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`HY DER A B A D C EN T RES
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
FOR
HALF YEARLY
IN
FIRST YEAR
CHEMISTRY
2022 – 2023
Hyderabad Centres
Saifabad  Narayanaguda  Dilsukhnagar  Kukatpally  Miyapur
`HY DER AB AD CEN T RES
INTERMEDIATE 1st YEAR
CHEMISTRY HALF YEARLY SYLLABUS

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023
Chapter 1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Chapter 2 PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Chapter 3 CHEMICAL BONDING
Chapter 4 STOICHIOMETRY
Chapter 5 GASEOUS STATE
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MINIMUM LEARNING)
1. What is Zeeman effect?

Ans. Splitting of spectral lines into fine lines in the presence of magnetic field is called zeeman’s effect.
2. What is Stark effect?

Ans. The splitting up of each spectral line of hydrogen spectrum into fine lines of nearly same wavelength under
the influence of external electric field is known as stark effect.
3. Explain Pauli’s exclusion principle.

Ans. No two electrons in any orbital can have all the four quantum numbers same.
4. What is aufbau principle.

Ans. While electron filling in the orbital, it always enter into lowest energy orbital first.
Energies of the orbitals is compared by (n + l) values. Lower (n + l) value refers to lower energy.
5. What is Hund’s rule?

Ans. It states “When ever degenerate orbitals (p, d, f) are available pairing of electrons takes place only after all
the orbitals are occupied one electron each”.
6. Explain Heisenber’s uncertainity principle.

Ans. It is impossible to determine simultaneously, the exact position and exact momentum (or Velocity) of an
electron.
h
Mathematically, it can be given as an equation: X.P 
4
Where
X  Uncertainity in position
P  Uncertainity in momemtum
h = Planck's Constant
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MAXIMUM LEARNING)
7. What series of lines are observed in hydrogen spectra?

Ans. The series of lines observed in hydrogen spectra are
(i) Lyman series (UV radiations)
(ii) Balmer series (Visible radiations)
(iii) Paschen series (Infrared radiations)
(iv) Brackett series (Infrared radiations)
(v) Pfund series (Infrared radiations)
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MAXIMUM LEARNING)
1. Explain the difference between emission and absorption spectra.

Ans. Emission Spectrum Absorption Spectrum
1) Emission spectrum is obtained when 1) Absorption spectrum is obtained when the white
radiation from the source are directly light is first passed through the substance and
analysed in the spectroscope the transmitted light is analysed in the
spectroscope.
2) It is formed due to emission of energy in 2) It is formed due to absorption of energy in
quanta quanta
3) It consists bright coloured lines on dark back 3) It considers of dark coloured lines on bright back
ground ground
4) This spectrum can be continuous or 4) This spectrum is always discontinuous
discontinuous
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2. Explain photoelectric effect.
Ans. When light of sufficient energy is allowed to strike the surface of the metal, electrons are ejected from the
surface of a metal. These electrons are called photo electrons and the phenomenon is called photo electric
effect.
1
By observing the amount of current flowing the kinetic energy of electrons determined as mv 2 . Where ‘V’
2
is the velocity of electron.
1
K.E  mv 2  h  h0
2
K.E  h    0 
Important facts observed about photoelectric effect :

(i) The electrons are ejected only if the radiation striking the surface of the metal has at least a minimum
frequency (v0) called as threshold frequency.
(ii) The velocity of the ejected electron depends upon the frequency of incident radiation and is independent
of its intensity.
(iii) The no. of photo electrons ejected is proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.
3. Explain the difference between orbit and orbital?

Ans. Orbit Orbital
1. An orbit is a well defined circular path 1. An orbital is the three dimensional space
around the nucleus in which the electron around the nucleus in which the probability of
revolve finding the electron is maximum
2. It represents planar motion of an electron 2. It represents the three dimensional motion of
around the nucleus an electron around the nucleus
3. Orbits can be circular or elliptical shaped 3. Orbitals have different shapes eg. S-orbital is
spherical P-orbital is dum-bell shaped.
4. An orbit can have a maximum number of 4. An orbital can accommodate a maximum two
2
electrons equal to 2n electrons.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Explain Postulates of Bohr’s Atomic model with the help of H-spectrum along with Limitations.
Ans. Postulates of Bohr’s atomic model:
1. The electrons in an atom revolve around the nucleus in certain fixed circular paths called orbits or
energy levels or shells.
2. A certain fixed amount of energy is associated with each electron in a particular orbit.
So the orbits are also called as energy levels. The energy levels are numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4........
and also designated by letters K, L, M, N respectively.
3. As long as electron revolves around the nuclues in an orbit, the energy of electron remains
constant. Hence these orbits are called Stationary Orbits.
4. The orbit near to nucleus will have low energy and the orbit away from nucleus will have high
energy.
E1  E2  E3  E4 .......
5. Energy is emitted when an electron jumps from higher energy level to lower energy level.
E  E2  E1 E2  Higher energy level E1  Lower energy level
E E2  E1
v  h  Planck’s Constant  6.625  10 27 erg.sec (or) 6.625  10 34 J  sec
h h
Where E1 and E2 are energies of the lower and higher allowed energy states
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6. The angular momentum of an electron moving around the nucleus is quantised. The
h
angular momentum is an integral multiple of
2
nh
i.e., mvr  m = Mass of Electron v = Velocity of Electron
2
r = Radius of orbit n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ….
h  Planck’s Constant  6.625  10 27 erg.sec (or) 6.625  10 34 J  sec
Explanation of Hydrogen Spectrum
Hydrogen atom contains only one electron and shows many lines in the spectrum. When hygrogen gas is
subjected to electric discharge, hydrogen molecules absorb energy and split into atoms.
The electrons in atoms absorb energy and will get excited and come back to their ground state and emit
radiations of different frequencies. So we can show these series of lines observed in hydrogen spectrum.
1. Lyman series: When electron jumps from any one of the higher energy orbits to first orbit, the
group of lines formed are called Lyman series. They are observed in UV region.
n1  1, n2  2,3,...
2. Balmer Series:- Group of lines observed when electron jumps from any one of the higher energy
nd
orbits to 2 orbit they are called Balmer series. These lines are observed in visible region.
n1  2, n2  3,4,5,...
3. Paschen series: Group of lines observed when electron jumps from any one of the higher energy
rd
orbits to 3 orbit is called paschen series. Observed in near IR region
n1  3, n2  4,5,6,...
4. Bracket Series: Group of lines observed when electron jumps from any one of the higher energy
th
orbits to 4 orbit is called bracket series. Observed in IR region.
n1  4, n2  5,6,7,...
5. Pfund series: Group of lines observed when electron jumps from any one of the higher energy
th
orbits to the 5 orbit is called pfund series. Observed in far IR region.
n1  5, n2  6,7,...
n1 n2
Series Spectral Region
(Lower energy) (Higher energy)
Lyman 1 2, 3, 4, 5, … Ultraviolet
Balmer 2 3, 4, 5,… Visible
Paschen 3 4, 5, 6, … Near Infrared
Bracket 4 5, 6, 7,… Infrared
Pfund 5 6, 7, 8, … Far Infrared
1 1 1
The wave number of spectral line is given by    R  2  2  , where R is Rydberg constant.
  n1 n2 
n=8
n=7
n=6
n=5
Pfund far IR
n=4 Brackett IR
n=3
Paschen near IR
n=2
Balmer
(visible)
n=1
Lyman
UV
Series
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Limitations of Bohr’s model
(i) Bohr’s theory was successful in explaining the line spectral of hydrogen atom and hydrogen like particles
containing single electron only.
It failed to explain line spectra of multi electron atoms.
(ii) It could not explain the fine spectrum of hydrogen or hydrogen like species.
(iii) It could not explain ‘Zeeman effect’ i.e., (splitting of spectral line in magnetic field) and also could not
explain ‘stark effect’ i.e, (splitting of spectral line in electric field)
(iv) It could not explain the three dimensional model of an atom.
(v) It could not explain the shapes of molecules.
(vi) It could not explain the dual nature of matter.
2. Explain Quantum numbers along with their Significance.

