No.

E17004

Hardness Testing ISO 6508-1 Rockwell Hardness Test -- Test Method

ISO 6507-1 Vickers Hardness Test -- Test Method
ISO 6506-1 Brinell Hardness Test --Test Method
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Rockwell Hardness Test ISO6508-1 JIS Z 2245 Hardness Test Methods and Applications Brinell Hardness Test ISO6506-1 JIS Z 2243

Calculation Formulae Rockwell Hardness Scales Rockwell Superficial Hardness Scales Calculation Formulae Minimum Allowable Indentation Spacing
h Hardness Test Method Special heat treatment, thin coating, surface-
F 2F
Rockwell scales HR = 100 − HBW = k = 0.102
A/C/D 0 .002 Preliminary test force 98.07N Preliminary test force 29.42N modification layer, elastic material, etc.
S π D(D − D 2 − d 2 )
h Often-used range (example: titanium system coating, DLC treatment,
Rockwell scales HR = 130 −
■
B/E/F/G/H/K 0 .002 Scale Indenter Test force (N) Application Scale Indenter Test force (N) Application semiconductor-field material) k = Constant. F = Test force (N). S = Surface area of indentation.
D = Diameter of the ball (mm).
Rockwell Superficial scales h A 588.4 HRA: Tungsten carbide and thin 15N 147.1 Instrumented Indentation Test (IIT) d = Arithmetic mean (mm) of the indentation diameters 3d or more 2.5d or more
HR = 100 −

Micro-Vickers
0 .001 (Commonly known as "Nanoindentation" - measured at 90°（d1, d2). D
N/T
D Diamond **
980.7 age-hardening steel or thinner 30N Diamond** 294.2 h = Depth of indentation. h = (1− 1 − d 2 / D 2 )

IIT
Rockwell
specimen thickness: approx. 10µm or less)
h = Permanent indentation depth (mm). surface layer than is HRC testable. 2

Vickers
A relatively new method based on recording indenter force

Brinell
h1 = Indentation depth produced by the preliminary test force. C 1471 Less stress and damage than with 45N 441.3 d1
h2 = Indentation depth produced by the test force. against penetration depth throughout the load-dwell-unload Indentation d
h3 = Depth of indentation after unloading the test force. F Ball with a 588.4 HRC. Tungsten carbide. 15T Ball with a 147.1 0.0001
cycle, and calculating hardness and stiffness directly from
Shape
d = Indentation diameter. HRB: Soft mild steel (sheet metal), this data. Distances and forces are very small and
B diameter of 980.7 non-ferrous metals. 30T diameter of 294.2 HR15N, HR30N, HR45N: Steels 0.0005 resolutions are in the nanometer and micronewton ranges. Indentation center-to-center distance: 3d or more

d2
Indentation Shape d G 1.5875mm 1471 HRC: Tungsten carbide and 45T 1.5875mm 441.3 according to HRA, HRD and HRC 0.001 Specimen-edge to indentation-center distance: 2.5d
or more
H Ball with a 588.4 age-hardening steel *15W Ball with a 147.1 for thin parts or thin hardened 0.01 Standardized evaluation method of heat treatment

Test force ( 10N)

(tools, high-strength mild steel). layers. including carburizing, decarburizing and nitriding.

h
E diameter of 980.7 HRD: Surface-hardened parts of *30W diameter of 294.2 0.05
HR15T, HR30T, HR45T: Soft Frequently used for various applications including small parts and
0.1
K 3.175mm 1471 average hardness. *45W 3.175mm 441.3 0.3 topical assessment. Thickness of Specimen or Plating
steel and non-ferrous metals like
588.4 HRE: Cast iron, aluminum alloys, 1
h2
h3
h1

*L Ball with a *15X 147.1 1 1 Notation Method

h

h
magnesium alloys, bearing metals. Ball with a HRF and HRB, in case of thin parts 2 Integrity assessment of high-frequency quenching,
*M diameter of 980.7 HRF: Cold rolled sheet metal, annealed *30X 294.2 (e.g. deep-drawn sheet metal) 5 600 HBW 1 / 30 / 20
diameter of 10 15 flame quenching and welded parts.
*P 6.35mm 1471 bronze and copper. *45X 6.35mm 441.3 30 Dwell time of the test force (20s).

