LESSON 1: ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF STRUCTURAL Gunite, also called shortcrete, is a lightweight concrete

CONSTRUCTION construction consisting of a mixture of cement, sand or

Cast-in-place concrete is concrete deposited, formed,
cured, and finished in its final position as part of a
structure. It is also called cast-in-situ concrete.
Placement is the process of depositing and
consolidating freshly mixed concrete in a form or in the
final position where it is to harden.
Types of Mixed Concrete:
 Ready-mixed concrete is concrete mixed at a
batch plant for delivery by an agitator truck to
the construction site.
 Shrink-mixed concrete is concrete partially
mixed at a batch plant and then mixed more
completely in a truck mixer en route to a
construction site.
 Transit-mixed concrete is concrete dry batched
at a batch plant and mixed in a truck mixer en
route to a construction site.
Agitator truck is a truck
equipped with a rotating
drum to prevent
segregation or loss of
plasticity of ready-mixed
concrete being delivered.
crushed slag, and water pumped through a hose and
sprayed at high velocity over reinforcement until the
desired thickness is achieved.
Wall panel is single
piece of material,
usually flat and cut into
a rectangular shape,
that serves as the visible
and exposed covering
for a wall.
Wall panels are functional as well as decorative,
providing insulation and soundproofing, combined with
uniformity of appearance, along with some measure of
durability or ease of replicability. While there is no set
size limit for a piece of material fulfilling these
functions, the maximum practical size for wall panels
has been suggested to be 24 feet by 8 feet, to allow for
transportation.
Note: Use of wall panels can reduce construction costs
by providing a consistent appearance to the paneled
surface without requiring the application of paint or
another finishing material. Wall panels may be finished
on only one side, if the other side is going to be against
a brick or concrete wall, or a comparable structure.

Truck mixer is a truck WALL PANELS: LARGE PANEL SYSTEMS

equipped with a rotating The structural system of large-panel construction
drum and a separate water consists of floor slabs supported on four edges by the
tank for mixing concrete longitudinal and transverse walls below. If the slab span
en route to a construction is limited to 6 m, it is possible to support it on only two
site. axes; that is, in either the longitudinal or transverse
direction. Should the slab be supported in the
transverse direction by the longitudinal walls, the non-
Concrete mixer is a load-bearing transverse walls only act as bracing and
machine having a revolving partitioning elements.
drum, often motor-driven, for
mixing cement, aggregate, and Frame system is a structural system consisting of a
water to produce three-dimensional array of interconnected linear
concrete. members that functions as a complete, self-contained
unit in supporting gravity loads and shear walls or
braced frames for resisting lateral forces.
Buggy is a cart, often Moment-resisting frame is a frame system designed to
motor driven, for resist lateral forces primarily by flexure in the members
transporting heavy and joints.
materials, such as freshly
mixed concrete, for short Shear wall – it is a structural member in a reinforced
distances at a concrete framed structure to resist lateral forces such
construction site. as wind forces.

Shear walls – they are generally used in high-rise

Pneumatic placement is the delivery of concrete, slurry,
or plaster by a pipeline or hose to the point of
placement on a construction site, usually in plastic state
for depositing in place or for spraying.
buildings subject to lateral wind and seismic forces. In
reinforced concrete framed structures the effects of
wind forces increase in significance as the structure
increases in height. Codes of practice impose limits on
horizontal movement or sway.
Typical positions of shear
walls in a building:
Flat plate is a one- or two-way system usually
1. Center of building supported directly on columns or load bearing walls.
2. Ends of the building
Flat plate - It is one of the most common forms of
3. Around stairwells (fire
construction of floors in buildings.
exits) or elevator
shafts (building core) The principal feature of the flat plate floor is a uniform
or near-uniform thickness with a flat soffit which
requires only simple formwork and is easy to construct.
Flat slab – it is also known as beam-less slab because it
The floor allows great flexibility for locating horizontal
is supported directly by columns or caps. Here, the
services above a suspended ceiling or in a bulkhead. The
loads are transferred directly to the columns.
economical span of a flat
The function of this type of slab is to provide a plain plate for low to medium
ceiling surface, which will give the best diffusion of light. loads is usually limited by
They are commonly used in hotels, parking lots, the need to control long-
commercial buildings or places where beam projections term deflection and may
are not suitable for height controls or even aesthetics
view.