Ans. Four quantum numbers are introduced to describe completely the energy of an electron in an atom or to
designate an electron in an atom. They are
1. Principal quantum numbers (n)
2. Azimuthal quantuam numbers (l)
3. Magnetic quantum numbers (ml)
4. Spin quantum number (s)
A. Principal quantum numbers (n):
1. It was proposed by Bohr.
2. It takes values 1, 2, 3, 4, … or represented as K, L, M, N….
3. It tells about the size and energy of the orbit.
4. As the n value increases, the size of the orbit, energy increases.
5. Numbers of electrons accommodated in an orbit is given by 2n2 .
2
Orbit Name of Shell No. of electrons ( 2n )
1 K 2
2 L 8
3 M 18
4 N 32
2
6. Number of orbitals accommodated in an orbital is given by n
7. The radius and energy of an orbit can be determined using n value
n2h2
radius of nth orbit, rn 
42me2
42me4
Energy of nth orbit, En 
n2h2
B. Azimuthal quantum number (l) or subsidiary quantum number (or) secondary quantum number:
1. It was proposed by sommerfeld.
2. It defines the three dimensional shape of the sub shell (orbital)
3. For a given n value, l can have ‘n’ number of values ranging from 0 to n-1.
4. It explains about the fine spectrum (i.e. spectrum in the presence of highly resolved spectroscope)
n l ( no. of values ) Values Subshell notation

1 1 value 0 s
2 2 values 0,1 s,p
3 3 values 0, 1, 2 s, p, d
4 4 values 0, 1, 2, 3 s, p, d, f
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Subshell Shape
s Spherical
p Dum-bell
d Double dum-bell
f Complex
C. Magnetic quantum number ( m ):
1. It was proposed by Lande.
2. This quantum number gives information about the spatial orientation of orbitals with respect to coordinate
axes.
3. It explain about Zeeman and Stark effect.
4. For given  value, it takes up (2  + 1) values ranging from –  to +  including to 0.
No. of orbitals (or)
 values ml values (–  to +  )
No. of m values (2  + 1)
0 1 0
1 3 -1, 0, +1
2 5 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
D. Spin Quantum Number(s):
1. This quantum number is given by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmith.
2. Electron spins around its own axis while revolving around the nucleus.
1 1
3. Possible s values are  and 
2 2
4. An orbital can accommodate two electrons with opposite spins.
s = +1/2
2
5. For 1s orbital
s = -1/2
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PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
1. Among N-3 ,O-2 ,F- ,Na + ,Mg+2 and Al+3

a) What is common in them?
b) Arrange them in the increasing ionic radii.
Ans. a. All these ions have same number of electrons (all of them contain 10 electrons). Hence called as
isoelectronic species.
+3 +2 + – –2 –3
b. Al < Mg < Na < F < O < N
2. Ionization enthalpy,  IE1  of O is less than that of N-explain

Ans. Nitrogen has stable electronic configuration i.e exactly half filled p–orbitals.
2 2 3
1s 2s 2p .
2 2 4
Where as oxygen has 1s 2s 2p configuration.
Half filled and fully filled electronic configuration requires high ionisation energy, hence Nitrogen IE1 is
greater than Oxygen.
3. Which in each pair of elements has a more negative electron gain enthalpy?
(a) O or F (b) F or Cl
Ans. (a) Electron gain enthalpy of F is greater than O. due to small size and high electronegativity of Fluorine.
(b) Electron gain enthalpy of Cl is greater than F, due to small size show more electron repulsions in 2p sub-
shell in fluoride ion.
4. IE1 of O < IE1 of N but IE2 of O > IE2 of N-explain.

Ans. Due to half filled, stable configuration of N I.E1 of N is greater than O.
2 3 2 4
N  [He] 2s 2p O  [He] 2s 2p
+ + +
Due to half filled configuration of O , I.E2 of O is greater than N
+ 2 2 + 2 3
N  [He] 2s 2p O  [He] 2s 2p .
5. Electron affinity of chlorine is more than that of fluorine – explain.

–
Ans. Chlorine has more electron affinity than Fluorine because F atom is smaller than Cl. And F show more
electron repulsions due to compact electron density in 2P sub-shell.
6. What is screening effect? How is it related to IE?

Ans. The inner shell electrons screen the outer shell electrons from the attractions of the nucleus. This is called
 1 
screening effect .IE required is less if screening effect is more IE  
 Screeningeffect 
MAXIMUM LEARNING QUESTIONS
1. What are the representative elements? Give their valence shell configuration.
Ans. S and P block elements are called representative elements.
The valence shell configuration of representative elements is ns12 np1 6
2. What factors impart characteristic properties to the transition elements?

Ans. The Vacant or partially filled d- orbital of penultimate shell small size, high nuclear charge impart
characteristic properties to the transition elements.
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3. Why the Zero group elements are called noble gases or inert gases?
Ans. These contain stable octet configuration. So they are chemically inactive due to completely filled orbitals in
2 6 2
the outer shell ns np (expect He = 1s ). Hence these are called noble gases.
4. What are rare earths and transuranic elements?

Ans: The elements in which differentiating electrons enter into 4f orbitals are called rare earths or lanthanoids.
The elements after Uranium are called Transuranic elements and these elements are man made. All are
radio active elements.
+
5. Na has higher value of ionization energy than Ne, though both have same electronic configuration –
Explain.
+ +
Ans. Though electronic configuration is same for Na & Ne, Na has 11 protons and Ne has 10 protons, hence
+ +
effective nuclear charge is high in Na than Ne, So I.E is high for Na .
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MINIMUM LEARNING)
1. What is lanthanide contraction? What are its consequences?

Ans: Lanthanide Contraction : The steady decrease of atomic or ionic radii from left to right in lanthanides is
called lanthanide contraction.
It is due to poor shielding effect and peculiar shapes of f-orbitals.
Consequences:
(1) The properties of elements are similar. Therefore it is difficult to separate them from the mixture.
(2) The atomic radii of 5d and 4d transition elements are very close to each other when compared
to those of 3d and 4d transition elements.
(3) La and Hf have similar size
2. Give any characteristic properties of transition elements.

Ans: a) They are hard and heavy metals.
b) They have high melting points, boiling points and densities.
c) They are good conductors of heat and electricity
d) They are good catalysts.
e) They form alloys.
f) They exhibit variable oxidation states.
1. I.E1 of Na is less than that of Mg but I.E2 of Na is higher than that of Mg explain.
2 2 6 1 2 2 6 2
Ans. The electronic configurations of Na : 1s 2s 2p 3s and Mg : 1s 2s 2p 3s
The first electron in Na is half filled in 3s orbital where as fully filled in 3s orbital for Mg.
Hence I.E1 of Mg is greater than Na.
 Fully filled orbitals are more stable than half–filled, so they require more energy.
2 2 6 2
The second electron in Na is of noble configuration i.e, 1s 2s 2p , where as Mg is half filled in 3s i.e., 1s
2 6 1
2s 2p 3s .
Hence I.E2 of Na is greater than Mg.
 Noble gas electronic configuration is highly stable, requires highest energy.
2. What is diagonal relationship? Give a pair of elements having diagonal relationship.

Why do they show relation?
Ans: In the periodic table, an element of a group in the second period is similar in properties with second element
of next group in the third period. This type of relationship is called diagonal relationship.
eg: (a) Li-Mg (b) Be-Al (c) B –Si
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Group 1 2 3 4
The diagonal relationship is due to