8h or more
60
Notation Method HRG: Phosphor bronze, beryllium 100 150 100 Macroscopic assessment from material to If not within the specified range (10s to 15s)
*R Ball with a 588.4 copper, soft malleable cast iron. *15Y Ball with a 147.1 deeply-heat-treated objects Approximate kgf equivalent value of applied
64 HRB W *S diameter of 980.7 HRH: Aluminum, zinc, lead. 1000 750 test force where (30 kgf = 294.2N).
*30Y diameter of 294.2 Frequently used for various applications.
Ball material identifier (when a ball indenter is used). 3000 Diameter of the ball (mm).
Steel ball indenter: S / Tungsten carbide indenter: W
*V 12.7mm 1471 HRK: Bearing metals and similar. *45Y 12.7mm 441.3 10000 Referring to the material of the indenter.
Intensity assessment of metallic casting and foundry Steel indenter: S / Tungsten carbide indenter: W Thickness: 8h or more
Hardness scale identifier (scale "B" in this case). * Not part of ISO6508-1
pieces. Hardness scale identifier (scale "B" in this case).
Value of Rockwell hardness. ** Cone angle of the tip: 120°, Radius of curvature of the tip: 0.2mm Value of Brinell hardness.

Rockwell Hardness Test ISO6508-1 JIS Z 2245 Hardness Conversion Table ISO18265 (excerpted)

Table for unalloyed and low alloy steels and cast iron Table for Cartridge brass (70 % Copper 30 % Zinc Alloy)
Indentation Center-to-Center Distance Relationship between Rockwell / RockwellSuperficial Hardness and the Minimum Thickness of a Specimen Tensile Vickers Rockwell hardness Rockwell Hardness Number HB
Specimen-Edge to Indentation-Center Distance strength hardness hardnessBrinell HV 30
HB HRB HRF HRC HRA HRD HR15N HR30N HR45N HRB HRF HR15T HR30T HR45T HBS10/500
Minimum thickness of specimen (mm)

MPa HV10

Minimum thickness of specimen (mm)

575 180 171 87,1 107,2 196 93,5 110,0 90,0 77,5 66,0 169
Minimum thickness of specimen (mm)

610 190 181 89,5 108,7 194 — 109,5 — — 65,5 167

4d or more 2.5d or more 640 200 190 91,5 110,1 192 93,0 — — 77,0 65,0 166
675 210 199 93,5 111,3 190 92,5 109,0 — 76,5 64,5 164
705 220 209 95,0 112,4 188 92,0 — 89,5 — 64,0 162
740 230 219 96,7 113,4 186 91,5 108,5 — 76,0 63,5 161
d 770 240 228 98,1 114,3 20,3 60,7 40,3 69,6 41,7 19,9 184 91,0 — — 75,5 63,0 159
800 250 238 99,5 115,1 22,2 61,6 41,7 70,6 43,4 22,2 182 90,5 108,0 89,0 — 62,5 157
Indentation center-to-center distance: 835 260 247 (101) 24,0 62,4 43,1 71,6 45,0 24,3
865 270 257 (102) 25,6 63,1 44,3 72,6 46,4 26,2 180 90,0 107,5 — 74,5 62,0 156
4d or more (has to be 2mm or more) 900 280 266 (104) 27,1 63,8 45,3 73,4 47,8 27,9 178 89,0 — — — 61,5 154
Specimen-edge to indentation-center distance: 930 290 276 (105) 28,5 64,5 46,5 74,2 49,0 29,5 176 88,5 107,0 — — 61,0 152
2.5d or more (has to be 1mm or more) 965 300 285 29,8 65,2 47,5 74,9 50,2 31,1 174 88,0 — 88,5 74,0 60,5 150
995 310 295 31,0 65,8 48,4 75,6 51,3 32,5 172 87,5 106,5 — 73,5 60,0 149
Thickness of Specimen or Plating 1 030 320 304 32,2 66,4 49,4 76,2 52,3 33,9 170 87,0 — — — 59,5 147
1 060 330 314 33,3 67,0 50,2 76,8 53,6 35,2
h

168 86,0 106,0 88,0 73,0 59,0 146

1 095 340 323 34,4 67,6 51,1 77,4 54,4 36,5 166 85,5 — — 72,5 58,5 144
1 125 350 333 35,5 68,1 51,9 78,0 55,4 37,8 164 85,0 105,5 — 72,0 58,0 142
(15h or more)

