1.

Heat Treatment
This is the technique of changing the
characteristics of metals through controlled
heating and cooling in order to increase their
performance or make processing easier.
Annealing is a heat treatment that modifies a
material's microstructure to affect its
mechanical or electrical properties. Annealing is
commonly used to lower hardness, increase
ductility, and help alleviate internal tensions in
steels.
ANNEALING
2. Processing
• Cold Process
Cold working is a method of strengthening
metals by deforming them using plastic
deformation. This is made possible by the
dislocation motions that occur inside the crystal
structure of a material. This is a popular technique
employed in non-brittle metals with unusually high
melting points.
2. Processing
• Cold Process
Pointing the rod, threading
the pointed end through a die,
and attaching the end to a
drawing block are all steps in the
wire-drawing process.
The lubricated rod is pulled
through the die by the block,
which is rotated by an electric motor,
reducing its diameter and length.
2. Processing
• Hot Process
Metals used in the hot working method are
distorted plastically above their recrystallization
temperature. The material can recrystallize
during deformation if it is above the
recrystallization temperature.

Rebar manufacturing
3. Environmental Reaction
• Resting of Steel
Resting will occur unless steel buildings are
frequently maintained through the rest
neutralization and painting process. The rest will
erode away at the steel, reducing its thickness and
strength. In extreme circumstances, a whole steel
structure could be eaten away.
3. Environmental Reaction
• Resting of Steel
Resting will occur unless steel buildings are
frequently maintained through the rest
neutralization and painting process. The rest will
erode away at the steel, reducing its thickness
and strength. In extreme circumstances, a whole
steel structure could be eaten away.

Corrosion
3. Environmental Reaction
• Dezinification of brass
When brass is exposed to a marine environment
for an extended period of time, the salt in the sea
water reacts with the zinc content of the brass,
removing it and leaving it on a spongy, porous
mass of copper. This is clearly a flaw in the
material, as it fails under typical operating
settings.

Corrosion
3. Environmental Reaction
• Degradation of plastic
When exposed to the UV component of sunlight,
many plastics deteriorate and become weak and
brittle. To filter out these hazardous rays, special
dyestuffs must be put into the plastic.
3. Environmental Reaction
• Degradation of plastic
When exposed to the UV component of sunlight,
many plastics deteriorate and become weak and
brittle. To filter out these hazardous rays, special
dyestuffs must be put into the plastic.
1. Density

2. Electric Conductivity
3. Melting temperature of material
4. Semi Conductor
- Silicon
- Germanium
5. Thermalconductivity
6. Fusibility
This is the ease with which materials will
melt.
- refractory materials
This are materials that could only melt on
very high temperatures
7. Reluctance
Magnetism of the material
8. Temperature Stability
1. Tensile Strength
The ability of a material to bear tensile
(stretching) loads without breaking is known as
tensile strength.
2. Toughness
It refers to a material's ability to withstand
bending or the application of shear pressures
without fracture; for example, rubbers and most
plastic materials do not shatter, making them
tough.
3. Malleability
It is a substance's ability to tolerate
deformation under compression without
rupture, or the malleable material's ability to
withstand a reasonable amount of plastic
deformation under compressive stress before
fracture.
4. Hardness
It is a measure of a material's capacity to
withstand scratching (abrasion) or indentation
by another hard body. It is also a measure of the
material's wear resistance.
5. Ductility
It refers to a substance's ability to deform
under tension without rupturing, as in wire
drawing.
6. Stiffness
It is a measurement of a material's capacity
to resist deflection under a load.
7. Brittleness
When a force is applied, it is the property
of a material that shows minimal or no plastic
deformation before breakage.
8. Elasticity
It refers to a material's ability to deform
under load and then return to its original size
and shape once the load has been removed.
9. Plasticity
It is the state of a material that has been
loaded beyond its elastic limit, causing it to
permanently deform.
END