(a) Similar size of atoms or ions
(b) Similar Electro negativity
(c) Same polarizing power,
Where
Ionic charge
Polarising power 
Ionic radius 2
1. Define IE1 and IE2. Why IE2 is greater than IE1? Explain the factors affecting IE.
Ans. IE1: The minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bounded electron from an isolated gaseous
atom is called as first Ionisation Enthalpy.
M g  IE1  M  g  e 
IE2: The energy required to remove an electron from uni positive gaseous ion is called as second Ionisation
Enthlapy IE2.
M  g  IE2  M2 g  e 
Reason for IE2 > IE1: The second Ionization enthalpy is greater than first ionization enthalpy on removing
the electron from an atom, unipositive ion is formed. In that ion effective nuclear charge increases i.e the
nuclear attraction increases on the remaining electrons.
Therefore more energy is required to remove an electron from uni positive ion.
IE1 < IE2 < IE3
Factors influencing the ionization enthalpy:
1. Atomic radius: As the atomic radius increases, the nuclear force of attraction over the valence electrons
decreases so IE is less.
1
IE 
Atomic radius
2. Nuclear charge: As the nuclear charge increases the force of attraction on the valence electrons
increases. Hence IE is more.
IE  Nuclear charge
3. Screening effect or shielding effect: The electrons present in inner orbitals decreases the nuclear
attraction on the valence electrons. This is called screening or shielding effect. As the number of electrons in
the inner shells increases, shielding effect increases. So IE is less.
1
Ionisation Energy 
screening effect
4. Extent of penetration of orbitals of valence electrons:
(a) Penetration Power of orbitals depends on the shape of the orbitals.
(b) Penetration power of orbitals is in the order : s > p > d > f
IE  penetrating ability of orbitals
5. Half filled or completely filled sub shells: Atoms with half filled or completely filled sub shells are more
stable. So IE values of these atoms are high.
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2. What is periodic property? How following properties vary in group and periods along with
examples?
(a) Atomic Radii (b) Electronegetivity (c) Electron affinity (d) Ionisation energy
Ans. The repetition of properties of elements at regular intervals in the periodic table are called as periodic
properties and the phenomenon is called periodicity.
1. Atomic radius : The distance between the nucleus and a point where the electron density is negligible is
called atomic radius.
Trends in the Group: The atomic radius increases down the group from top to bottom. This is because the
differentiating electron enters the orbital of new shell and hence nuclear attraction is less.
Ex : Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
Trend in a period: The atomic radius across a period decreases gradually as the atomic number increases.
In the elements belonging to the period, the differentiating electron enters the orbitals of same shell. As the
atomic number increases, the nuclear charge increases which increases the attraction of the outermost
electrons towards the nucleus. Therefore, the size of the atom decreases.
III period: Na > Mg > Al > Si > P > S > Cl
2. Ionization enthalpy: It is the energy required to remove an electron from the outermost shell of neutral
gaseous atom.
Group: Ionization enthalpy decreases down the group from top to bottom. Down the group as the atomic
radius increase, the energy required to remove an electron decreases.
Ex: Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
Period: The ionization energy increases across a period. As the atomic size decreases along a period
nuclear attractions on the outermost electrons increases. Hence, the energy required to remove the
outermost electron is greater. Because of various reasons there are few exceptions in the normal
generalization.
Ex: Na < Mg > Al < Si < P > S < Cl < Ar
3. Electron gain enthalpy: It is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral,
gaseous atom to convert into a negative ion.
Group: In a group, the electron affinity decreases from top to bottom as the atomic size decrease. In
general the second element in a group has greater electron gain enthalpy than the first element.
Ex: F < Cl > Br > I > At
Period: In a period, the atomic size decreases as we move from left to right. This results in increased
affinity to electrons. In a period halogens have the highest electron affinity and inert gases have zero.
Na > Mg < Al < Si > P < S < Cl
4. Electronegativity: It is the tendency of the atom of an element in a molecule to attract the shared pair of
electron towards itself.
Group: In a group, the atomic size, increases so the tendency to attract the shared pair of electron
decreases. Hence, electronegativity decreases down the group.
Ex: F > Cl > Br > I > At
Period: In a period, electronegativity increases from left to right due to decrease in atomic size.
Ex: Na < Mg < Al < Si < P < S < Cl
3. Write classification of elements into s,p,d,f block elements and describe them.
Ans. Depending on the electronic configuration of elements or depending on the orbital which receives the last
entering electron elements are classified into four blocks of elements. They are s-block, p-block, d-block and
f-blocks.
s-block elements: -
1. In s-block elements, the differentiating electron enters s-subshell, s-subshell is either half filled or just
completed. s-orbital can accommodate two electrons. Hence s-block has 2 groups.
2. Group-1- alkali metals with outer electronic configuration of ns1
3. Group-2- alkaline earth metals with outer electronic configuration of ns2
4. s-block elements are highly active metals. They are highly electropositive due to less ionization
enthalpy.
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5. Alkali metals exhibit +1 and alkaline earth metals exhibit +2 oxidation state.
p-block elements:
1. In p-block elements, the differentiating electron enters p-subshell. As p-subshell can accommodate 6
electrons, p-block has 6 groups.
2. The general outer electronic configuration of p-block elements is ns2np1 6
3. p-block elements along with s-block elements are called representative or main group elements.
4. This block comprises of metals, nonmetals and metalloid. Non-metallic elements are found at the
extreme right top corner of the periodic table and most metallic elements at the extreme left bottom of
the p-block. Metalloids are found in between them.
5. The elements of this block are highly electronegative and have high electron affinity. Noble gas
elements which are present at the end of each period have completely filled valence shell i.e.
ns2np6 configuration. Hence noble gases are very stable and don’t exhibit any chemical reactivity.
d-block elements:
1. d-block elements are present in between s-block and p-block. As d-subshell can accommodate 10
electrons there are 10 groups in d-block. The differentiating electron enters the d-subshell of
penultimate (n-1) shell. They are arranged into -3d, 4d, 5d orbitals and incomplete 6d series.
2. They have the general electronic configuration of  n  1 d110ns1or 2 where n  4 .
3. The d-block elements except Zn, Cd and Hg are called transition elements. All the elements of this
block are metals. They form mostly coloured ions and show paramagnetic behaviour. These elements
or compounds are often used as catalysts.
f-block elements:
1. Elements in which the differentiating electron enters f-orbital of antepenultimate (n-2) shell of the atoms.
Hence they are called inner transition elements.
2. The general electronic configuration of elements is  n  2  f 114  n  1 d0 1ns2 where n 6.
3. They are arranged in 2 series. 4f (lanthanides), 5f (series of actinides)
4. Actinides are radioactive and are man-made.
5. They form coloured ions, complexes and are paramagnetic in nature.
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CHEMICAL BONDING
1. How many sigma and Pi bonds are present in (a) C2H2 and (b) C2H4?
Ans. a) C2H2
H–CC–H
C2H2 contains 3 - sigma bonds and 2 - pi bonds.
b) C2H4
C2H4 contains 5 – sigma bonds and 1-pi bond.
2+ 2+
2. Which of the two ions Ca or Zn is more stable and why?
2+ 2 2 6 2 6
Ans.  Ca has noble gas or inert gas electronic configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p .
+2 2 2 6 2 6 0 10
 Zn has pseudo inert gas electronic configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d .
Inert gas electronic configuration is more stable than pseudo inert gas electronic configuration.
+2 +2
Hence Ca more stable than Zn ion.
3. Is there any change in the hybridization of Boron and Nitrogen atoms as a result of the following
reaction? BF3 + NH3 → F3BNH3
Ans. The equation corresponding to the reaction is written as follows :
H3N : + BF3  H3N  BF3 
Donor Acceptor Ammonia Boron trifluoride
2
Boron in BF3 undergoes sp hybridization with one vacant unhybrid ‘p’ orbital . This orbital also undergoes
2 3
hybridization in presence of NH3 so that the hybridized state of ‘B’ changes from sp to sp . This vacant
hybrid orbital is bonded to NH3 through dative bond. During this process there is no change in the hybridized
state of nitrogen in NH3.
4. What is Octet rule?

Ans. Atoms prefer to have eight electrons in their outermost orbits by losing, gaining or sharing electrons, in order
to have an Octet in their valence shell. This is known as Octet rule.
-2
5. Write Lewi's dot structures for S and S .
Ans. The Lewis dot structure are:
6. Predict the change if any, in hybridization of Al atom in the following reaction:

AlCl3  Cl  AlCl4 
2
Ans. In AlCl3, Al undergoes sp hybridization and the shape of the molecule is trigonal planar.
In AlCl4  & Al undergoes sp hybridization and the shape of the ion is tetrahedral.
3
–
1. Cl ion is more stable than Cl atom. Why?
– 2 6.
Ans: Cl - possess valence shell electron configuration: 3s 3p It is a stable Octet configuration.
2 5
Cl - possess valence shell electron configuration: 3s 3p . It does not have Octet configuration.
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2. Why argon does not form Ar2 molecule?
Ans: Argon is monoatomic gas as it possess stable Octet configuration in its valence shell i.e
2 6
3s 3p . It cannot share its electron with another Ar atom and does not form diatomic molecule.
3. Write the possible resonance structures for SO3?

Ans.
4. State Fajan’s rules, and give suitable examples.

Ans. Fajan’s rule predict the nature of the bond formed between two atoms.
Charge on cation :
As the charge of the cation increases the covalent nature of the bond increases.
+ 2+ 3+
Eg : Na < Mg < Al
The covalent character of halides of the cations in the order.

AlCl3 > MgCl2 > NaCl
Size of cation:
As the size of the cation decreases the covalent bond increases.
Covalent character of alkali halides.
LiX > NaX > KX > RbX > CsX
+
Small size of Li makes LiX most covalent.
Charge on anion :
As the charge of the anion increases the covalent bond nature increases.
Size of anion :
Larger is the size of anion easier is its deformation and so larger anion favours covalent nature.
– – – –
F < Cl < Br < I
Electronic configuration of cation :
The cation with inert gas configuration form the compound with more ionic nature where as the cation with
pseudo inert gas electronic configuration form the compound with more covalent nature.
Ex : CuCl is more covalent than NaCl.
5. What is meant by the term Bond order? Calculate the bond orders in the following
(a) N2 (b) O2 (C) O2 and (d) O2
Ans. Bond order is defined as one half the difference between the number of electrons present in the bonding
and antibonding orbitals.
1
i.e., Bond order =
2
Nb  NA 
Nb = Number of electrons in bonding orbitals.
NA = Number of electrons in antibonding orbitals.
Bond order positive means a stable molecule while negative (or) zero bond order means an unstable
molecule.
Stability of molecule  bond order.

Calculation of the bond order of N2, O2, O2 and O2
Electronic configuration of N2 (14 electrons)
2 2 2 2
 
1s * 1s 2s , *2s , ( 2p2x  2p2y , 2p2z
1
Bond order = 10  4   3
2
Electronic configuration of O2 (16 electrons)
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1s * 1s 2s *2s 2p2z (

2 2 2 2
 2p2x  2p2y   * 2p1x   * 2p1y 
1
Bond order = 10  6   2
2
Electronic configuration of O2 15 electrons 
1s * 1s 2s *2s 2p2z ( 2p2x  2p2y

2 2 2 2
    * 2p 1
x   * 2p0y 
1
Bond order = 10  5   2.5
2
Electronic configuration of O2 (17 electrons)
1s , * 1s 2s , *2s , 2p2z , 2p2x  2p2y

2 2 2 2
  ,   * 2p 2
x   * 2p1y 
1
Bond order = 10  7   1.5
2
1. Co-ordinate covalent bond. Examples.