1 155 360 342 36,6 68,7 52,8 78,6 56,4 39,1

10h or more

162 84,0 105,0 87,5 — 57,5 141

1 190 370 352 37,7 69,2 53,6 79,2 57,4 40,4
1 220 380 361 38,8 69,8 54,4 79,8 58,4 41,7 160 83,5 — — 71,5 56,5 139
1 255 390 371 39,8 70,3 55,3 80,3 59,3 42,9 158 83,0 104,5 — 71,0 56,0 138
Rockwell hardness 1 290 400 380 40,8 70,8 56,0 80,8 60,2 44,1 156 82,0 104,0 87,0 70,5 55,5 136
1 320 410 390 41,8 71,4 56,8 81,4 61,1 45,3 154 81,5 103,5 — 70,0 54,5 135
1 350 420 399 42,7 71,8 57,5 81,8 61,9 46,4 152 80,5 103,0 — — 54,0 133
Thickness Rockwell Superficial hardness 1 385 430 409 43,6 72,3 58,2 82,3 62,7 47,4 150 80,0 — 86,5 69,5 53,5 131
Diamond indenter: 10h or more Rockwell hardness 1 420 440 418 44,5 72,8 58,8 82,8 63,5 48,4 148 79,0 102,5 — 69,0 53,0 129
Ball indenter: 15h or more 1 455 450 428 45,3 73,3 59,4 83,2 64,3 49,4 146 78,0 102,0 — 68,5 52,5 128
1 485 460 437 46,1 73,6 60,1 83,6 64,9 50,4 144 77,5 101,5 86,0 68,0 51,5 126
1 520 470 447 46,9 74,1 60,7 83,9 65,7 51,3
1 555 480 456 47,7 74,5 61,3 84,3 66,4 52,2 142 77,0 101,0 — 67,5 51,0 124
Vickers Hardness Test ISO6507-1 JIS Z 2244 1 595
1 630
490
500
466
475
48,4
49,1
74,9
75,3
61,6
62,2
84,7
85,0
67,1
67,7
53,1
53,9
140
138
76,0
75,0
100,5
100,0
85,5
—
67,0
66,5
50,0
49,0
122
121
1 665 510 485 49,8 75,7 62,9 85,4 68,3 54,7 136 74,5 99,5 85,0 66,0 48,0 120
1 700 520 494 50,5 76,1 63,5 85,7 69,0 55,6 134 73,5 99,0 — 65,5 47,5 118
Calculation Formula Minimum Allowable Indentation Spacing Relationship between Vickers Hardness and the Minimum Allowable Thickness of a Specimen 1 740 530 504 51,1 76,4 63,9 86,0 69,5 56,2 132 73,0 98,5 84,5 65,0 46,5 116
2 F sin θ
F
HV = k = 0.102 2 = 0.1891 F 1 775 540 513 51,7 76,7 64,4 86,3 70,0 57,0 130 72,0 98,0 84,0 64,5 45,5 114
S
3d or more Hardness symbol Test force 1 810 550 523 52,3 77,0 64,8 86,6 70,5 57,8
d2 d2 128 71,0 97,5 — 63,5 45,0 113
(6d or more) F:N 1 845 560 532 53,0 77,4 65,4 86,9 71,2 58,6
k = Constant. F = Test force (N). S = Surface area of indentation. HV0.0005 4.903×10-3 126 70,0 97,0 83,5 63,0 44,0 112
d = Arithmetic mean (mm) of the two diagonal length d1 and d2. Minimum thickness Diagonal length 1 880 570 542 53,6 77,8 65,8 87,2 71,7 59,3
d 1 920 580 551 54,1 78,0 66,2 87,5 72,1 59,9
124 69,0 96,5 — 62,5 43,0 110
θ= Angle between the opposite forces at the vertex 3d or more 2.5d or more of specimen of indentation 0.001 9.807×10-3 122 68,0 96,0 83,0 62,0 42,0 108
1 955 590 561 54,7 78,4 66,7 87,8 72,7 60,5
of the pyramidal indenter (136°). (6d or more) (3d or more) t : mm d : mm 0.002 19.61×10-3 1 995 600 570 55,2 78,6 67,0 88,0 73,2 61,2 120 67,0 95,5 — 61,0 41,0 106
h = Depth of indentation ( h = d/7). 0.001 0.003 29.42×10-3 118 66,0 95,0 82,5 60,5 40,0 105
0.005 49.03×10-3 2 030 610 580 55,7 78,9 67,5 88,2 73,7 61,7
Indentation d1 d 0.002 0.001 2 070 620 589 56,3 79,2 67,9 88,5 74,2 62,4 116 65,0 94,5 82,0 60,0 39,0 103
d d Vickers hardness 0.003 0.002 0.01 98.07×10-3 2 105 630 599 56,8 79,5 68,3 88,8 74,6 63,0 114 64,0 94,0 81,5 59,5 38,0 101
Shape HV 0.005 0.003 0.02 0.1961 2 145 640 608 57,3 79,8 68,7 89,0 75,1 63,5 112 63,0 93,0 81,0 58,5 37,0 99
Indentation center-to-center distance 2000 0.005 0.03 0.2942 2 180 650 618 57,8 80,0 69,0 89,2 75,5 64,1
0.01 0.05 0.4903 110 62,0 92,6 80,5 58,0 35,5 97
Steel, nickel alloy, titanium alloy, copper and copper alloy: 3d or more 1000 0.01 660 58,3 80,3 69,4 89,5 75,9 64,7
d2

