipment and the standard voltage of
the system without considering the operation mode. By introducing voltage coefficient and multiple
impedance correction coefficients, and taking into account the operation constraints such as voltage
level, equipment capacity and so on, the purpose of safety and economy coordination is achieved. This
paper focuses on the maximum short-circuit current.

2.2. Recommended method

The equivalent voltage source method is recommended in IEC 60909 to calculate the short-circuit
current. That is, when a short-circuit fault occurs in the power system, a virtual voltage source is
introduced at the short-circuit point, which is the only voltage source of the network. The electromotive
force of other power sources is 0, which is replaced by its own internal impedance. The static load,
reactive power compensation and line charging power are ignored. Voltage coefficient c is used to
calculate the maximum and minimum short-circuit current. The specific calculation formula is as (1),
where Un is the nominal voltage of the short circuit point and Z is the equivalent impedance of the short
circuit point. For high voltage systems, when calculating the maximum short-circuit current, cmax is 1.1.
In the standard, a simple example is used to illustrate the significance of introducing voltage coefficient
c, which is actually the ratio of the maximum voltage to the nominal voltage.
𝐼 (1)
√

2.3. Impedance correction coefficient

Synchronous generators and power station units have impedances that may cause voltage deviation more
than 10%. In order to consider this special case, impedance correction coefficients are introduced.
Impedance correction coefficients mainly include: generator impedance correction coefficient KG,
power station unit impedance correction coefficients Ks, Kso (with on-load tap-changer or without on-
load tap-changer), network transformer impedance correction coefficient KT. In the IEC 60909, taking
the radiation system as an example, the local accurate short-circuit current is calculated by superposition
principle, and the calculation formula of each impedance correction coefficient is derived. The actual
parameters of the power grid are used to verify that after the introduction of the impedance correction
coefficients, the deviation between the IEC algorithm and the local maximum short-circuit current
calculated by the superposition algorithm is within ± 5%, and the calculation results have sufficient
accuracy. When the calculation accuracy in radiation grid has sufficient accuracy, then that of the mesh
grid is also verified [8].

3. Calculation accuracy verification method for 500 kV voltage levels and above

3.1. Calculation accuracy verification methods

There are two methods to verify the accuracy of short-circuit current calculation results for 500 kV and
above voltage levels. The first method is to solve the local maximum short-circuit current calculation
accuracy for main parameters proposed in IEC standards, which is defined as parameter calibration
method. The second is to establish 500 kV and upper voltage level grids, through the optimization
algorithm to calculate the possible maximum short-circuit current of each point, and then compared with
the IEC algorithm to solve the relative calculation accuracy. The first method will be used in this article.

3.2. Parameter calibration method

The mainly parameters that need to be verified here are cmax and power station unit impedance correction
coefficient. The power station units of 500 kV, 750 kV and 1000 kV voltage levels surveyed in China
are without on-load tap-changer, so the impedance correction coefficient Kso is selected.

2
NEMD-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2276 (2022) 012018 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2276/1/012018

3.2.1. Voltage coefficient cmax

The maximum voltages of 500 kV and 1000 kV power grids are 550 kV and 1100 kV, respectively. cmax
can be directly taken as 1.1, the maximum voltage of 750 kV power grid is 800 kV, and cmax is taken as
1.067.

3.2.2. The impedance correction coefficient Kso for power station unit
A simple network is established in the IEC 60909 as figure 1, where, SrG is the rated apparent power of
the generator, UrG is the rated voltage of the generator, pG is the voltage regulation range of the generator,
SrT is the rated apparent power of the unit transformer, and UnQ is the nominal voltage of the short circuit
point Q.

G T '' Q
U rG (1  pG ) LV HV I kS k3
G
System
3~ F
S rG S rT、t U Q、U nQ

Figure 1. Local short-circuit current of power station unit S

According to the superposition method, the short-circuit current provided by the generator
transformer group is shown in the formula (2). Where, UG is the generator operating voltage, UrTLV is
the low voltage side voltage of the transformer, xd’’ is the generator subtransient reactance (p.u.), IrG and
UG are the rated operating current and voltage of the generator respectively, and φrG is the rated power
factor angle of the generator.

𝐼 𝑆 1 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑rG 𝑥 (2)

√ ''
TLV

According to the equivalent voltage source method, the short-circuit current is calculated as shown
in formula (3). Equivalent impedance ZS and KSO as shown in formula (4), (5) respectively, where UrTHV
is the voltage of high voltage side of the unit transformer, pT is the range of transformer voltage
adjustment.