Ans. 1) The covalent bond formed in which the shared pair of electrons is contributed by one atom only.
2) The atom which donates the shared pair of electrons is called as donor and that which accepts the
electrons is called as acceptor.
3) The bond between two atoms in which one donated a pair of electrons and other accepts a pair of
electrons is called as coordinate covalent bond or dative bond.
Coordinate covalent bond is shown by arrow which is directed from donor to acceptor.
Donor atom :
An atom with complete octet (or) lone pair of electron may act as donor.
Eg : NH3, H2O etc.
Acceptor atom :
Atoms whose octet is incomplete and has vacant orbital act as acceptor.
eg: Formation of NH4 
donor acceptor ammonium ion

Ex : Ammonium borontrifluoride adduct formation
Bond formation
H F H F
H N B F H N B F
H F H F
donor Acceptor
2. Explain the hybridization involved in PCl5 molecule.
Ans. sp3 d hybridization:
Electronic configuration of P (ground state): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1x 3p1y 3p1z
Electronic configuration of P (in excited state): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s13p1x 3p1y 3p1z 3d1
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3
In PCl5 molecule phosphorous undergoes sp d hybridisation.
The 3s, three 3p orbitals and one 3d orbital with unpaired electrons overlap with each other forming five
equivalent sp3 d orbitals.
Each sp3 d hybrid orbitals overlaps with the p z orbital of chlorine atom forming
 bond. Five such bonds are formed. Out of these five bonds, three  bonds
sp3dp
are coplanar and the remaining two are present in the axial position. There fore,
PCl5 acquires a trigonal bipyramidal shape, with bond angles of either 90 or 120 .
3. Explain the hybridization involved in SF6 molecule.

Ans. The central atom in SF6 is sulphur. Its ground state electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2x 3p1y 3p1z .
Excited state electronic configuration of S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s13p1x 3p1y 3p1z 3d1 2 3d1 2
x y2 z
3 2
In SF6 sulphur undergoes sp d hybridisation
The 3s, three 3p orbitals and two 3d orbitals overlap with each other to form six
sp3 d2 hybrid orbitals. Each hybrid orbitals overlap with 2pz orbital of fluorine atom
to form six  bonds. The molecule has octahedral shape with a bond angle of
either 90 or 180 .
4. What is Hydrogen bond? Explain the different types of Hydrogen bonds with examples.
Ans. The weak electrostatic force of attraction between partially positively charged hydrogen atom and a more
electronegative atom like F, O, N is called hydrogen bond.
Types of hydrogen bond:
There are two types of H-bond
(1) Inter molecular hydrogen bond (2) Intra molecular hydrogen bond.
Inter molecular H-bond:
When H-bond is present between two similar or different molecules it is called inter molecular H-bond.
   
H F H F
,
H
O O
H H H
,
H
N
N H
H H
H H
,
H F H O
H
HF in H2O
(2) Intra molecular hydrogen bonding:

When H-bonding occurs within a molecule to form a ring it is called intra molecular H-bonding.
O H
N  C 
O O
 
H H
O O
O  n itro p h e n o l O  h yd ro x y b e n z a ld e h y d e
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1. Define Hybridization. Explain different types of hybridisations along with examples. (Take examples
of CH4, C2H6, C2H4 and C2H2)
Ans. Hybridization is intermixing of atomic orbitals of almost equal energies of an atom and their redistribution
into an equal number of identical orbitals.
1. sp3 hybridization: Example CH4 . The centre atom in methane is carbon.
E. C. of carbon (ground state) 1s2 2s2 2p1x 2p1y 2p0z
E.C. of carbon (Excited state) 1s2 2s1 2p1x 2p1y 2p1z
The 2s 2px 2py 2pz orbitals of carbon overlap with each other to form four equivalent sp3 orbitals. All
the sp3 hybrid orbitals of carbon has one unpaired electron each. Each sp3 orbital overlaps with s orbital of
hydrogen atom and forms  sp3  s bond. Four such bonds are formed. To minimise the repulsions, four
bonds are directed towards the four corners of a regular tetrahedron. The angle between the bonds is
109.28 '
+ + +
2s 2p x
2p y 2p z
sp 3 hybrid orbital
H C
H H
Methane molecule with tetrahedral shape.

2. sp2 hybridization: Ex: C2H4 molecule.
1s2 2s1 2 p x1 2 p y 1 2 p z1
Electronic configuration of carbon in the excited state
Two carbon atoms present in ethylene molecule undergo sp2 hybridization by overlap of 2s,2p x and 2p y
orbital. Each carbon atom possess three sp2 hybrid orbitals. sp2 hybrid orbital of one carbon atom
overlaps with sp2 hybrid orbital of another carbon forming a sp2  sp2 bond. The other two sp2 hybrid
orbital overlap with s orbital of two hydrogen and form sp2 s bond. The 2pz orbitals of one carbon atom
overlaps with 2pz orbital of another carbon atom side ways forming a pp bond giving a double bond
between the carbon atom. The molecule acquires a planar shape with a bond angle of 120

H
H
C C

H sp2  sp2 H
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H H
C=C
H H
3. sp hybridization:
Ex: C2H2
Excited sate configuration of carbon
1s2 2s1 2 p x1 2 p y1 2 p z1
Two carbon atoms in acetylene (ethyne) molecule undergoes sp hybridization by the overlap of 2s and 2px
orbital. Each carbon atom has two sp hybrid orbital. sp hybrid orbital of one carbon atom overlaps with one
sp hybrid orbital of the other forming a sp sp bond sp s bond with hydrogen, the p y and p z orbitals form
two  bonds by the side ways overlapping with the other carbon atom. There exists a triple bond between
the carbon atoms. The molecule on a whole is linear with a bond angle of 180 .


HC  C H H H

sp  sp
2. Give MOED’s of N2 and O2. Write bond order and magnetic behaviour of N2 and O2.
Ans. According to molecular orbital theory , when atoms combine to form molecule the atomic orbitals lose their
identity and form molecular orbitals.
In writing the electronic configuration of molecules or ions the following rules are to be followed.
a) The molecular orbitals are filled based on Aufbau principle. An orbital with lower energy is filled first.
b) Based on Pauli’s exclusion principle, 2 electrons in the molecular orbital will have opposite spin.
c) When molecular orbitals of same energy are available pairing will take place only when they are partially
filled according to Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
MOED of N2 : Total number of electrons in nitrogen molecule is 14.
The electron distribution is given by  1s 

2
  * 1s 2  2s 2   * 2s 2  2px 2    2py 2   2pz 2
No. of bonding - No. of anti bonding electrons 10  4 6
Bond order =   3
2 2 2
 Number of bonds in nitrogen are three N  N
It is diamagnetic in nature.
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Molecular orbital energy diagram of N2 molecule:
2pz
2p x 2p y
2px 2py 2pz 2px 2py 2pz
2pz
2p x 2p y
 2s
2s 2s
2s
(Energy)
 s
1s 1s
s
N atom N2 molecule N atom
b) MOED of O2 : - The distribution of electrons into the MO’s of oxygen with 16 electrons is written as.
 1s 2   * 1s 2  2s 2   * 2s 2  2pz 2  2px 2   2py 2    * 2p x 1   2py 1

10  6 4
Bond order   2
2 2
 Number of bonds between oxygen atoms in oxygen molecule is 2.
It is paramagnetic in nature.
2pz

2p x  2py
2px2py 2pz 2px 2py 2pz
2p x 2py
2pz
(Energy)
 2s
2s 2s
2s
 s
1s 1s
s
Oxygen atom oxygen molecule Oxygen atom
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STOICHIOMETRY
1. Calculate oxidation numbers of underlined element

–2
(i) OF2 (ii) KO2 (iii) Na2O2 (iv) MnO-4 (v) Cr2O7
Ans. (i) 1 x   2  1  0 (ii) 1 1  2  x   0 (iii) 2  1  2  x   0

1
x  2 x x  1
2
(iv) 1 x   4  2   1 (v) 2  x   7  2   2
x  7 x  6
2. How many number of moles of glucose are present in 540 gms of glucose ?
mass of the substance
Ans. Number of moles 
molar mass of the substance
540
 =3moles
180
3. How many molecules of glucose are present in 5.23 g of glucose (Molecular weight of glucose 180u)
Ans. Number of molecules  Number of moles  NA (NA= Avogadro’s number)
mass of the subs tance
  NA
molar mass of the subs tance
5.23
  6.023  1023
180
 1.75  1022 molecules
4. Calculate the volume of O2 at STP required to completely burn 100 ml of acetylene.

5
Ans. C2H2  O2  2CO2  H2 O
2
5
1 ml of C2H2 needs ml of O2
2
 100 ml of C2H2 needs = ?
5
100  ml of O2  250 ml of O2
2
 250 ml of oxygen (O2) is required
5. The empirical formula of a compound is CH2O. Its molecular weight is 90. Calculate the molecular
formula of the compound ?
Ans. Molecular formula  n  Empirical formula
molecular weight
n
empirical formula weight
90

30
3
 Molecular formula  3  CH2 O
 C3H6 O3
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6. What volume of CO2 is obtained at STP by heating 4g of CaCO3 ?
Ans. CaCO3  CaO  CO2
At STP 100 g of CaCO3 gives 22.4 litres of CO2
 4 g of CaCO3 gives = ?
22.4
 4  0.896 L
100
7. What are disproportionation reactions ? Give example ?

