GERUNDS (ving) & INFINITIVES (to v0)

ÖN BİLGİLER
👉 Güncel sınavlarda popüler olan ve sıkça sorulan bir konudur.
👉 Genellikle 2 boşluklu olarak verilir. Yanında bir tense, passive,
modal ya da kısaltma sorusu ile birlikte test edilir.
👉 Cloze test bölümünde de sorulabilir.
👉 Gerund (ving) ve infinitive (to V0) cümlenin öznesi (subject)
veya nesnesi (object) olabilir.
👉 Bazı fiiller yanına sadece gerund alarak kullanılır.
verb + ving 👉 Bazı fiiller yanına sadece infinitive alarak kullanılır.

verb + to V0 DİKKAT Bu konu ezber gerektirebilir.

kamp2022 ingilizce

GERUNDS (ving) KULLANIMLARI

Özne
Bir gerund fiilin -ing almış halidir ve isim olarak kullanılır.
Bir isim nasıl kullanılırsa, gerund yapısı da isimlerle aynı
şekilde kullanılabilir.
Yani gerund cümlenin öznesi olabilir.
👉 Swimming is a good activity if you want to lose weight.
👉 Attaining competence in the current job is a basic career
strategy.
👉 Learning a language requires a lot of practice and is a
never-ending process.

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 GERUNDS (ving) KULLANIMLARI
Nesne
Bir gerund belli fiillerden sonra gelerek cümlenin nesnesi olabilir.
VERB + GERUND: FİİLİN NESNESİ
👉 We enjoy swimming because it helps us lose weight.
👉 People’s basic career strategy should be attaining competence in
their current job if they want a promotion.
👉 Most people do not even consider consuming foods beyond their
usual repertoire and so they don’t welcome exotic foods.

Olumsuz halleri önüne NOT getirilerek yapılır.

👉 We talked about NOT going to the wedding, but then decided we
should go.

kamp2022 ingilizce

VERB + GERUND
Bu fiiler arkasından ving alır.

keep
enjoy finish suggest
(on)
appreciate avoid consider deny
postpone
mind discuss risk
(put off)
quit
delay mention understand
(give up)

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 ÖRNEK SORU
World Health Organisation advises governments to detect cases
early to avoid ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the new virus within the
community.

A) having been spread

B) having spread
C) spreading
D) to spread
E) to have spread

kamp2022 ingilizce

KİLİT NOKTA

Arkasından gerund alan fiiller genele veya geçmişe

gönderme yapabilir.

GENELE gönderme GEÇMİŞE gönderme

like remember
enjoy forget
hate deny
+ VING
dislike admit
detest regret
prefer conceal

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 KİLİT NOKTA

👉 People hate working on Sundays.

👉 Most young people prefer watching TV to reading.
👉 My mother dislikes staying at home on weekends.

👉 Do you remember going to school for the first time?

👉 I really regret not learning to swim when I was young.
👉 My cousin denied cheating in the exam, but still was
suspended from school.

kamp2022 ingilizce

ÖRNEK SORU
Aaron remembers ¾¾¾¾¾¾ home at an early hour that
day and ¾¾¾¾¾¾ his next-door neighbour coming home
after work.

A) leave / see
B) having left / seen
C) leaving / seeing
D) left / saw
E) to leave / to see

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 GERUNDS (ving) KULLANIMLARI
Edatın Nesnesi
Herhangi bir fiilden, sıfattan, isimden ya da phrasal verb
den sonra herhangi bir edat (preposition) varsa, bu edattan
sonra isim türetmek için ving kullanılır ve böylece bir nesne
elde edilmiş olur.

PREP + GERUND: EDATIN NESNESİ

👉 I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

👉 Before applying for the job, you should get your certificate.

kamp2022 ingilizce

PREP + GERUND
Edatın Nesnesi

👉 Do you have a reason for crying?

👉 I am afraid of flying.

👉 She is responsible for organizing the party.

👉 You should concentrate on finalizing the project.

👉 I believe in working smart not hard.

