Test Bank for A People and a Nation A History of the United States, Volume I To 1877, 9th Ed

Test Bank for A People and a Nation A History of the

United States, Volume I To 1877, 9th Edition

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Chapter 6—A Revolution, Indeed, 1774-1783

SHORT ANSWER

Instructions:
• Identify each item. Give an explanation or description of the item. Answer the questions
who, what, where, and when.
• Explain the historical significance of each item. Establish the historical context in which
the item exists. Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing
in the society under study. Answer this question: What were the political, social,
economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?

1. Daniel Boone

ANS:

2. the First Continental Congress

ANS:

3. Joseph Galloway

ANS:

4. the Declaration of Rights and Grievances

ANS:

5. the Continental Association

ANS:

6. committees of observation and inspection

ANS:

7. emergence of popularly elected provincial conventions, 1774-1775

ANS:

8. Lord Dunmore's war

ANS:
 9. Chief Dragging Canoe

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10. the resistance movement in Nova Scotia and Britain's Caribbean colonies

ANS:

11. loyalists

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12. neutrals

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13. Thomas Jeremiah

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14. Lord Dunmore's proclamation, November 1775

ANS:

15. William Dawes, Paul Revere, and Dr. Samuel Prescott

ANS:

16. the battles of Lexington and Concord

ANS:

17. the Battle of Breed's (Bunker) Hill

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18. Lord North and Lord George Germain

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19. the Second Continental Congress

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20. George Washington as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army

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21. Sir William Howe

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22. Common Sense

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23. Thomas Jefferson

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24. the Declaration of Independence

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25. the New York military campaign

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26. the New Jersey military campaign

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27. The Crisis

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28. the battles of Trenton and Princeton

ANS:
29. Howe's Philadelphia military campaign

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30. Burgoyne's New York military campaign

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31. the Battle of Saratoga

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32. the Battle of Oriskany

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33. Joseph and Mary Brant

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34. the retaliatory expedition of General John Sullivan

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35. Benjamin Franklin

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36. the Franco-American alliance

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37. the "citizen soldier" (militiamen)

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38. profile of Continental soldiers

ANS:
39. camp followers

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40. esprit de corps among officers of the Continental Army

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41. endemic diseases in the Continental Army

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42. American prisoners of war

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43. the homefront during the Revolutionary War

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44. Sir Henry Clinton

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45. the fall of Charleston

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46. the Battle of Camden

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47. General Nathanael Greene

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48. the battles of King's Mountain, Cowpens, and Guilford Court House

ANS:
 49. the Battle of Yorktown

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50. the Newburgh Conspiracy

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51. the Treaty of Paris

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MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. George Washington's primary goal as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army was to

a. avoid decisive military losses.
b. prevent British reinforcements from coming ashore.
c. destroy the British army.
d. secure financial aid from foreign sources.
ANS: A

2. Why was there widespread popular support for the measures adopted by the First Continental
Congress?
a. Before any measure could be introduced in the Congress, it had to be approved by three-
fourths of the colonial assemblies.
b. Widespread polling had been undertaken in the months before the Congress convened, so
the delegates knew what the colonists would accept.
c. The colonists were so frustrated that they willingly accepted any measure that had an anti-
British tone.
d. Before the Congress convened, many colonists had participated in open meetings in which
they had pledged to support the Congress's decisions.
ANS: D

3. The most difficult task facing the delegates to the First Continental Congress was
a. reaching an agreement about how best to resist the British.
b. deciding who should write the Declaration of Rights and Grievances.
c. reaching a consensus on the nature of the constitutional relationship between the colonies
and England.
d. deciding what to include in their list of grievances.
ANS: C
4. Which of the following accurately identifies Joseph Galloway's plan?
a. Galloway proposed a distinction between taxation and legislation, with the assemblies
having authority over the former and Parliament over the latter.
b. Galloway proposed a formal plan of union that required the joint consent of Parliament
and a new American legislature to all laws pertaining to the colonies.
c. Galloway proposed that each colony negotiate its own separate agreement with Parliament
concerning parliamentary power.
d. Galloway proposed the acceptance of the concept of virtual representation.
ANS: B

5. In the Declaration of Rights and Grievances adopted by the First Continental Congress, the delegates
made it clear that the American colonists
a. were most concerned about the arbitrary use of power by King George III.
b. owed no allegiance to Parliament.
c. would only voluntarily obey Parliament.
d. believed that independence from England was the only way to protect their rights and
liberties.
ANS: C