Ans. Disproportionation reactions :
The redox reactions, in which the same element undergoes both oxidation and reduction are called
disproportionation reaction
Ex :
8. What volume of H2 at STP is required to reduce 0.795 g of CuO to give Cu and H2 O

Ans. The balanced equation is
CuO  H2  Cu  H2 O
1 mole 1 mole
79.6g  22.4 lit
0.795g  ?
1 mole CuO = 63.6 + 16 = 79.6 g
1 mole H2 at STP = 22.4 lit.
0.795
Volume of H2 required   22.4
79.6
 0.224 lit or 224 ml.
 Volume of H2 at STP required to reduce 0.795 g of CuO is 224 ml.
9. Calculate the weight of 0.1 mole of Sodium Carbonate.

mass of the subs tance
Ans. Number of moles 
molar mass of the subs tance
mass of Na2 CO3
0.1 
106
Mass of Na2CO3  0.1 106
= 10.6 g of Na2CO3
10. What is redox concept? Give example.

Ans. Chemical reaction in which both the oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously is called redox
reaction.
Oxidation
0 2 2 0
Zn  C uSO4 Z nSO4  Cu
Reduction
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–7
11. Calculate the number of molecules present in 1.12 × 10 c.c. of a gas at STP (c.c. cubic centimeters
3
= cm )
Ans. Volume of gas (V) = 1.12 107 cc
Avogadro’s number (NA)= 6.023 1023
V cc 
No. of molecules  n NA  NA
22400
1.12 107
  6.023 1023  3.0111012 molecules.
22400
VERY SHORT ANSWERS (MAXIMUM LEARNING)
1. What do you mean by significant figures ?

Ans. Significant figures are meaningful digits which are known with certainity. The uncertainity is indicated by
writing the certain digits and the last uncertain digit.
Eg : If the result is 11.2 mL, then 11 is certain and 2 is uncertain.
2. What are comproportionation reactions ? Give example?.

Ans. Comproportionation reactions :
The inverse of disproportionation reaction is comproportionation reaction.
In comproportionation reactions, two species with the same element in two different oxidation states form a
single product in which the element is in an intermediate oxidation state.
Ex : Cu2  Cu  2Cu
3. What are the oxidation number of the underlined elements in each of the following
(a) CH3CH2OH (b) CH3COOH
Ans. (a) C H3 C H2OH (b) C H3 C OOH
   
3 1 3 3
4. Calculate the mass per cent of the different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
Ans. Given compound is sodium sulphate Na2SO4 
Molecular weight of the compound = 2 (23) + 1 (32) + 4 (16) = 46 + 32 + 64 =142
Step – I
Mass percent of ‘Na’
142 gms of Na2SO 4  46 gms of Na
100 gms of Na2SO 4  x gm
100  46
x  32.39%
142
Step – II
Mass percent of ‘S’
142 gms of Na2SO 4  32gms of S
100 gms of Na2SO 4  x gm
100  32
x  22.53%
142
Step- III
Mass percent of ‘O’
142 gms of Na2SO 4  64 gms of Oxygen
100 gms of Na2SO 4  ? x
 Mass percents of Na,S,O are 32.39,22.53,45.07.
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1. Balancing of equation by ion electron method in acidic medium.

(i) Cr2 O72-  aq  + SO3-2  aq  → Cr +3  aq  + SO -2
4  aq 
(ii) MnO-4  aq  + SO 2  g  → Mn+2  aq  + HSO -4 aq 
(iii) MnO-4 + SO32- → Mn2+ + SO 2-

4
(iv) H2 O2  aq  + Fe +2  aq   Fe +3 + H2 O  g  (in acid medium)

 aq 
(v) Cr2 O7 -2 + SO 2 → Cr +3 + SO 4 -2
(i) Cr2O 72 + SO 32  Cr + SO 42
3+
Ans.
Reduction half reaction – oxidation half reaction
Cr2O 72 SO 32  SO 42
3+
 Cr
Cr2O 72  2 Cr SO 32 + H2O  SO4

3+ –2
Cr2O 72  2 Cr SO 32 + H2O  SO4

3+ –2 +
+ 7H2O + 2H
Cr2O 72 + 14H  2Cr (SO 32 + H2O  SO4
+ 3+ –2 + –
+ 7H2O + 2H + 2e )3

Cr2O 72 + 14H 6e + 7H2O 3SO 32 + 3H2O  3SO4
+ – 3+ –2 + –
2Cr + 6H + 6e
By adding two half reactions
Cr2O 72 + 3SO 32 + 8H  2Cr + 3SO 42 + 4H2O
+ 3+
(ii) MnO-4  aq  + SO2  g   Mn+2  aq  + HSO-4  aq 

(i) separating the two half reactions.
Reduction half Reaction Oxidation half Reaction
(i) MnO 4  Mn2 SO2  HSO4
(ii) Balancing Mn and S : MnO 4  Mn2 SO2  HSO4
(iii) Balancing ‘O’ SO2  2H2O  HSO4

MnO 4  Mn 2
 4H2O
(iv) Balancing ‘H’ SO2  2H2O  HSO 4  3H

8H  MnO4  Mn2  4H2O
(v) Balancing charge SO2  2H2O  HSO 4  3H  2e


8H  MnO4 
 5e  Mn 2
 4H2O
(vi) Balancing electrons

SO 2  2H2O  HSO4  3H  2e  5 
8H 
 MnO4  5e  Mn2  4H2O  2  5SO2  10H2O  5HSO4  15H  10e
16H  2MnO4  10e  2Mn2  8H2O
(vii) Adding both the half reactions to get net equation.
H  2MnO4  5SO2  2H2O  2Mn2  5HSO4
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(iii) MnO4  SO32  Mn 2

 SO24
The ionic skeleton reaction is
+7 +4 +2 +6
MnO4  SO32  Mn2  SO24
The oxidation half reaction SO32  SO24  4 to  6 
The reduction half reaction MnO 4  Mn2  7 to  2 
Oxidation half reaction reduction half reaction

1. SO32  SO24 MnO4  Mn2
2. SO32  SO24 MnO4  Mn2

(S is already balanced) (Mn is already balanced)
3. SO32  H2O  SO24 MnO4  Mn2  4H2O
(O is balanced) (O is balanced)
4. SO32  H2O  SO24  2H
MnO4  8H  Mn2  4H2O
(H balanced in acid medium) (H balanced in acid medium)
5. SO32  H2O  SO24 
 2H  2e 
MnO4  8H  5e   Mn2  4H2O
(charges balanced) (charges balanced)
6. 5  SO32  H2O  SO24 
 2H  2e 
 
2 MnO4  8H  5e  Mn2  4H2O 
(electrons balanced) (electrons balanced)
7. 5SO32  5H2O  5SO24 
 10H  10e 
2MnO4  16H  10e  2Mn2  8H2O
Adding
8. 5SO32  5H2 O  2MnO4  16H  5SO24  10H  2Mn2  8H2O
9. 2MnO4  5SO32  6H  2Mn2  5SO24  3H2O
(iv) H2O2  aq  Fe2  aq  Fe3  H2O  g (in acidic medium)
 aq
(i) H2O2  H2O Fe2  Fe3
(ii) H2O2  2H2O Fe2  Fe3

Balancing ‘O’
(iii) H2O2  2H  2H2O Fe2  Fe3

Balancing ‘H’
(iv) H2O2  2H  2e   2H2O Fe2  Fe3  e

Balancing charge
(v) H2O2  2H  2e   2H2O Fe 2


 Fe 3  e  2
Balancing electrons
(vi) Adding. Two half reactions.
H2O2  2H  2Fe2  2H2O  2Fe3 Net equation.
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2 3 2
(v) Cr2 O7  SO2  Cr  SO4
(i) Cr2O72  Cr 3 SO2  SO42
(ii) Cr2O72  2Cr 3 SO2  SO42
(iii) Cr2O72  2Cr 3  7H2O SO2  2H2O  SO42
(iv) Cr2O72  14H  2Cr 3  7H2O SO2  2H2O  SO42  4H
(v) Cr2O72  14H  6e   2Cr 3  7H2O SO2  2H2O  SO42  4H  2e
(vi) Net equation :

Cr2O72  3SO2  2H  2Cr  3
 3SO42  H2 O
SO 2  2H2O  SO 42  4H  2e  3
3SO2  6H2O  3SO 42  12H  6e
2. Balancing of equation by ion electron method in basic medium

(i) MnO -4 + I- → MnO 2 + I2
(ii) P + OH-  PH3 g + H2PO-

4 s   aq  2  aq 
-
(iii) Cr  OH 3 + IO3- 
OH
 I- + CrO -2
4
(iv) N2H + ClO - NO  g  + Cl -

4 l  3  aq  g
Ans. (i)
I + MnO 4  I2 + MnO2 (Basic)
–
Reduction half reaction – Oxidation half reaction

 -
MnO 4  MnO2 I  I2
MnO 4  MnO2 + 2H2O

-
2I  I2
MnO 4 + 4H2O  MnO2 + 2H2O + 4OH

– - –
2I  I2 + 2e
 
(MnO 4 + 2H2O + 3e
– – – –
MnO2 + 4OH ) 2 (2I I2 + 2e ) 3
 
2MnO 4 + 4H2O + 6e
– – – –
2MnO2 + 8OH 6I 3I2 + 6e
By adding two half reactions
2MnO 4 + 6I + 4H2O  2MnO2 + 3I2 + 8OH
– –
(ii) P + OH-  PH3 g + H2PO-

4  s  aq 2  aq 
Oxidation half Reaction Reduction half Reaction

1. P4  H2PO2 P4  4PH3
2. P4  4H2PO2 P4  4PH3
(‘P’ balanced) (‘P’ balanced)
3. P4  8H2O  4H2PO2 P4  4PH3
(‘O’ balanced ) (no ‘O’ atoms)