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 PREP + VING

ABOUT ABOUT / OF FROM

be excited complain about / of doing it keep someone from doing it

about doing it dream about / of doing it prevent someone from doing it
be worried talk about / of doing it prohibit someone from doing it
about doing it think about / of doing it stop someone from doing it

IN OF

believe in doing something be accused of doing something

participate in doing something be capable of doing something
succeed in doing something be guilty of doing something
be interested in doing something take advantage of doing something

kamp2022 ingilizce

PREP + VING
ON TO

be accustomed to doing something

insist on doing something
focus / concentrate on doing
something
be keen on doing something
be committed to doing something
look forward to doing something
object to doing something
be opposed to doing something
be used to doing something

FOR

apologize for doing something

blame (someone) for doing something
have an excuse for doing something
be responsible for doing something
thank (someone) for doing something

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 KİLİT NOKTA

By & Without

�� “by” ve “without” edatları çok sık karşımıza GELİR.

by + Ving = -erek, -arak (yaparak)
without + Ving = -meden, -madan (yapmadan)

👉 The teacher got the answer by asking the right question.

👉 The new manager signed the contract without reading it.
👉 My kids decided who should get the last piece of cake by
flipping a coin.

kamp2022 ingilizce

ÖRNEK SORU
The Indian government made it easier for foreigners
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ medical treatment without ¾¾¾¾¾¾ for
a medical visa.

A) to be received / applied
B) to receive / applying
C) received / to apply
D) receive / having applied
E) receiving / apply

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 BUSY + VING

�� Genelde bütün sıfatlardan sonra ‘to V0’ gelmesine rağmen

‘busy’ sıfatı bir istisnadır. Kendinden sonra fiilimsi alması
gerekirse bu fiili ‘Ving’ ile çekimlemek gerekmektedir.

👉 I am busy with my thesis.

👉 I am busy writing my thesis.
👉 Tom’s busy studying for his exams.

kamp2022 ingilizce

GO + VING

�� Genellikle deyimsel bir ifade olarak eğlence aktivitelerini

anlatmak için go fiilinden sonra ving kullanılır.

👉 We often go shopping on Sundays.

👉 My father and his friends went fishing last Saturday.

go birdwatching go hiking
go hunting go shopping
go running go sailing
go camping go sightseeing
go dancing go swimming

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 VING ALAN KALIPLAR
Be used to / be accustomed to: -e alışkın olmak
Get used to / get accustomed to: -e alışmak
Look forward to: -ı dört gözle beklemek
Feel like: -ı istemek
Be opposed to: -e karşı olmak
Object to: -e karşı olmak, -e itiraz etmek
Can’t help: -den kendini alamamak
Can’t bear / can’t stand: tahammül edememek
It’s worth: -e değer
It’s no use / It’s no good: -nın faydası / yararı yok
There is no point in: -nın anlamı yok
In the habit of: -e alışkın

kamp2022 ingilizce

ÖRNEK SORU
Despite receiving compensation for his wrongful imprisonment,
Gary couldn’t help ¾¾¾¾¾¾ angry at the state for being
responsible for the years wasted behind bars.

A) feel
B) to feel
C) having felt
D) feeling
E) to have felt

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 SPEND & WASTE + STH. + VING
SPEND time, energy, talent, effort,
+ VING
WASTE money, wage, salary

ÖRNEK SORU

She spent seven days ¾¾¾¾¾¾ back and forth with her
employer and insurance company before finally getting her
insurance plan.
A) going B) to go C) go
D) having gone E) to have gone

kamp2022 ingilizce

HAVE TROUBLE / DIFFICULTY (IN) + VING

👉 I have trouble understanding Mr. King when he speaks
as he talks too fast.
👉 My students have always trouble (in) memorizing words
in English.

HAVE FUN / TIME + VING

👉 We had a good time playing basketball at the picnic.
👉 My cousins had fun playing computer games after
dinner.