6. The Continental Association called for the

a. nonimportation and nonconsumption of British goods.
b. election of representatives to an American legislature.
c. formation of a Continental Army.
d. enactment of laws designed to create a virtuous republic.
ANS: A

7. Did the committees of observation and inspection enjoy widespread popular support? Why or why
not?
a. No, because the election of many radicals to these committees caused further divisions
within the resistance movement.
b. No, because the method of election ensured that only members of the elite would be
elected to these committees.
c. Yes, because all men eligible to vote for delegates of the lower house of the colonial
assemblies were allowed to elect committee members at the local level.
d. Yes, because only well-known men who had previously been elected to positions of
authority were chosen as committee members.
ANS: C

8. Committees of observation and inspection were officially charged with enforcing the Continental
Association, and they also
a. took over the task of training and outfitting local militia groups.
b. encouraged open debate between loyalists and patriots.
c. established revolutionary tribunals that tried and executed dissidents.
d. established elaborate spy networks to identify opponents of the resistance movement.
ANS: D
 9. As the Revolutionary War began, British officials attempted to persuade the interior Indian tribes to
a. remain neutral in the British-American conflict.
b. form a pan-Indian alliance in order to prevent further British or American encroachment
on Indian lands.
c. conduct raids against white settlements along the frontier.
d. actively ally with the British against the American rebels.
ANS: A

10. How did Chief Dragging Canoe respond to the fighting between the British and the Americans?
a. He led an attack against white settlements along the western borders of the Carolinas and
Virginia.
b. He formed a pan-Indian alliance aimed at ridding North America of all white settlers.
c. He sought an alliance with the British in hopes that he could regain Cherokee land lost to
white settlers.
d. He decided that the best course of action was to remain neutral.
ANS: A

11. Which of the following statements best explains the ineffectiveness of the Native Americans in
defending their interests during the Revolutionary War?
a. They steadfastly refused to take up arms on behalf of either side.
b. The various tribes were unwilling to set aside their differences in order to pursue a
common goal.
c. Their methods of fighting were so primitive that they were not in a position to be of much
use to either side.
d. They made the mistake of siding consistently with the British.
ANS: B

12. Why did sugar producers in the British Caribbean islands decide not to join the mainland colonies in
opposing Great Britain?
a. Parliament had not imposed any taxes on its possessions in the Caribbean islands.
b. They were afraid that joining the resistance movement would leave them unprotected in
the event of a slave uprising.
c. Quaker pacifists had far greater influence in the British Caribbean islands than in Britain's
mainland colonies.
d. Sugar producers in the British Caribbean islands had elected representatives who sat in
Parliament.
ANS: B

13. Which of the following was most likely to have been an active patriot?
a. A city artisan
b. An African American slave
c. An Anglican clergyman
d. A Pennsylvania Quaker
ANS: A
14. Which of the following was most likely to have been a loyalist?
a. A city artisan
b. A yeoman farmer
c. An Anglican clergyman
d. A Scotch-Irish settler in the southern backcountry
ANS: C

15. Which of the following was most likely to have remained neutral in the Revolutionary War?
a. A member of the Chesapeake gentry
b. A Scots-Irish settler in the backcountry
c. A Scottish settler
d. A city artisan
ANS: B

16. Why was South Carolina less likely than Maryland to support the revolution?
a. The Anglican church had more influence in South Carolina than it did in Maryland.
b. There were fewer Scots-Irish in South Carolina than there were in Maryland.
c. The South Carolina population had a much higher percentage of slaves than did the
Maryland population.
d. South Carolina had a lower percentage of tenant farmers than did Maryland.
ANS: C

17. Lord Dartmouth's letter of January 1775 to General Gage led Gage to
a. send a military expedition to confiscate colonial military supplies stockpiled at Concord.
b. lay siege to Philadelphia.
c. blockade all American ports.
d. relax enforcement of the Coercive Acts.
ANS: A

18. The British incurred their greatest losses of the entire Revolutionary War in the Battle of
a. Breed's Hill.
b. Long Island.
c. Trenton.
d. White Plains.
ANS: A