𝐼 (3)
√
→ → →
𝑍 𝑡 𝑍 𝑍THV (4)

𝐾 ⋅ ⋅ 1 𝑝 ⋅ " (5)
rG

Considering the operating conditions such as generator voltage, power and transformer tap, the
mathematical optimization method is used to calculate the possible maximum short-circuit current of
the superposition method as the true value of the maximum short-circuit current, and then the error
between the calculation results of the equivalent voltage source method and the true value is obtained,
as shown in Equation (6).

𝛥𝐼 ⋅ 100% (6)

4. Examples

4.1. Parameters
The 500 kV, 750 kV and 1000 kV power station units in China are investigated. The range of generator
voltage regulation is 0.9, and other parameters are listed in table 1-3.

3
NEMD-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2276 (2022) 012018 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2276/1/012018

Table 1. Power station units parameters for 500 kV.

No. SrT(MVA) UrTHV(kV) UrTLV(kV) ukr(%) uRr(%) UrG(kV) SrG(MVA) Xd’’(p.u.) Xdsat(p.u.) cosφ pT(%)
5-01 720 550 22 14.27 0.17 22 667 0.18 1.89 0.9 ﹣2×2.5
5-02 780 550 22 14.18 0.20 22 733 0.19 2.08 0.9 ﹣2×2.5
5-03 780 550 22 16.25 0.18 22 733 0.19 2.10 0.9 -2(﹢1)×2.5
5-04 1190 525 27 18.00 0.18 27 1112 0.18 2.61 0.9 ±2×2.5
5-05 810 550 20 19.73 0.18 20 733 0.22 2.50 0.9 ±2×2.5
5-06 440 525 20 20.50 0.20 20 412 0.14 2.39 0.85 ±2×2.5
5-07 395 550 20 15.30 0.23 20 376 0.19 2.13 0.85 ±2×2.5
5-08 750 550 22 13.51 0.12 22 667 0.23 2.12 0.9 ±2×2.5
5-09 380 550 20 18.00 0.24 20 376 0.15 2.09 0.85 ﹣2×2.5
5-10 450 550 20 18.57 0.20 20 412 0.16 2.27 0.85 ﹣2×2.5
5-11 460 550 20 19.68 0.21 20 412 0.18 2.17 0.85 ﹣2×2.5
5-12 630 550 20 13.44 0.17 20 588 0.23 2.39 0.85 ﹣2×2.5
5-13 1140 525 27 16.17 0.18 27 1112 0.17 2.48 0.9 ﹣2×2.5

Table 2. Power station units parameters for 750 kV.

No. SrT(MVA) UrTHV(kV) UrTLV(kV) ukr(%) uRr(%) UrG(kV) SrG(MVA) Xd’’(p.u.) Xdsat(p.u.) cosφ pT(%)
7-01 750 800 20 20.03 0.20 20 733 0.22 1.90 0.9 ±2×2.5
7-02 720 800 22 14.66 0.07 22 733 0.25 2.37 0.9 ±4×2.5
7-03 720 800 22 14.66 0.07 22 700 0.20 1.99 0.9 ±4×2.5
7-04 720 800 22 14.66 0.07 22 667 0.24 2.50 1.0 ±4×2.5
7-05 720 800 22 14.66 0.07 22 700 0.20 1.99 0.9 ±4×2.5
7-06 1200 800 27 18.84 0.12 27 1120 0.21 1.93 0.9 ±2×2.5
7-07 720 800 22 14.66 0.07 22 667 0.20 1.99 0.9 ±4×2.5
7-08 750 800 20 24.98 0.21 20 733 0.25 2.38 0.9 ±2×2.5
7-09 750 800 20 25.00 0.18 20 733 0.25 2.38 0.9 ±2×2.5
7-10 720 800 20 17.74 0.08 20 777 0.26 2.64 0.85 ±4×2.5
7-11 750 800 22 25.00 0.19 22 733 0.22 1.90 0.9 ±2×2.5
7-12 750 800 20 24.87 0.19 20 733 0.25 2.38 0.9 ±2×2.5
7-13 780 800 18 14.00 0.07 18 757 0.24 1.06 0.9 ±4×2.5

Table 3. Power station units parameters for 1000 kV.