Kinds of flat slabs and column supports:

 Simple flat slab

 Flat slab with drop panels
 Flat slab with column head
 Flat slab with drop panel & column head
need to be sensibly.

FLAT PLATE : ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANATGES

ADVANTAGES:

 Simple formwork and suitable for direct fix or

sprayed ceiling
 No beams—simplifying under-floor services
 Minimum structural depth and reduced floor-to
floor height.

DISADVANTAGES:
FLAT SLAB: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANATGES  Medium spans
 Limited lateral load capacity as part of a
ADVANTAGES:
moment frame
 Simple formwork  May need shear heads or shear reinforcement
 No beams—simplifying under-floor services at the columns or larger columns for shear
outside the drops  Long-term deflection may be controlling factor
 Minimum structural depth  May not be suitable for supporting brittle
 Usually does not require shear reinforcement at (masonry) partitions
the columns.  May not be suitable for heavy loads.

DISADVANTAGES: Waffle slab is also called grid slabs. It is a reinforced

concrete roof or floor with a square grid with deep
 Medium spans
sides.
 Generally not suitable for supporting brittle
(masonry) partitions - This type of slab is mainly used for good
 Drop panels may interfere with larger picture viewing and installation of artificial lighting at
mechanical ducting the entrances of hotels, malls and restaurants.
 Vertical penetrations need to avoid area around
- This is a type of slab where you can see that
columns
there is a hallow hole in the slab when the formwork is
 For reinforced flat slabs, deflection at the
removed.
middle strip may be critical.
Waffle slab - this type slab is mainly used for industrial
and commercial buildings, while wood and metal waffle
slabs are used on many construction sites.
NOTE: Two-way waffle slab are used fo long spans and
heavy loads
Lift slab construction is a technique of constructing
multistory buildings in which all horizontal slabs are cast
at ground level and when cured, are raised into position
by hydraulic jacks.
Span-stress system is a construction method which
utilizes span-stress prestressed T-joist that can be used
with filler blocks or collapsible steel forms, or plywood
forms.
Span-stress system – a system that is light and capable
in heavy loads and long spans.
T-Joist is a precast pre-stressed inverted T-beam used
for floor and roof slab system. It is light-weight and
much economical compared to conventional cast-in-
place concrete slabs.
T- Joist - a joist is a horizontal structural member used
in framing to span an open space, often between beams
that subsequently transfer loads to vertical members.
Slip form construction is a construction method in
which concrete is poured into a continuously moving
form. Slip forming is used for tall structures (such as
bridges, towers, buildings, and dams), as well as
horizontal structures, such as roadways.
Slip forming enables continuous, non-interrupted, cast-
in-place “flawless” (i.e. no joints) concrete structures
which have superior performance characteristics to
piecewise construction using discrete form elements.
SPAN STRESS FLOOR SYSTEM
- construction method that utilizes span-stress
prestressed T- Joist that can be used with filler
blocks or collapsible steel forms, or plywood
forms.
- A system that is light yet capable of heavy loads
and long spans
- Length goes from 3.00 meters to 9.00 meters.
- It eliminates wooden frameworks which
altogether give up to almost 20% savings
compared to conventional system; also speeds
up construction.
- No exposed metal parts, the system assures you
of a durable and minimal to virtually
maintenance free structure
STANDARD TYPES OF FLOORING UNITS
a) UNI SPAN FLOOR SLAB – it is consists of a series
of 75mm thick precast, prestressed concrete
slabs with reinforced concrete topping. This
composite construction allows clear spans of up
to 8.0 metres.
b) FLAT SOFFIT PRESTRESSED CONCRETE - This
technology is a precast concrete floor system
that does not require permanent corbels or
beam ledges for structural support.
- This precast system can be quickly
erected on site without falsework or
formwork.
c) INTER SPAN FLOOR SLAB – it consists of 200mm
wide precast prestressed concrete ribs spaced
generally at 900mm centers with timber in fills
placed between them.
d) HOLLOW CORE SLAB - derive their name from
the voids or cores which run through the units.
- The cores can function as service ducts
and significantly reduce the self-weight of the
slabs, maximizing structural efficiency.
e) DOUBLE TEE FLOORS – a load-bearing structure
that resembles two t-beams connected to each
other side by side.
LESSON 2 : COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION METHODS
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION METHODS - construction
methods that are lightweight, easy to install, and veer
from the conventional methods
Light frame construction is a system of construction
utilizing closely spaced and sheathed members of
dimension lumber or light-gauge metal to form
structural elements of a building.
Light gauge steel construction is very similar to wood
framed construction in principle - the wooden framing
members are replaced with thin steel sections. The steel
sections used here are called cold formed sections,
meaning that the sections are formed, or given shape at
room temperature.
Cold formed steel is shaped by guiding thin sheets of
steel through a series of rollers, each roller changing the
shape very slightly, with the net result of converting a
flat sheet of steel into a C or S-shaped section.
NOTE: The steel used in light gauge steel framing is
coated with zinc (called galvanized) or a mixture of zinc
and aluminum (called zincalume or galvalume by some)
to protect it from corrosion. The thickness of this
coating can be varied to suit a range of environments.
Typically, marine environments require the most
protection, and dry, arid regions the least.
COMPOSITE DECK / SLAB
Composite decking is metal decking serving as
permanent formwork and tensile reinforcement for a
concrete slab bonded to it by a deformed or dovetail rib
pattern.
Metal decking is sheet steel strengthened for use as
floor or roof decking by cold-rolling a series of ribs or
flutes into it, and usually galvanized for corrosion
resistance.