19. The most significant aspect of the first year of the Revolutionary War was
a. the number of significant battles won by the Americans.
b. the long lull in fighting between British and American forces at Boston.
c. France's decision to ally openly with the United States.
d. Great Britain's decision to use mercenaries.
ANS: B
20. Which of the following was a false assumption made by the British concerning the Revolutionary
War?
a. The patriots cannot withstand the assaults of trained British soldiers.
b. Victory will not necessitate a large commitment of manpower.
c. It will not be necessary to use the navy in the conflict.
d. Britain will receive aid from other European powers.
ANS: A

21. Which of these statements is most consistent with the sentiments expressed in Common Sense?
a. Our disagreements with Parliament concern minor constitutional points; therefore,
Americans should compromise and seek reconciliation with the mother country.
b. These American colonies have had the privilege of serving a loving and enlightened king;
nevertheless, independence is still the best course of action.
c. If America declares its independence, it must erect a government much like England's in
order to ensure the continuation of liberty.
d. An America that throws off the exploitive British yoke and declares itself an independent
republic will be strong, and its citizens will be free.
ANS: D

22. The long-term significance of the Declaration of Independence lies in its

a. charge that Parliament used excessive force in the colonies.
b. statements of principle.
c. charge that the king was responsible for slavery in the colonies.
d. commitment to strong central government.
ANS: B

23. When the delegates to the Second Continental Congress voted to accept the Declaration of
Independence, they
a. established a stable government for the new nation.
b. risked their lives by committing treason.
c. demonstrated complete confidence that America would achieve victory against Great
Britain.
d. continued to express a desire for reconciliation with England.
ANS: B

24. Which of the following is true concerning the 1776 battle for New York City?
a. Although the British won the battle, their army was demoralized by the number of
casualties suffered.
b. Washington successfully defended New York City and demonstrated his abilities as a
military tactician.
c. Due to mistakes made by Washington and his men, the city fell to the British.
d. Washington realized too late that he should have abandoned the city to the British without
a fight.
ANS: C
25. "These are the times that try men's souls." This statement by Thomas Paine was written in response to
a. American deaths at Lexington.
b. General Washington's retreat across New Jersey.
c. the American defeat at the Battle of Bunker Hill.
d. the defection of Benedict Arnold to the British side.
ANS: B

26. Before setting up winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, in January 1777, General Washington
defeated the redcoats in the battles of
a. Brandywine Creek and Germantown.
b. Brooklyn Heights and Manhattan Island.
c. Fort Ticonderoga and Bennington.
d. Trenton and Princeton.
ANS: D

27. Which of the following was the goal of British strategy for 1777?
a. To blockade the American coastline
b. For Burgoyne to join forces with Howe at White Plains and invade Pennsylvania
c. To cut New England off from the other colonies
d. To isolate all colonies south of Maryland by taking control of the Potomac
ANS: C

28. Which of the following is true of Howe's Philadelphia campaign?

a. Howe's attack was so swift that Washington had no time to organize defenses.
b. Howe's capture of Philadelphia did very little to help the British.
c. The unexpected defeat of Howe's forces at Germantown caused the campaign to collapse.
d. The campaign demoralized the Continental Army.
ANS: B

29. The British were surrounded and General Burgoyne's entire force of over six thousand men
surrendered in the Battle of
a. Bunker Hill.
b. Princeton.
c. Saratoga.
d. Trenton.
ANS: C

30. Which of the following objectives was pursued by Joseph and Mary Brant?
a. They tried to convince the tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy to migrate to Canada.
b. They tried to convince Native Americans and blacks to forge an alliance and thus take
advantage of the Anglo-American conflict.
c. They hoped to persuade the Iroquois Confederacy to ally with the British.
d. They worked to bring about a general slave uprising.
ANS: C
31. During the winter of 1779−1780, many Iroquois bands left their ancestral homeland for which of the
following reasons?
a. All bands that broke their pledge of neutrality and allied with the Americans were forced
onto reservations by the British.
b. They were afraid they would be drawn into the Anglo-American conflict raging around
them.
c. The Iroquois ruling council banished from the homeland all bands that remained neutral or
allied with the Americans.
d. Their settlements and crops were so completely destroyed by General John Sullivan's
expedition that they moved to Canada in search of food and shelter.
ANS: D

32. Which of the following was the most important consequence of the Battle of Saratoga?
a. It led Lord North to resign as prime minister.
b. It prompted the first parliamentary opposition to the war.
c. It resulted in the surrender of the last British army in America.
d. It brought France into the war as an American ally.
ANS: D