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 SENSE VERBS + SB. + VING

�� See, hear, watch, listen etc. gibi fiiller aktif cümlede eğer
olayın bir kısmına gönderme varsa devamında Ving gelir.
(part of an action)

catch feel hear notice see

discover find leave observe watch

👉 As I walked past the house, I heard someone screaming

and crying.
👉 I saw a young man stealing flowers from our garden.

kamp2022 ingilizce

DİKKAT
Bu fiilleri kullanarak tek bir olayı ve olayın tamamlanmış olduğunu
anlatmak istiyorsak fiilin yalın halini kullanmamız gerekir. (whole action)
see / hear ... sb. V0
👉 Last week I heard / watched the music band play the fifth symphony.

ÖRNEK SORU
This is an exciting experience for me as, for the first time in my
life, I have seen somebody ¾¾¾¾¾¾ such a trick.
A) to have done B) do C) being done
D) done E) having done

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 PASSIVE GERUND: BEING V3

�� Ving yapısının pasif hali ‘being V 3 ’ tür.

�� Ving yapısının doğru olabileceği her durumda being V 3

yapısı da doğru olabilir. Bu yüzden cümlenin ‘aktif/ pasif’
durumunu kontrol ederek cevaba karar verilmelidir.

👉 I love inviting people to my parties. (aktif gerund)

👉 I love being invited to the parties. (passive gerund)

kamp2022 ingilizce

AKTİF/ FARKLI ZAMAN GERUND ‘Having V3’

PASSIVE / FARKLI ZAMAN GERUND ‘Having been V3’

�� Kendinden sonra gerund alan regret, remember, deny

gibi fiilerden sonra çekimlemeye uğrayan eylemsinin ana
fiilden daha önce olduğunu yani ana fiille arasındaki zaman
farkını vurgulamak için aktif durumlarda HAVING V 3 , pasif
durumlarda ise HAVING BEEN V 3 kullanılır.

👉 We regret having bought the house without even thinking!

(aktif-gerund-farklı zaman)
👉 She concealed having been arrested for fraud.
(pasif-gerund-farklı zaman)

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 INFINITIVES (to V0) KULLANIMLARI
Özne

�� To V0 infinitive yapısı cümlenin öznesini (subject)

oluşturuyor ise ‘–mek’ şeklinde çevrilir.

👉 To help poor people is important. (özne)

👉 To learn a language requires a lot of practice. (özne)

kamp2022 ingilizce

INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE (AMAÇ

DİK KAT BELİRTMEK İÇİN KULLANILAN TO V0)

�� To V0 yapısı eğer cümlenin öznesini oluşturmuyorsa ve cümlede

zaten bir özne varsa bu durumda ‘to V0’ yapısı amaç bildiren
bir yapı olarak düşünülür ve ‘-mek için’ şeklinde çevirisi yapılır.

👉 To help poor people, we should raise money. (amaç)

(= in order to V0 / so as to V0)

👉 To learn a language, people are expected to practice regularly.

(amaç)
(= in order to V0 / so as to V0)

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 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE
(AMAÇ BELİRTMEK İÇİN KULLANILAN TO V0)

👉 She left her job to look after her son.

👉 I went to the supermarket to buy some cheese and bread.
👉 We will go out to get some fresh air.

Bu cümlelerde anlamını vermek için sadece to V0 yerine in

order to V0 / so as to V0 da kullanılabilir.

kamp2022 ingilizce

ÖRNEK SORU

¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ eligible for an Oscar award in a given year, a

film must be exhibited for at least one week at a theatre in Los
Angeles county between January 1 and midnight of December
31 of that year.

A) Being B) To have been C) Been

D) To be E) Having been

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 INFINITIVES (to V0) KULLANIMLARI
Nesne

Bir infinitive belli fiillerden sonra gelerek cümlenin

nesnesi olabilir.

VERB + TO V0: FİİLİN NESNESİ

👉 You must learn to be patient. (infinitive)

kamp2022 ingilizce

SIFAT + TO V0 ( ADJ. + TO V0)

Sıfatlardan sonra genellikle ‘to V0’ gelir, ancak ‘busy’

sıfatı kendinden sonra ‘Ving’ ile devam eder.