0.02 108 61,0 92,0 — 57,0 34,5 95

h

Light alloys, lead, tin and alloys of the previously listed 500 0.03 0.02 0.1 0.9807 670 58,8 80,6 69,8 89,7 76,4 65,3 106 59,5 91,2 80,0 56,0 33,0 94
materials excluding titanium alloy: 6d or more 300 0.05 0.03 0.2 1.961 680 59,2 80,8 70,1 89,8 76,8 65,7
0.05 690 59,7 81,1 70,5 90,1 77,2 66,2 104 58,0 90,5 79,5 55,0 32,0 92
When two neighboring indentations have different sizes, F 200 0.1 0.1 0.3 2.942 102 57,0 89,8 79,0 54,5 30,5 90
HV=0.1891 2 0.5 4.903 700 60,1 81,3 70,8 90,3 77,6 66,7
'd' is taken to be that of the larger indentation. d 100 0.2 100 56,0 89,0 78,5 53,5 29,5 88
t >1.5d
h

9.807 720 61,0 81,8 71,5 90,7 78,4 67,7

Specimen-edge to indentation-center distance h d/7 50 0.3 0.2 1 740 61,8 82,2 72,1 91,0 79,1 68,6 98 54,0 88,0 78,0 52,5 28,0 86
Steel, nickel alloy, titanium alloy, copper and copper alloy: 2.5d 30 0.5 0.3 2 19.61 760 62,5 82,6 72,6 91,2 79,7 69,4 96 53,0 87,2 77,5 51,5 26,5 85
Notation Method or more. Light alloys, lead, tin and alloys of the previously t: Thickness of specimen (mm) 20 1
0.5 3 29.42 780 63,3 83,0 73,3 91,5 80,4 70,2 94 51,0 86,3 77,0 50,5 24,5 83
5 49.03
640 HV 30 / 20 listed materials excluding titanium alloy: 3d or more d: Diagonal length (mm) 2 1 800 64,0 83,4 73,8 91,8 81,1 71,0 92 49,5 85,4 76,5 49,0 23,0 82
Duration time of the test force (20s). h: Depth of indentation (mm) 3 2 10 98.07 820 64,7 83,8 74,3 92,1 81,7 71,8 90 47,5 84,4 75,5 48,0 21,0 80
If not within the specified range (10s to 15s). Minimum Allowable Thickness of Specimen or Plating [Example] 20 196.1 840 65,3 84,1 74,8 92,3 82,2 72,2 88 46,0 83,5 75,0 47,0 19,0 79
Specimen thickness t: 0.15mm 30 294.2 860 65,9 84,4 75,3 92,5 82,7 73,1
86 44,0 82,3 74,5 45,5 17,0 77
Approximate kgf equivalent value of applied 50 490.3 880 66,4 84,7 75,7 92,7 83,1 73,6
1.5d or

test force where (30 kgf = 294.2N). d Specimen hardness: 185HV1 84 42,0 81,2 73,5 44,0 14,5 76
more

900 67,0 85,0 76,1 92,9 83,6 74,2

Test force F: 9.807N (1kgf) 920 67,5 85,3 76,5 93,0 84,0 74,8 82 40,0 80,0 73,0 43,0 12,5 74
Hardness symbol. Diagonal length d: 0.1mm 80 37,5 78,6 72,0 41,0 10,0 72
940 68,0 85,6 76,9 93,2 84,4 75,4
Value of Vickers hardness. Thickness: 1.5d or more • Brinell hardness values up to 450 HB were determined using a steel ball indenter, those above this value were determined with a hardmetal ball.

078 1209 (1) Ae-(CH) KO