33. Why was the French alliance beneficial to the Americans?

a. The alliance widened the war, making it impossible for the British to concentrate solely on
the American mainland.
b. French military officers began the process of retraining soldiers in the Continental Army
to fight military engagements in the European style.
c. French influence was essential in negotiating Dutch loans for the United States.
d. The alliance led Russia and Spain to negotiate treaties of alliance with the United States.
ANS: A

34. Which of the following was a consequence of Lord Dunmore's Proclamation, issued in November
1775?
a. The Second Continental Congress decided to allow African Americans to enlist in the
Continental Army.
b. Yeoman farmers began to desert the Virginia militia and rally to the British side.
c. Slaves rallied to the British side in greater numbers than expected.
d. The Virginia assembly was forcibly disbanded, and many of its leaders were arrested.
ANS: A

35. Camp followers were usually

a. women who worked as cooks, nurses, and launderers while traveling with the American
forces.
b. reporters who followed the American forces and issued daily news dispatches to colonial
newspapers.
c. British spies who followed and watched the activities of the American forces.
d. people who followed the forces of either side for the purpose of watching their military
engagements.
ANS: A
36. Which of the following was true of the officers of the Continental Army?
a. There was little sense of camaraderie among them.
b. Their primary sense of devotion was to their respective states.
c. They developed an intense commitment to the patriot cause.
d. Most refused to serve for more than six months.
ANS: C

37. In response to the threat of smallpox in the ranks of the Continental Army, Washington
a. asked for the resignation of all soldiers who had not had the disease.
b. requested that the Second Continental Congress double the army's medical staff.
c. ordered the inoculation of all members of the regular army and of all new recruits.
d. issued an order discharging all foreign-born men from the Continental Army.
ANS: C

38. Which of the following is true of American soldiers and sailors held as prisoners of war by the British?
a. Over half of them joined the British army and joined the battle against the Continental
Army.
b. Many died of disease because they received meager rations and were confined in prisons
that were crowded and unsanitary.
c. They were usually treated decently and humanely.
d. At the end of the Revolutionary War, many of them sailed with their captors back to
England.
ANS: B

39. Reassessment of their war strategy after the Battle of Saratoga led the British to
a. shift the field of battle to the south.
b. shift their attention to urban areas.
c. adopt guerrilla tactics similar to those used by the patriots.
d. concentrate their forces along the New England coast.
ANS: A

40. As a result of the fall of Charleston in May 1780,

a. the British navy eliminated the French navy as a potential threat.
b. South Carolina served as a secure British base from which to attack the other American
states.
c. patriot forces were disheartened and demoralized.
d. many South Carolinians renounced the American cause and pledged their loyalty to the
Crown.
ANS: D

41. Which of the following, in large numbers, joined British forces in the South in the two years following
the fall of Charleston?
a. Indentured servants
b. African Americans
c. Wealthy planters
d. Recent immigrants
ANS: B
42. After taking command of the southern campaign for the Americans, Nathanael Greene
a. instructed his troops to follow a scorched-earth policy.
b. systematically seized the property of loyalists throughout the South.
c. adopted a conciliatory policy toward loyalists and neutrals throughout the South.
d. destabilized civilian governments throughout the area.
ANS: C

43. The outcome of the Battles of King's Mountain, Cowpens, and Guilford Court House supports which
of the following conclusions?
a. General Washington was a brilliant military strategist.
b. The Continental Army was disorganized and demoralized by the winter of 1780.
c. The momentum in the southern campaign had begun to swing to the patriot side.
d. American victory in the Revolutionary War was due primarily to French military
ingenuity.
ANS: C

44. As a result of the Battle of Yorktown,

a. Cornwallis retreated to Wilmington to await supplies and fresh troops.
b. the French navy ceased to be effective.
c. Parliament stopped all offensive operations in America and authorized peace negotiations.
d. Cornwallis returned to England as a hero.
ANS: C

45. Which of the following is true of George Washington's decision to resign his commission as
commander-in-chief of the Continental Army?
a. By resigning his commission, Washington was demonstrating his support of the soldiers
involved in the Newburgh Conspiracy.
b. Washington hoped that by resigning his commission Congress would select him as its
president and the chief executive officer of the new republic.
c. It indicated his disdain for the way the Second Continental Congress had managed the
war.
d. It established the precedent of civilian control of the American military.
ANS: D

46. What was the western border of the American nation established by the Treaty of Paris?
a. The western border of what is now Ohio
b. The Mississippi River
c. The western border of what is now Indiana
d. The Appalachian Mountains
ANS: B

47. In negotiating the boundaries for the new American nation, the British
a. adopted an inflexible stance that led to restrictive boundaries.
b. completely ignored the territorial rights of their Indian allies.
c. ceded large amounts of territory to France.
d. ceded the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi to Spain.
ANS: B
ESSAY

1. John Galloway and John Adams held different positions on the constitutional relationship between
England and its colonies. Using Galloway's plan of union and the crucial clauses proposed by John
Adams and contained in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, contrast their positions.