👉 It is vital to be honest with your children.

👉 He is a bright kid and eager to learn.

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 NOUN + TO V0 (ADJ. + TO V0)

Genellikle isimden sonra bir fiil getirilecekse fiil ‘to V0’

alır. Bu şekilde kullanılan isimler genellikle soyut isimlerdir.

abstract noun + to V0

👉 His failure to reach an agreement at the meeting was

not good for him.

👉 She couldn’t resist the temptation to open the letter.

kamp2022 ingilizce

ÖRNEK SORU

Since researchers have a limited ability ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾

the organoids’ neural activities, it has also been difficult
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the function of neuronal networks.

A) to assess / to evaluate
B) to be assessed / to evaluate
C) assessing / evaluating
D) assess / to be evaluated
E) having assessed / to have evaluated

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 TOO + ADJ / ADV + TO V0

Too … to V0 kalıbı aşırılık ifadesidir. Olumsuz bir anlam

taşımaktadır ve arasına bir sıfat veya zarf alarak ya da
çokluk, azlık ifadeleri ‘many / few / little / much + noun’
alarak kullanılır. Bu yapı genelde “–emeyecek kadar"
anlamında çevrilir.

👉 The weather was too cold to go out.

👉 She asks too many questions to answer.

kamp2022 ingilizce

ADJ / ADV + ENOUGH + TO V0

“Enough” yapısı sıfatları ya da zarfları önüne alır ve eğer

bir fiille devam edecekse ‘To V0’ şeklinde çekimlenir.

👉 She is talented enough to sing.

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 QUESTION WORD + TO V0

What, where, who, whom, how gibi wh- soru kelimelerinden

sonra genellikle ‘To V0’ kullanılır. Bu yapı bir Noun Clause
kısaltmasıdır.

👉 I don’t know what to do.

👉 You should decide where to go.

kamp2022 ingilizce

THE FIRST / SECOND

THE MOST / BEST (NOUN) TO V0
THE ONLY

Yukarıdaki yapılar kendilerinden sonra bir fiil aldığında bu

fiil ‘To V0’ olarak çekimlenir. Bu yapı bir Adjective Clause
kısaltmasıdır.

👉 Neil Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the moon.
👉 The best way to explore a new city is to walk.

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 SOMETHING
NOTHING
+ TO V0
ANYTHING
ANYBODY

Something, anything, nobody, anybody gibi yapılardan sonra

fiiller genellikle “-mek için" ya da “-acak" anlamını vermek
için “To V0" ile devam eder.

👉 I need somebody to talk.

👉 I don’t know anywhere to go.

kamp2022 ingilizce

ACTIVE INFINITIVE ‘TO V0’

PASSIVE INFINITIVE ‘TO BE V3’
“To V0" yapısının pasif hali “to be V3" şeklindedir. Verilen
bütün kurallarda To V0 yapısının doğru yanıt olabileceği her
yerde “to be V3" yapısı da doğru olabilir. Bu yüzden boşluğun
devamına bakarak aktif mi yoksa pasif mi olduğuna karar
verilmelidir.

👉 I want to invite him to my party. (aktif)

👉 I want to be invited to the party by him. (pasif)

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 AKTİF / FARKLI ZAMAN INFINITIVE
TO HAVE V3

Bir eylemin diğerinden daha önce gerçekleştiğini

vurgulamak için “to V0" kullanılan yerlerde “to have
V3" yapısı. Bu yapı ana fiilden önce yapılmış olan eylemi
belirtir. Zaman farkını vurgulamak için kullanılır.

👉 The author is said to have written his second book while

in Paris.

👉 Mr. Smith seems to have lost his car keys again.

kamp2022 ingilizce

PASİF / FARKLI ZAMAN INFINITIVE

TO HAVE BEEN V3

İşaret ettiği eylemin daha önce olduğunu ifade eden

“to have V3" yapısının passive hali “to have been V3"
şeklindedir. Infinitive yapısının içindeki olay yine ana
fiilden önce olmuştur. Ve özne işi yapan değil işten
etkilenen durumundadır.
👉 The painting is believed to have been stolen by the
brothers.
👉 The woman is claimed to have been killed by her husband.

