CHE 026: GENERAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

BS Medical Laboratory Science

MATTER substance (toxicity, acidity, reactivity, chemical bonds,

flammability)
Anything that has mass and occupies space. Mass refers to
the amount of matter while weight is mass x gravity (9.8 CHANGES IN MATTER
m/s²)
Can happen in 2 manners, physically and chemically
STATES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL CHANGE
Characteristic Solid Liquid Gas
A process in which a substance changes its physical
s
appearance but not its chemical composition. A change in
Volume Definite Indefinite Indefinit
e physical state is the most common type of physical change
Shape Definite Definite Indefinit (melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation). Other Ex:
e shredding paper, chopping word, missing gray and green
Particles Tight Close but Far marbles)
moving freely from
each CHEMICAL CHANGE
other
A process in which a substance undergoes a change in
Bond Strong Weak Weakes
chemical composition. Involves conversion of the material
t
Compressibilit Incompres Slightly Compre or materials under consideration into one or more new
y sible Compressible ssible substances. Ex: burning wood, rotting banana, mixing
vinegar and baking soda, fireworks)
Plasma – Ionized gas. Groups of charged particles

Bose – Einstein - a dilute gas of bosons cooled to CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER

temperatures very close to absolute zero
PURE SUBSTANCE
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Cannot be separated into other kids of matter by any
A distinguishing characteristic of a substance that is used in physical means.
its identification and description
ELEMENTS
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
Substances that can’t be separated by either physical or
A characteristic of a substance that can be observed chemical means (K, H, C, Na).
without changing the basic identity of the substance (color,
physical state, boiling point, melting point, and hardness). COMPOUNDS

INTENSIVE Substances made up of one or more elements that can be

Pertains to the property which is independent of the
amount of matter (boiling point, color, temperature, luster,
hardness).
EXTENSIVE
Depends on the amount of matter (volume, mass, size,
weight, length).
separated through chemical means (NaCl, C12H22O11)
MIXTURE
A physical combination of two or more pure substances in
which each substance retains its own chemical Identity and
can be separated through physical means.
HETEROGENEOUS

CHEMICAL PROPERTY Contains visibly different phases, each of which has

different properties. Ex: ice cubes in drink, sand and water,
A characteristic of a substance that describes the way the and salt and oil
substance undergoes or resists change to form a new

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 CHE 026: GENERAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BS Medical Laboratory Science

HOMOGENEOUS
Contains only one visibly distinct phase, which mixture
cannot be visually distinguished. Ex: coffee, blood, air,
saltwater

PHASE TRANSITION OF MATTER Ex: 40Ar18

Mass Number 40
Atomic Number 18
Protons 18
Neutrons 22 (40 – 18)
Electrons 18

Ex w/ charge: 127I53 (-1)

Mass Number 127

Atomic Number 53
Protons 53
Neutrons 74
ATOMS
Electrons 53 + 1 = 54
The basic units of matter and the defining structure of
elements.
ISOTOPES
SUBATOMIC PARTICLE
Same number of protons and the same number of electrons
A very small particle that is a building block for atoms. but different numbers of neutrons (same subscript different
superscript). Ex: 6c12, 6c14, 6c13
ELECTRON
ISOBARS
A subatomic particle that possesses a negative electrical
charge. Two different elements have the same atomic weight or
mass number but different atomic number (same element
PROTON and superscript). Ex: 32Ce76, 34Se76

A subatomic particle that possesses a positive electrical ISOTONES

charge.
Different elements having the same number of neutrons.
NEUTRON Ex: 17Cl37 and 19K39 (17-37 = 20 and 19-39 = 20)

A subatomic particle that has no charge associated with it; ATOMIC WEIGHT COMPUTATION
neutral.
Atomic weight = (mass1) (fract1) + (mass2) (fract2)
ATOMIC NUMBER
DEUTERIUM
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (Z).
The hydrogen isotope with one neutron which can form
MASS NUMBER water with oxygen. Called “heavy water” as deuterium has
twice the mass of normal hydrogen (protium).
Sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons
in the nucleus of an atom (A).

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 CHE 026: GENERAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BS Medical Laboratory Science

DEMOCRITUS Luminous Candela cd

Intensity
Proposed the existence of indivisible atoms as a response to
the arguments of Parmenides and the paradoxes of Zeno.