4. P4  8OH  8H2O  4H2PO2  8H2O P4  12H2O  4PH3  12OH
(‘H’ balanced in basic medium) (‘H’ balanced in basic medium)

5. P4  8OH  8H2O  4H2PO2 
 4e  8H2O P4  12H2O  12e  4PH3  12OH
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6. 
3 P4  8OH  8H2O  
4H2PO2  8H2O  4e 
 P4  12H2O  12e  4PH3  12OH
–
(Multiplying equation 5 with 3 for balancing e )
Adding these with half reactions.
7. 3P4  24OH  24H2O  P4  12H2O  12e  12H2PO2  24H2O  12e  4PH3  12OH
i.e., 4P4  12H2O  12OH  4PH3  12H2PO2
or P4  3H2O  3OH  PH3  3H2PO2
(iii) N2H  ClO   NO g  Cl

4 l 3  aq   g
OH
(iv) Cr  OH3  IO3  I  CrO42
Oxidation half reaction Cr  OH3  CrO42 (The ox. No. of Cr changes from +3 to +6)
Reduction half reaction IO3  I (The ox. No. of ‘I’ changes from +5 to–1)
1. Cr  OH3  CrO42 IO3  I
2. Cr  OH3  CrO45 IO3  I

(Cr already balanced) (I already balanced)
3. Cr  OH3  H2O  CrO42 IO3  I  3H2O
(O balanced) (O balanced)
4. Cr  OH3  H2O  5OH  CrO42  5H2O IO3  6H2O  I  6OH  3H2O
(H balanced in basic medium) ( H balanced in basic medium)
5. Cr  OH3  H2O  5OH 
 CrO42  5H2O  3e 
IO3  6H2O  6e  I  6OH  3H2O
6. 
2 Cr  OH3  H2O  5OH 
 CrO42  5H2O  3e 
 IO 
3  6H2O  6e  I  6OH  3H2O
(Electrons balanced) (electrons balanced)

7. Adding
2Cr  OH3  2H2O  10OH  IO3  6H2O  6e  2CrO42  13H2O  6e   I  6OH
2Cr  OH3  IO3  4OH  2CrO42  5H2O  I
3. Calculation of Empirical formula & Molecular formula.

(i) A compound contains 4.07% hydrogen, 24.27% carbon and 71.65% chlorine. Its molar mass is
98.96 g. What is its empirical and molecular formulas.
Ans.
Element Percentage Atomic Relative number Simplest ratio
composition weight of atoms
C 24.27 12 24.27 2.02
 2.02 1
12 2.02
H 4.07 1 4.07 4.07
 4.07 2
1 2.02
Cl 71.65 35.5 71.65
 2.02 2.02
1
35.5 2.02
Empirical formula = CH2Cl
Molecular formula  n  empirical formula
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molecular weight
n
empirical formula
98.96
 2
49.5
Molecular formula  2  CH2Cl
 C2H4 Cl2
(ii) Chemical analysis of a carbon compound gave the following percentage composition by weight
of the elements present. Carbon = 10.06% , hydrogen = 0.84% , Chlorine = 89.10%. Calculate the
empirical formula of the compound ?
Ans.
Element Percentage Atomic weight Relative number of atoms Simplest ratio
composition
C 10.06 12 10.06 0.84
 0.84 1
12 0.84
H 0.84 1 0.84 0.84
 0.84 1
1 0.84
Cl 89.10 35.5 89.10
 2.51 2.51
3
35.5 0.84
Empirical formula  C1H1Cl3  CHCl3
4. A Carbon Compound on analysis gave the following percentage composition, Carbon 14.5%,
Hydrogen 1.8%, Chlorine 64.46%, Oxygen 19.24%. Calculate the Empirical Formula of the
Compound?
Ans.
 C : H : Cl : O = 2 : 3 : 3 : 2
 Hence, Empirical Formula of the Compound is C2H3Cl3O2.
5. A Carbon Compound contains 12.8% Carbon, 2.1% Hydrogen, 85.1% Bromine. The Molecular Weight
of the Compound in 187.9. Calculate the Molecular Formula.
Ans.
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 C : H : Br = 1 : 2 : 1
 Hence, Empirical Formula of the Compound is CH2Br.
Empirical Formula Weight = 12 + 2 + 80 = 94
But given Molecular Weight = 187.9 (or) 188.
Molecular weight 188
But, n   2
Empirical Formula Weight 94
Molecular formula = Empirical Formula  n
= (CH2Br) × 2 = C2H4Br2.
 Molecular formula of Compound = C2H4Br2.
6 Balance the following equation by the oxidation number method.

Cr  s   Pb NO3 2  aq   Cr NO3 3  aq  Pb  s 
Ans. Step 1 : Indicate the oxidation numbers of the elements participating in the reaction.
0 + 2 + 5 –2 +3+5–2 (0)
Cr  s   Pb NO3 2  aq   Cr NO3 3  Pb  s 
Step –2 : Identify the atoms whose oxidation states have changed.

(a) The oxidation number of chromium is increased from 0 to +3
(b) The oxidation number of lead is decreased from +2 to 0.
Step – 3 :Equalise the increase in the oxidation number to the decrease in the oxidation number.
Increase + 3, 2(+3) = + 6, decrease–2, 3(–2) = –6.
Step – 4 : Write the equation using these coefficients.

2Cr  s   3Pb NO3 2  aq  2Cr NO3 3  3Pb  s 
7 Balance the following equation by the oxidation number method.

2  
MnO24  C 2  MnO 
4  C MnO 4  Cl2  MnO 4  Cl
Ans. Step- I : The skeleton reaction

MnO24  C 2  MnO
4  C

Here, Oxidation number is increases by 1

Step – II: MnO24  C 2  MnO
4  C

6 2 0 7 1
Here, Oxidation number decreases by 1

Step – III : Equalise the increase / decease in Oxidation number. Here these are equal.
Step –IV : Balance the other atoms except H and O
2MnO24  C 2  2MnO
4  2C

Step –V: Balance H atoms and O atoms. Here they are balanced.
The balanced equation is
2MnO24  C 2  2MnO
4  2C

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GASEOUS STATE
1. State Boyle's Law. Give its mathematical expression.

Ans. At constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed amount of gas varies inversely with its volume. This is
known as Boyle's Law.
Mathematically, it can be written as
1
V (at constant T, n)
P
1
p K ( K  Proportionality constant)
v
2. State Charle's Law. Give its mathematical expression.

Ans. A constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
V  T (at constant P, n)
V  KT K  Proportionality constant
3. State Avogadro's Law?

Ans. It states that equal volume of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain
equal number of molecules.
V  n (Where n is the number of moles of the gas)
V  Kn K  Proportionality constant
4. State Graham's Law of diffusion?

Ans. At constant temperature and pressure the rate of diffusion of given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to
the square root of its density.
1 1
It may be mathematically written as r  (or) r 
d M
r = rate of diffusion of the gas d = density of the gas M = molar mass of gas
5. Give the Kinetic gas equation and write the terms in it.
1 2
Ans. Kinetic gas equation is PV  mnurms
3
Where
P = Pressure of the gas V = Volume of the gas
m = mass of one molecule of the gas n = No. of molecules of the gas
urms = RMS speed of the gas molecules.
6. What are Isochores?

Ans. At constant volume a line on a graph showing the variation of temperature of a gas with its pressure is
called Isochores.
7. What is Gram molar volume?

Ans. The volume occupied by one mole of any gas is called gram molar volume.
RT
Vm 
P
Its value is 22.7  at STP. (T = 0 (or) 273 Kelvin; P = 1 bar).
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8. Why the gas constant R is called Universal constant ?
Ans. Gas constant ‘R’ is called universal gas constant because the value of ‘R’ is same for all gases.
9. Which of the gases diffuses faster among N2 ,O2 ,CH4 ? why?

Ans. Methane gas diffuses faster than N2 and O2 because the molecular weight of Methane (16) is lesser than
the molecular weights of N2 (28) and O2 (32).
1
Reason : Rate of diffusion of gas 
molar mass of gas
10. How many times methane diffuses faster than sulphur dioxide ?
Ans. According to Graham’s law of diffusion
rCH MSO 64 4
4
 2
  2
rSO2 MCH4 16 1
Hence methane gas diffuses 2 times faster than SO2.
11. Give an equation to calculate the kinetic energy of gas molecules ?

Ans. Kinetic energy for ‘n’ moles of gas is given by
3
K.E.  nRT
2
R = Universal gas constant
T = absolute temperature
12. What is Boltzman’s constant ? give its value ?

Ans. Gas constant per molecule in difined as boltzmann constant (K)
R 8.314
= 1.38  10 23 J. molecule
–1 –1
K  K
NA 6.02  1023
–16 –1 –1
= 1.38 x 10 erg. Molecule K
13. What is Boyle temperature ?

Ans. The temperature at which a real gas exhibits ideal behaviour for a considerable range of pressure is called
Boyle’s temperature.
a
Tb  Where ‘a’ & ‘b’ are vander walls constants.
Rb
14. What is Critical temperature? give its value for CO2 ?