COMPOSITE DECK / SLAB: TYPES OF COMPOSITE COLUMN

BENEFITS OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION a. Concrete filled sections:
• Speed of construction • Circular concrete filled steel tube (CCFST)
• Saving in weight • Rectangular concrete filled steel tube (RCFST)
• Saving in transport • Square concrete filled steel tube (SCFST)
• Structural stability

• Shallower construction

• Sustainability

• Easy installation

Gauges for Metal/Steel Decking

-The gauge or thickness of the metal deck is the main

driver for structural integrity for any deck product.
It's also the main driver of cost for metal decking..
Therefore In simple terms, heavier the deck gauges,
the more the steel deck will cost.

Metal deck gauge is a unit of measurement that refers b. Encased sections:

to the thickness of the steel. The higher the gauge
number the thinner the steel. The lower the gauge • Totally encased concrete fill
number the thicker or heavier the steel is. sections

Example 1: • Partially encased concrete fill

sections
• 16 gauge is thicker, and therefore stronger & heavier
than 22 gauge steel

Example 2: Shear connections are typically used to connect beams

to other beams or columns. Such connections transfer
• 22 gauge is thinner, and therefore lighter & weaker shear, with minimum rotational restraint, as opposed to
than 18 gauge steel moment connections.
Composite column is a structural column thoroughly NOTE: A typical shear connection is composed of three
encased in concrete reinforced with both vertical and parts: support, connector, and beam. The support may
spiral reinforcement. be another beam or girder, a column flange, or a
Steel with concrete composite column is fully column web. The connector may be either bolted or
compression type member, has mainly two type welded to the support and to the beam.
concrete encased in steel section and concrete infilled Shear connection is a joint that allows the transfer of
tube steel section and is normally used as a load- shear forces between two members. It is a connection
bearing member in a composite structural frame. with pure normal force load (tension joint), pure shear
COMPOSITE COLUMN: COMMON COLUMN loading, or combination of normal and shear force.
REINFORCEMENT Shear connections are generally the most commonly
Vertical reinforcement is the longitudinal used connections. They are typically used to connect
reinforcement placed in a concrete column to absorb beams with other beams or columns.
compressive stresses, resist bending stresses, and
reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage in the column.