JOHN DALTON THE METRIC SYSTEM

His theory consists of five important points, which are

considered to be mostly true today:

One of it is the “Each element is composed of extremely

small particles called atom”

JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON

Proposed that the atom is a sphere of positive particles wo
which are embedded negative particles

Raisin-Bread Model or Plum- Pudding Model

ERNEST RUTHERFORD
Shortcut Method:
Concluded that atom is just an empty space

Disproved Thomson’s model by using Gold Foil/Film

Experiment and developed the Nuclear Model

NIELS BOHR
Atom consists of nucleus surrounded by electrons traveling
in circular orbits call orbitals

Planetary Model

ERWIN SCHRODINGER
ENGLISH SYSTEM
The electron moves in 3d space and proposed the modern
atomic structure

Quantum Mechanical Model

THE INTERNAL SYSTEM OF UNITS

Quantity Unit Symbol

Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Seconds s
Electric Current Ampere a
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of Mole mol
substance

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 CHE 026: GENERAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BS Medical Laboratory Science

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Elements arranged by increasing atomic weight in spiral

order.
1. In any measurement, all nonzero digits are significant.
Johann Dobereiner
2. Zeros may or may not be significant because zeros can be
used in two ways: Classified some elements into groups of three, which he
called triads.
When zeros are present in a measured number, the
following rules are used: John Newlands
a. Leading zeros, those at the beginning of a He suggested that elements be arranged in “octaves”
number, are never significant.
Lothar meyer & Dmitri mendeleev
b. Confined zeros, those between nonzero digits,
are always significant. Arranged the elements according to its atomic weights
c. Trailing zeros, those at the end of a Henry moseley
number, are significant if a decimal point is
present in the number. Responsible for the arrangement of the periodic table in
terms of atomic number.
d. Trailing zeros, those at the end of a number,
are not significant if the number lacks
explicitly shown decimal point.

YIELD CALCULATION
Percent Yield = Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield x 100%

Actual Yield = % / 100 x theoretical yield

PERIODIC TABLE
A tabular arrangement of the elements in order of
increasing atomic number such that elements having similar
chemical properties are positioned in vertical columns.

PERIOD
Horizontal row of elements

group
Vertical column of elements
METALS
Jons Jakob berzelius
Has the characteristic properties of luster, thermal
Proposed a system of chemical symbols based on the first conductivity, electrical conductivity, and malleability.
letter
NONMETAL
Antoine lavoiser
Element characterized by the absence of the properties of
Arranged element into groups of simple substances that do luster, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and
not decompose by any means. malleability.

A.E Beguyer de chancourtois

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 CHE 026: GENERAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BS Medical Laboratory Science

METALLOIDS
Have a metallic appearance, but they are brittle and only
fair conductors of electricity. Chemically, they behave
mostly as nonmetals.

PERIODIC TREND

MNEMONICS

MR INEA

M – Metallic characteristic
R – Radius
(Increasing – up to down, right to left)

I – Ionization Energy
N – Nonmetallic Character PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n)
E – Electronegativity
A – Electron affinity It is responsible for the SIZE of the electron cloud. It is the
(Increasing – down to up, left to right main energy level, related to the average distance from the
nucleus.

Values: 1, 2, 3, 4
ELECTRON SHELL (1,2,3)
Azimuthal/angular quantum number (l)
A region of space about a nucleus that contains electrons
that have approximately the same energy and that spend It is responsible for the SHAPE of the electron cloud.
most of their time approximately the same distance from
the nucleus.

ELECTRON subshell (s,p,d,f)

A region of space within an electron shell that contains
electrons that have the same energy.

ELECTRON orbital
A region of space within an electron subshell where an
electron with a specific energy is most likely to be found.

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 CHE 026: GENERAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BS Medical Laboratory Science

Magnetic quantum number (m) HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

It is responsible for the orientation of ORIENTATION of It is impossible to determine simultaneously the
electron cloud. (location of the last arrow [electron based]) momentum and position of an electron.

Electron configuration
Aufbau’s Principle

Spin quantum number (s)

It is responsible for the DIRECTION of the electron cloud.
CHEMICAL BOND
(if the last arrow is up or down)
The attractive force that holds two atoms together in a
- +1/2 (up) -1/2 (down) more complex unit. Form as a result of interactions
PRINCIPLES between electrons found in the combining atoms.

IONIC BOND
PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
A chemical bond formed through the transfer of one or
No two electrons can have the same set of quantum
more electrons.
numbers.

PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

Lower electron orbitals are filled first. (Building up principle)
IONIC compound
Hund’s rule of pairing
a compound in which ionic bonds are present.
Orbitals are filled up singly before pairing.
Molecular compound
A compound in which covalent bonds are present.

Covalent bond
is a chemical bond formed through the sharing of one or
paramagnetism
more pairs of electrons between two atoms.
attracted to magnets, unpaired electrons

diamagnetism
repelled by a magnet, paired electrons
POLAR AND NONPOLAR
Polar: ≥ 0.5,unequally shared; Nonpolar: ≤ 0,equally shared

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