Ans. The temperature at which or below which a gas can be liquefied on application of pressure is called “critical
temperature”.
8a
TC  . Where ‘a’ & ‘b’ are vander walls constants.
27Rb
The critical temperature value for CO2 is 31.98C.
15. What is Absolute Zero ?

Ans. It is also called thermodynamic temperature (or) Kelvin temperature. It is a temperature on the absolute (or)
Kelvin scale in which zero lies at –273.16C.

 T = t 0 C  273.16 K 
The temperature at which volume of gas becomes zero is called Absolute zero.
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16. What are STP conditions?
Ans. STP means Standard Temperature and Pressure.
Conditions:
0
 Standard temperature is 0 C = 273 K
 Standard pressure is 1-bar
At STP one mole of any gas occupy 22.7 lit of volume.
17. State Dalton’s law of Partial pressures.

Ans. Dalton’s law of Partial pressures: The total pressure exerted by a mixture of chemically non-reacting
gases at given temperature and volume, is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component
gases.
Ptotal  P1  P2  P3  ......
18. Why ideal gas equation is called Equation of State?

Ans. Ideal gas equation is a relation between four variables (p, v, n, T) and it describes the state of any gas.
Hence it is called equation of state.
19. Define isotherm

Ans. The graphs that show the variation of volume with pressure at constant temperature are called isotherms.
(P–V curves)
P (const T)
20. What are isobars?

Ans. The curves that show the variation of volume with temperature at constant pressure are called isobars. (V–
T curves)
(const P)
V
21. How many times methane diffuses faster than O2.

rCH MO 32
Ans. 4
 2
=  2
rO2 MCH4 16
22. What is critical volume?

Ans. The volume occupied by one mole of gas at critical temperature and critical pressure is known as critical
volume.
23. What are critical constants?

Ans. Critical temperature (TC), critical volume (VC) and critical pressure (PC) are called as critical constants.
24. Define vapour Pressure of a liquid.

Ans. The pressure exerted by the vapour on the liquid surface when it is in equilibrium with the liquid at a given
temperature is known as vapour pressure of the liquid.
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25. Why pressure Cooker is used for cooking food on hills?
Ans. At hill areas pressure cooker is used for cooking food because low atmospheric pressure is observed at
high altitudes. At high altitudes liquids boil at low temperature. So water boils at low temperature on hills.
26. Define compressibility factor. What is its value for ideal gases.
Ans. The ratio between molar volume of real gas and molar volume of ideal gas under identical conditions is
called compressibility factor.
PVreal V
Z=  real
nRT Videal
For ideal gases Z=1
For real gases Z < 1 (at low press)
Z > 1 (at high P)
27. What is most probable speed?

Ans. The speed possessed by the maximum number of molecules present in the gas is called most probable
speed.
2RT
Ump 
M
1. Name the different intermolecular forces experienced by the molecules of a gas.

Ans. The different inter molecular forces experienced by the molecules of a gas are London (or) dispersion
forces, Dipole – Dipole forces, Dipole – induced dipole forces, hydrogen bond.
2. How are density and molar mass of a gas related?

Ans. Pv = nRT
w
Pv  RT
M
 w  RT
P 
v M
dRT  w 
Molar mass M    density (d) 
P  V 
P = Pressure of gas
R = Universal gas constant
T = Temperature of gas in kelvins scale
3. What is RMS speed?

Ans. The square root of mean of the squares of the speeds of all molecules of a gas is known as RMS speed
(uRMS)
u12  u22  ............  un2

urms 
n1  n2  ...........
4. What is Average speed?

Ans. The arithmetic mean of speeds of gas molecules is known as average speed (uav)
u  u  .............  un
uaverage  1 2
n1  n2  .........
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5. What is the effect of temperature on the kinetic energy of the gas molecules?
Ans. According to the postulates of kinetic molecular theory of gases.
The kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
K.E.  T (T = Absolute temperature)
6. Give the ratio of RMS, average and most probable speeds of gas molecules.
2RT 8RT 3RT
Ans. ump : uav : urms  : :  1: 1.128 : 1.224
M M M
7. What is critical Pressure?

Ans. The pressure required to liquefy a gas at critical temperature is known as critical pressure.
8. What are normal and standard boiling points? Give their values of H2O.
Ans.  The boiling points at 1 atm, pressure are called normal boiling points.
 The boiling points at 1 bar pressure are called standard boiling points.
0
 For water normal boiling point is 100 C
0
 For water standard boiling point is 99.6 C
9. What is surface tension?

Ans. The force acting at right angles to the surface of the liquid along unit length of surface is called surface
tension.
 Units: dynes / cm
10. What is laminar flow of a liquid?

Ans. In liquids a regular gradation of velocity for layers in passing from one layer to the next observed. This flow
of liquid is called Laminar flow.
11. Give the value of ‘R’ in various Units.

Ans. Units of P Units of V Value of R
–1 –1
Atm L 0.0821 L–atm mol K
2 7 –1 –1
dynes/cm . C.C 8.314 x 10 ergs. Mol K
2 3 –1 –1
N/m m 8.314 J mol K
12. Define effusion which gas effuses faster H2, or He.

Ans. The process of escaping of a gas through a small hole under pressure is known as effusion .
1
as rate of effusion 
M
rH2 4
  2 = 1.414
rHe 2
Hydrogen gas effuses faster than hydrogen.
13. Define partial pressure and how it is related to total pressure of mixture.
Ans. The pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture if it alone occupies the whole volume is called
“Partial pressure”.
If x1, is the mole fraction of gas in a mixture and ‘P’ the total pressure then.
Partial pressure P1 = x1 x P
14. Define aqueous tension.

Ans. The pressure exerted by water vapour in equilibrium with its solvent at a given temperature is called
“aqueous tension” (f).
It increases with increase in temperature.
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15. Why RMS velocity is used in derivation of kinetic gas equation?
Ans. Velocity is a vector quantity, and hence for some molecules at certain instant the average velocity may
become zero. Which is against kinetic molecular theory of gases.
To prevent zero velocities and negative value for velocities of molecules RMS velocity is used.
16. State Avagadro’s law

Ans. At constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of
the gas.
V  n (at const T and P)
17. Give the relation between the partial pressure of a gas and its mole fraction.
Ans. Partial pressure  mole fraction  total pressure
1. Postulates of kinetic molecular theory.

Ans. 1. Gases contain large number of tiny and discrete particles called molecules.
2. The molecules of the gas moving randomly with high velocity collide with each other and with the walls of
the container
3. The volume of the gas molecules is negligible compared to the volume of the container.
4. There will be no attractions and repulsions between the gas molecules.
5. The Molecular collisions are perfectly elastic.
6. Molecular motions are unaffected by gravity.
7. Pressure exerted by a gas is due to the collisions of the molecule made on the walls of the container.
8. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to absolute scale of temperature.
(average kinetic energy  T)
2. Deduce of (a) Boyle’s law (b) Charle’s law (C) Graham’s law from kinetic gas equation
Ans. (A) Boyle’s law :
At constant temperature the volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure
Deduction :
1 2 1
The kinetic gas equation is PV = mnC2 or PV   mnC2 ........... 1
3 3 2
According to the kinetic theory the average kinetic energy of the molecules is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature.
1 1
mnC2 T; mnC2  KT..........  2 
2 2
2
From (1) and (2) PV  KT
3
2 1
At constant temperature PV = K = constant or V
3 p
 At constant temperature the volume of the given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure
and this is Boyle’s law.
2 2K
(B) from above PV = KT or V = T
3 3P
When P is constant V = constant x T
V  T. hence charle’s law is proved
(C) At constant pressure volume of given mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
1 r M2
At constant ‘P’ V or 1 
M r2 M1
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Deduction
Consider two gases at same ‘T’ and ‘P’
1 2
For I gas P1V1 = m1n1c1
3
1 2
For II gas P2V2 = m2n2c2
3
1 m1n1 2
For I gas P1 = c1
3 v1
1 m2n2 2
For II gas P2 = c2
3 v2
mn
But density(d) =
v
1 1
P1 = d1c12 P2  d2c 22
3 3
But P1 = P2  they are at the same pressure
1 2 1 2 2 2 c12 d2
 d1c1 = d2c2 d1c1 = d2c2 =
3 3 2 d1
c2
c1 d 1
 2 or c 
c2 d1 d
3. Graham’s law of diffusion and it’s application

Ans. Graham’s law of diffusion: At a given temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of density (d), vapour density (VD) or molecular weight (M).
If r1 and r2 are the rates of diffusion of two gases d1 and d2 are their densities respectively, then
r1 d2 VD2 M2
  
r2 d1 VD1 M1
Comparison of the volumes of the gases that diffuse in the same time. Let V1 and V2 are the volumes of two
gases that diffuse in the same time ‘t’.
V1
r1 t r v
 1 When time of flow is same then: 1  1
r2 V2 r2 v 2
T2
r t
When volume is the same then: 1  2
r2 t1
Applications :
235 238
 This principle is used in the separation of isotopes like U and U .
 Molar mass of unknown gas can be determined by comparing the rate of diffusion of a known gas
molecular mass.
 Ansil’s alarms which are used in coal mines to detect the explosive marsh gas works on the principle
of diffusion.
4. Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

Ans. Dalton’s law of Partial pressures: The total pressure exerted by a mixture of chemically non-reacting
gases at given temperature and volume, is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component
gases.
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Explanation: Consider a mixture of three gases in a vessel. Let P1, P2, P3 be the partial pressures of the
three gases in the mixture. According to Dalton’s law of partial pressures, the pressure (P) of the gaseous
mixture is at the same temperature.
P = P1 + P2 + P3
Let n1, n2, n3 be the number of moles of three gases respectively in the mixture. Let ‘V’ be the volume of the
mixture of gases T K temperature.
According to ideal gas equation.
n RT n RT n RT
P1  1 ;P2  2 ;P3  3
V V V
 Total pressure of the mixture P = P1 + P2 + P3
n RT n2RT n3RT
P 1  
V V V
RT
P
V
n1  n2  n3 
Since n1 + n2 + n3 = n
nRT
P 
V
P n RT / V n1
or 1  1   x1
P nRT / V n
Where x1 is the mole fraction of the first gas and given by
no. of moles of the first gas
x1 =
total no. of moles in the mixture of gases.
 P1 = x1 P
In a similar way P2 = x2 P and P3 = x3P
 Partial pressure = mole fraction x total pressure
5. Derive ideal gas equation.