ANS:

2. Discuss the purpose, makeup, tactics, and ultimate effectiveness of the committees of observation and
inspection.

ANS:

3. Examine the process by which British political authority in the colonies came to an end and was
replaced by American political authority.

ANS:

4. Analyze the threat posed by Native Americans to the revolutionary cause, and explain why that
potential threat never fully materialized.

ANS:

5. Examine the division of opinion among the American colonists at the beginning of the Revolution, and
indicate the major factors that determined a person's loyalties.

ANS:

6. Analyze the threat posed by the African American population to the revolutionary cause, and explain
how patriot leaders turned the potential threat to their advantage.

ANS:

7. Lord North and Lord George Germain developed an analysis of the Revolutionary War that was based
on three assumptions. All three assumptions proved to be false. What were the assumptions, and why
were they incorrect?

ANS:

8. Discuss why George Washington was selected as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and
evaluate Washington's performance as commanding general, specifying his strengths and his
weaknesses.

ANS:
 9. Discuss the content, style, and timing of Thomas Paine's Common Sense.

ANS:

10. Discuss the debate over and the final adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Second
Continental Congress, and examine the importance of the ideas embodied in Thomas Jefferson's
document.

ANS:

11. Discuss the 1776 battle for New York, concentrating on the errors committed by the commanders of
both sides, and explain British actions in the aftermath of the battle.

ANS:

12. Discuss the common failings of William Howe, John Burgoyne, and George Cornwallis. To what
extent were their failings personal, and to what extent did they reflect general British misunderstanding
about the nature of the Revolutionary War?

ANS:

13. Discuss the impact of the Revolutionary War on the lives of Americans.

ANS:

14. Discuss the condition of the patriot cause in the South when General Nathanael Greene assumed
command of the southern army in December 1780; explain the policies undertaken by Greene in the
region; and evaluate the effectiveness of those policies.

ANS:

15. Discuss the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Paris, and explain the significance of the treaty's
provisions.

ANS:
MAP EXERCISES

Map Exercise 6-1

Use the outline map that follows:

1. Refer to Map Exercise 6-1. Draw and label the following rivers:
Delaware River
East River
Hudson River

2. Refer to Map Exercise 6-1. Label the following colonies:

Connecticut
New Jersey
New York
3. Refer to Map Exercise 6-1. Mark the location of and label the following places:
Long Island
Morristown
New York City
Newark
Princeton
Trenton
White Plains

4. Refer to Map Exercise 6-1. Use a pen of one color to mark and label the routes of General Howe from
Nova Scotia and of Admiral Howe from London, and use a pen of a different color to mark and label
General Washington's route of retreat from New Jersey.

Map Exercise 6-2

Refer to an historical atlas as a reference. Use the map that follows:
5. Refer to Map Exercise 6-2. Label the following colonies:
Georgia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Virginia

6. Refer to Map Exercise 6-2. Mark the location of and label the following places:
Camden
Charleston
Charlotte
Cowpens
Guilford Court House
King's Mountain
Savannah
Wilmington

7. Refer to Map Exercise 6-2. Using one pen color to designate the British and another pen color to
designate the Americans, mark and label the routes of the following:
British
Cornwallis and Clinton
American
Brigadier General Daniel Morgan
General Nathanael Greene
Horatio Gates
 Map Exercise 6-3
Use the outline map that follows:

8. Refer to Map Exercise 6-3. Label the following rivers and bodies of water:
Chesapeake Bay
Delaware Bay

9. Refer to Map Exercise 6-3. Label the following colonies:

Delaware
Maryland
Virginia

10. Refer to Map Exercise 6-3. Mark the location of and label Yorktown.
Test Bank for A People and a Nation A History of the United States, Volume I To 1877, 9th Ed

11. Refer to Map Exercise 6-3. Using one pen color to designate the British and another pen color to
designate the Americans, mark and label the routes of the following:
British
British squadron
Cornwallis
American
De Grasse
Washington and Rochambeau

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