Spiral reinforcement is the lateral reinforcement

consisting of an evenly spaced continuous spiral held
firmly in place by vertical spacers.
 concrete floor. Because cambering can increase the
weight tolerance of structural steel, introducing a
broad, uniform curve across the length of the beam can
give the intended structure greater weight tolerance,
which can be extremely beneficial in many commercial
construction builds.
TYPES OF SHEAR CONNECTIONS C-Joist is a concrete product that is used as a floor and
a. Angle Connection are L-shaped brackets that hold roof slab system which is an alternative to the
the parent and child members together. The conventional concrete slab pouring method.
connection can have either one L-shaped bracket on
one side or two brackets Lesson 3: PRE-ENGINEERED MATERIALS & STRUCTURES
on both sides. Having
two brackets (double Engineered wood boards are generally made from the
angle connections), same hardwoods and softwoods used to manufacture
increases the rigidity of lumber, but mixed with additives like adhesives. This
type of wood often utilizes waste wood from sawmills,
the connection but
and are treated through chemical or heat processes to
makes it stronger in
produce wood that meets size requirements that are
resisting shear forces.
hard to find in nature.
b. Single Plate
Connection -uses Engineered wood is used in a variety of applications,
a single plate to from home construction to commercial buildings to
hold together the industrial products.
two members. It
can be welded or Popular Types of Engineered Wood
bolted to the child
member but is 1. LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER
welded to the Made of wood veneers that are compressed
parent member. together with resins and glues, LVL is a high density
engineered wood product used in framing. LVL is very
c. WT Connection - this connection uses a T-
strong, but has only one strength axis, because it's
shaped section to join the parent and child
veneers are stacked with the grain running in the same
member. This greatly increases its strength direction. This means you can only load LVL in one
towards shear and moment loads. As such, the direction.
bearing strength of the connection becomes
important.

`
2. LAMINATED STRAND LUMBER
d. Seated Connections use L-shaped brackets to Made of small strips of wood—strands—that
are placed in a dense, angled pattern, LSL is a high
connect the parent and child members
quality engineered wood product that can be an even
together. They differ from angle connections as
higher density and stronger than LVL.
they connect at the flange of both the parent - It is composed of about 95% wood fiber and
and child members. However, similar to the 5% resin.
angle connection, they can be welded or bolted. - it is very resistant to weight and torsion
They are normally attached with a stability because of the angled pattern in which the
bracket which is connected to the web or the wood strips are placed. LSL is also expensive—
flange of the child member. it’s about 3x the cost of dimensional lumber.
e. CAMBERING

A camber is a slight curvature intentionally built into a

beam, girder, or truss to compensate for anticipated
deflection.