No. SrT(MVA) UrTHV(kV) UrTLV(kV) ukr(%) uRr(%) UrG(kV) SrG(MVA) Xd’’(p.u.) Xdsat(p.u.) cosφ pT(%)
10-01 750 1100 22 20.38 0.10 22 660 0.21 2.08 0.9 ±4×1.25
10-02 795 1100 20 18.00 0.15 20 660 0.25 2.38 0.9 ±4×1.25
10-03 1170 1100 27 19.99 0.15 27 1050 0.24 2.74 0.9 ±4×1.25
10-04 780 1100 22 14.53 0.09 22 660 0.21 2.08 0.9 ±4×1.25
10-05 1200 1100 27 18.00 0.16 27 1000 0.21 2.17 0.9 ±4×1.25
10-06 1200 1100 27 18.02 0.16 27 1000 0.23 2.61 0.85 ±4×1.25
10-07 810 1100 22 14.09 0.11 22 660 0.21 2.08 0.85 ±4×1.25
10-08 795 1100 20 18.00 0.15 20 660 0.24 2.50 0.9 ±4×1.25

4.2. Results analysis

IEC standard algorithm and superposition method are used to calculate the local maximum short-circuit
current of the simple network, and the results are recorded in table 4.
Table 4. IEC algorithm and superposition method calculation results
500 kV 750 kV 1000 kV
No. I’’kSO(kA) I’’kSO(S)(kA) ∆I’’kSO(%) No. I’’kSO(kA) I’’kSO(S) (kA) ∆I’’kSO(%) No. I’’kSO(kA) I’’kSO(S) (kA) ∆I’’kSO(%)
5-01 2.74 2.66 2.98 7-01 1.50 1.51 -0.65 10-01 1.08 1.08 0.17
5-02 2.91 2.83 2.96 7-02 1.65 1.68 -1.75 10-02 1.08 1.07 1.02
5-03 2.73 2.67 2.05 7-03 1.76 1.78 -1.12 10-03 1.63 1.63 0.29
5-04 4.05 4.09 -1.01 7-04 1.51 1.54 -1.89 10-04 1.29 1.26 2.74

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NEMD-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2276 (2022) 012018 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2276/1/012018

5-05 2.35 2.34 0.38 7-05 1.76 1.78 -1.12 10-05 1.79 1.77 1.25
5-06 1.62 1.56 3.77 7-06 2.49 2.49 -0.13 10-06 1.73 1.71 1.20
5-07 1.47 1.45 1.52 7-07 1.71 1.73 -0.96 10-07 1.33 1.29 2.90
5-08 2.52 2.45 3.08 7-08 1.24 1.43 1.49 10-08 1.10 1.09 1.08
5-09 1.49 1.44 3.49 7-09 1.26 1.30 -3.36
5-10 1.61 1.57 2.49 7-10 1.53 1.63 -6.16
5-11 1.51 1.49 1.48 7-11 1.35 1.36 -1.07
5-12 2.24 2.19 2.43 7-12 1.26 1.30 -3.27
5-13 4.18 4.19 -0.33 7-13 1.76 1.78 -0.83
It can be seen from table 4 that the deviation between the current IEC standard calculation method
and the theoretical maximum value is-1 - +4 % for 500 kV and 1000 kV cases, and-6 - +2 % for 750 kV
cases. The deviation of the calculation results of each voltage level is further analyzed, and the results
are recorded in table 5.
Table 5. Deviation analysis of calculation results
Number of Number of negative Absolute value of
Voltage level(kV) Example number
|∆I’’kSO%|＜4% deviation examples median deviation
500 13 13 2 ＜2.0%
750 13 12 12 ＜1.2%
1000 8 8 0 ＜1.5%
It can be seen from table 5 that the absolute value of median deviation of each voltage level is less
than 2.0%, 1.2% and 1.5% respectively. In large power grid, the possibility of multiple units providing
short-circuit current to reach the theoretical maximum at the same time is very low. Therefore, the IEC
calculation method is relatively conservative.

5. Conclusion
In this paper a parameter calibration method is adopted to study the applicability of IEC 69090 short-
circuit current calculation method for power girds above 400 kV voltage level. It is verified that IEC
69090 method is conservative and suitable for 500 kV, 750 kV and 1000 kV power grids. The research
results can provide technical support for IEC 60909 standard revision.

Acknowledgments
This paper is sponsored by SGCC R&D Project on Deepening Research and Application of Short-circuit
Current Calculation Method in Power Electronics Dominated Power Systems, (No. 5100-202055439A-
0-0-00).

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2276 (2022) 012018 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2276/1/012018

[9] International Standard Short-circuit Currents in Three-phase a.c. Systems-Part 3:Currents During
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