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 AKTİF PASİF

MUHTEŞEM
TABLO eş farklı eş farklı
zamanlı zamanlı zamanlı zamanlı

having
GERUND V ing having V 3 being V 3
been V 3
to have
INFINITIVE to V 0 to have V 3 to be V 3
been V 3

kamp2022 ingilizce

VERB + OBJECT + TO V0 / TO BE V3

GENEL KURAL: X bir fiil yanına somebody (object) alırsa

%80 TO V0 ile devam eder.

Bu fiil (V0 / Ving) alan özel fiiller dışında ve istisna teşkil

etmiyorsa genel kuralı uygularız ve “To V0" ile devam
ettiririz.

👉 I allow my son to go out with his friends on Saturday

nights. (allow somebody to V0)

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 VERB + OBJECT + TO V0 / TO BE V3

V + somebody (object) + TO V0
şeklinde devam eden fiillerden bazıları
assist, beg, command, dare, employ, enable, encourage,
invite, select, warn, tell, train

👉 IThe teacher warned me to read the instruction more

carefully.

kamp2022 ingilizce

ÖRNEK SORU

After twenty tonnes of aluminum sulphate was inadvertently

added to the water supply of the town, the government urged
residents ¾¾¾¾¾ the water, not even after ¾¾¾¾¾ it.

A) to be drunk / being boiled

B) to drink / having boiled
C) drank / having been boiled
D) drinking / boiling
E) not to drink / boiling

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 ÖRNEK SORU

Malcolm never used to mind his friends’ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ his

camera however after one of them had carelessly damaged it,
he didn’t give anyone permission ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ again.

A) use / to have borrowed

B) to use / borrowing
C) to have used / having borrowed
D) having used / borrow
E) using / to borrow

kamp2022 ingilizce

HEM VING HEM DE TO V0 ALANLAR

Bazı fiiler kendinden sonra verilmek istenen anlama göre

Ving veya to V0 ile devam eder. Anlamda değişiklik olur.

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 Verb + To V0 Verb + Ving
Niyetinde olmak, kastetmek Anlamına gelmek
mean What I mean to say is that I Studying hard means being
am sorry. successful.
Çabalamak, başarmaya çalışmak Denemek
try He tried to reach an Have you ever tried eating
agreement with the lawyer. sushi?
Bir şey yapmak için durmak Bırakmak, eylemi sonlandırmak
stop Let’s stop to have a cup of Stop complaining and do
coffee. something!
Görevi / sorumluluğu unutmak Geçmişteki bir olayı unutmak
forget I forgot to close the door I forgot reading that book
before leaving the office. as a teenager.

kamp2022 ingilizce

Verb + To V0 Verb + Ving

Yapılması gereken bir şeyi/ görevi Geçmişteki bir olayı
hatırlamak hatırlamak
remember
Please remember to buy some bread and I remember giving him
milk. my phone number.
Genellikle ‘regret to’ ifadesi kendinden
sonra ‘tell, say, inform, announce’ gibi
Pişman olmak
fiillerle kullanılır ve üzüntü duymak anlamına
regret I regret buying this
gelir.
dress.
I regret to tell you that you have failed
in the exam.
Bir iş veya eylemi bırakıp başka bir eyleme
devam etmek Devam etmek
go on
After graduating, I went on to work as Please go on talking.
a teacher.
Pasif anlam
Aktif anlam
need Your hair needs cutting. /
I need to sleep.
Your hair needs to be cut.

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 ÖRNEK SORU

The first person ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ a scientific study of the vapors

produced in a chemical reaction ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the Flemish
physician Jan Van Helmont.

A) to have attempted / have been

B) being attempted / is
C) to attempt / was
D) to be attempting / had been
E) having been attempted / will be

kamp2022 ingilizce

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