Ans. A gas that follows Boyle’s law, charles’ law and Avogadro law strictly is called an ideal gas.
1
At constant T and n; V Boyle’s law ….(1)
P
At constant P and n; V T charle’s law ….(2)
At constant P and T ; V  n Avogadro law. ….(3)
From (1), (2), (3)
nT
V
P
nT
V R
P
R is proportionality constant
PV = nRT
R is called gas constant. It is same for all gases. Therefore it is also called ‘universal gas constant’.
Equation is called Ideal gas equation.
–1 –1
R value = 0.0821 lit atm k mol
7 –1 –1
= 8.314 × 10 J K mol .
–1 –1
= 8.314 J K mol
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6. State and explain Boyle’s law.
Ans. Boyle’s law: At constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of gas inversely proportional to pressure
of the gas.
If ‘V’ is the volume of a given mass of the gas and ‘P’ its pressure, then the law can be written as
1
V at constant temperature
p
k
V
p
 PV = k
or P1V1 = P2V2 = k
Boyle’s law may also be stated as, “at constant temperature the product of the pressure and volume of a
given mass of gas is constant”.
7. State and explain Charle’s law.

Ans. Charle’s law: At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to absolute
temperature.
V  T at constant pressure
V = kT
V
k
T
Where V is the volume and T is the absolute temperature. V1 and V2 are the initial and final volumes of a
given mass of the gas at the absolute temperatures T1 and T2 respectively at constant pressure.
V1 V
 k; 2  k
T1 T2
V1 V2
or  k
T1 T2
1. Explain the physical significance of Vander Waals parameters.

 an2 
Ans. Vander Waals equation the : P    V  nb   nRT
 V 2 
Where P = Pressure of the gas
n = Number of moles of the gas
a, b = Vander Waals parameters (or) empirical parameters
V = Volume of the container
R = Gas constant
T = Absolute temperature
-2 -2
Units of ‘a’:- bar lit mole .
-1
Units of ‘b’:- lit. mol .
Significance:-
 ‘a’ is the measure of magnitude of inter molecular forces (attractive) with in the gas and is independent of
temperature and pressure. If ‘a’ value is high the gas can be easily liquefied.
 ‘b’ is the effective volume of the gas molecule. It indicates the effective size of the gas molecules. If the
value of ‘b’ is constant over a long range of temperature and pressure then the gas cannot be compressed
easily.
……………..
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`HY DER A B A D C EN T RES
Total No. of Questions - 21 Reg.

Total No. of Printed Pages - 2 No.
Part - III
CHEMISTRY, Paper I
(English Version)
I.P.E BOARD MODEL PAPER-I (FULL SYLLABUS)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
SECTION - A 10  2 = 20 M
I. Very Short Answer Type questions:
1. Name any two crystalline allotropes of Carbon and mention the hybridization of carbon in them.
2. Define Receptor and Sink. Give one example for each.
3. Why are the carbides of Be and Al called methanides?
4. Write any two biological importances for each Mg2 and Ca2 ions?
5. What is greenhouse effect? Write any two green house gases.
6. What is the kinetic energy of 5 moles of N2 gas at 27C in calories?
7. What is Functional Group Isomerism? Give an example.
8. Write the names of the following compounds according to IUPAC rules.
H2C CH2
a) OH OH b) CH3COCH3
9. Write the relation between K p and K c , also mention under what conditions for a reaction KP and K c
are numerically equal?
10. What volume of CO2 (in litres) obtained at STP by heating 10 gms of CaCO3 ? (At. wt of Ca is 40)
SECTION – B 6  4 = 24 M
II. Short Answer Type questions:
(i) Attempt any six questions
(ii) Each question carries four marks
11. Balance the following equation by ion electron method in acidic medium.
Cr2O72   aq  SO32  aq  Cr  3  aq   SO42  aq
12. What is Hydrogen bonding and explain the types of Hydrogen bonding with one example each.
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13. State & Explain Hess law with one example.
14. State Le-chatlier principle & explain favourable conditions for the synthesis of ammonia (below given)
according to Le-chatlier principle.


N2 g  3H2 g 
 2NH3 g .
15. What is hardness of water and explain its types. Discuss any two methods of removal of permanent
hardness of water.
16. Give any two methods of preparation of B2H6 and explain its structure.
17. Explain the following with one example each.
a) Wutz reaction b) Kolbe’s Electrolysis
18. Explain the following
a) crystallisation b) Distillation
SECTION – C 2  8 = 16 M
III. Long Answer Type questions:
(i) Attempt any two questions
(ii) Each question carries eight marks
19. Explain Postulates of Bohr’s Atomic model with the help of H-spectrum along with Limitations.
20. Define IE1 and IE2. Why IE2 is greater than IE1? Explain any four factors affecting the IE.
21. a) Describe any two methods of preparation of Benzene.

b) Explain the following with one example each.
(i) Halogenation (ii) Nitration
(iii) Sulophonation (iv) Friedel Craft’s alkylation
Wish you all the best
Hyderabad Centres

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`HY DER A B A D C EN T RES

INTERMEDIATE 1st YEAR

CHEMISTRY HALF YEARLY SYLLABUS

Chapter 1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Chapter 2 PERIODIC PROPERTIES

Chapter 3 CHEMICAL BONDING

Chapter 5 GASEOUS STATE

1. What is Zeeman effect?

2. What is Stark effect?

3. Explain Pauli’s exclusion principle.

4. What is aufbau principle.

5. What is Hund’s rule?

6. Explain Heisenber’s uncertainity principle.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MAXIMUM LEARNING)

7. What series of lines are observed in hydrogen spectra?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MAXIMUM LEARNING)

1. Explain the difference between emission and absorption spectra.

Important facts observed about photoelectric effect :

3. Explain the difference between orbit and orbital?

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

2. Explain Quantum numbers along with their Significance.

n l ( no. of values ) Values Subshell notation

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MINIMUM LEARNING)

1. Among N-3 ,O-2 ,F- ,Na + ,Mg+2 and Al+3

2. Ionization enthalpy,  IE1  of O is less than that of N-explain

4. IE1 of O < IE1 of N but IE2 of O > IE2 of N-explain.

5. Electron affinity of chlorine is more than that of fluorine – explain.

6. What is screening effect? How is it related to IE?

MAXIMUM LEARNING QUESTIONS

2. What factors impart characteristic properties to the transition elements?

4. What are rare earths and transuranic elements?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MINIMUM LEARNING)

1. What is lanthanide contraction? What are its consequences?

2. Give any characteristic properties of transition elements.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MAXIMUM LEARNING)

2. What is diagonal relationship? Give a pair of elements having diagonal relationship.

The diagonal relationship is due to

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MINIMUM LEARNING)

C2H4 contains 5 – sigma bonds and 1-pi bond.

4. What is Octet rule?

6. Predict the change if any, in hybridization of Al atom in the following reaction:

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MAXIMUM LEARNING)

3. Write the possible resonance structures for SO3?

4. State Fajan’s rules, and give suitable examples.

The covalent character of halides of the cations in the order.

Stability of molecule  bond order.

1s * 1s 2s *2s 2p2z (

1s * 1s 2s *2s 2p2z ( 2p2x  2p2y

1s , * 1s 2s , *2s , 2p2z , 2p2x  2p2y

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MINIMUM LEARNING)

1. Co-ordinate covalent bond. Examples.

donor acceptor ammonium ion

2. Explain the hybridization involved in PCl5 molecule.

Ans. sp3 d hybridization:

3. Explain the hybridization involved in SF6 molecule.

(2) Intra molecular hydrogen bonding:

E.C. of carbon (Excited state) 1s2 2s1 2p1x 2p1y 2p1z

Methane molecule with tetrahedral shape.

The electron distribution is given by  1s 

 1s 2   * 1s 2  2s 2   * 2s 2  2pz 2  2px 2   2py 2    * 2p x 1   2py 1

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (MINIMUM LEARNING)

1. Calculate oxidation numbers of underlined element

Ans. (i) 1 x   2  1  0 (ii) 1 1  2  x   0 (iii) 2  1  2  x   0