CAMBERING: BENEFITS

One of the more popular applications where

structural steel is cambered for support is in a poured 3. ORIENTED STRAND BOARD
 This type of sheet wood is formed by combining
wood strands or flakes with adhesives and then
compressing them.
It is manufactured in wide mats and is good for
load-bearing applications such as flooring and roof
decking. All OSB isn’t created equal—some is sanded
(like Advantech or Legacy premium subfloor), and other
boards are not. Some OSB is moisture resistant, other
boards are not. Make sure that you are using premium
grade OSB if there’s any chance of it experiencing
weather.
4. PLYWOOD
A sheet wood manufactured from thin layers (or
“plies”) or wood veneer that are glued together.
Plywoods – it have several benefits to builders, since
they are made by binding resin and wood fiber sheets to
form a composite material whose “cross graining”
property provides dimensional stability and makes the
strength of the panel consistent in all directions.
Plywood sheet – it has two face veneers, so if you see a
sheet graded as “AB” that means it is A-quality on one
side and B on the other.
• A: This is the highest quality plywood with a smooth
surface free of knots and repairs.
• B: This grade is largely free of knots, though some
tight ones (under 1 inch) are acceptable.
• C: this may include knots up to 1.5 inches and
knotholes under 1 inch.
• D: The lowest grade can have knots and knot holes up
to 2.5 inches. In general, any defects have not been
repaired with this grade plywood.
• X: It is used to indicate exterior plywood. A grade of
CDX would mean a plywood is C grade on one veneer, D
on the other, and designed for outdoor use.
5. MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD (MDF)
- is made by breaking down hardwood and
softwood pieces into fibers, which are combined with
wax and resin binders, and formed into panels by
applying high temperatures and pressure.
It is usually more dense than plywood, and is
more dense than oriented strand board, but just like
OSB, there are grades that can withstand water and
weather and other grades that cannot.
6. CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER
This wood panel product is made from gluing
together layers of solid sawn lumber. It is strengthened
by layering each board perpendicular to the next and
glued on the wide faces of each board.
Wood composite is manufactured from a variety of
materials. They usually contain the same woods that are
used in lumber, but they are combined to make them
stronger and more durable. It is also known as
engineered wood.
Wood composite is a mixture of several components
that may include wood, plastic and straw. The particles
and fibers from different woods are combined, and
adhesives keep them bound together. A veneer is often
applied to the outside in order to make the composite
wood appear more attractive.
 Composite decking, - it
also referred to as wood-
plastic composite (WPC) decking, is gaining popularity as
it conserves natural wood and is environmentally
friendly.
 Wood plastic composite is panel or lumber product
made from recycled plastic and small wood particles or
fibers. Wood plastic composites are relatively new
products as compared to the long history of natural
lumber or traditional wood composites such as
particleboard or fiberboard.
TYPES OF COMPOSITE DECKING
1. Solid Composite Decking
Solid composite boards are
heavy boards used commonly
to make permanent floors for
houses, offices, and hotels.
Solid composite deck boards
are strong and durable. They
are used for swimming pool
decks, pathways of houses, etc.
 2. Hollow Composite Decking
TYPES OF PLYWOOD:
Hollow composite decking boards or • Marine plywood
blank composite boards are • Fancy plywood
lightweight decking materials • Ordinary plywood
often used for installing • Form plywood
cables, cladding, siding, etc. • Pre-finished plywood paneling
They are less resistant to
impacts. They require caps or Hardboard is made from
fascia boards on their edges. processed wood chips.
They are uniform, hard,
3. Capped Composite Decking grainless sheets, smooth
and with overlaps.
Capped composite deck board They are used in interior
consists of a core and a cap. The core panels and durable
is made from organic wood filler and sidings. Unlike solid wood,
recycled plastic material, while the hardboard is very with no grain. A wood veneer can be
cap is made from a synthetic material glued onto it to give the appearance of solid wood.
to increase the resistance to stain, Other overlays include Formica, laminated papers,
scratch, and discoloration. ceramics, and vynils.

Capped composite boards are used for garden areas, Formica Laminate is a laminated composite material
swimming pool decks, outdoor pathways, etc., for areas invented at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in
exposed to extreme wear and tear or weather the United States in 1912. Originally used to replace
conditions. mica in electrical applications.

Building boards are a group of building materials often Formica Group are best known for the company's
faced with paper or vinyl, suitable for use as a finished classic product: a heat-resistant, wipe-clean laminate
surface on walls, ceiling, etc. of paper with melamine resin.

Building boards are flat, relatively thin in section, and GRADES OF HARDBOARD:
have been made to standard sizes – usually 4 x 8 feet.
• Standard – light, flexible to be quite easily bent, light
Kinds of Building Boards brown in color and not suitable for exterior work
• Plywood • Tempered hardboard – brittle and stiff but resistant
• Hardwood to water penetration, dark brown in color, ideal for
• Insulating fiberboard exterior use.
• Chipboard • Low density – not as strong and durable as standard
• Particle board and tempered, for decorative boards and often used as
• Gypsum board blackboards.
• Strawboard
• Asbestos-cement board Insulating fiberboard- it is made from three types of
• Corkboard fiber – wood, sugar cane, asbestos, and binder, formed
• Paperboard into a board.
• Mineral fiberboard
• Plastic foamboards

Plywood is made by bonding together thin layers of

wood in a way that the grain of each layer is at right
angles to the grain of the adjacent layer. Each layer of a
plywood is called a veneer, and commonly made by
rotary cutting.
Rotary cutting – a log is fixed in lathe and rotated
against a knife so that the veneer is peeled from the log
in continuous sheet.
TWO BASIC GRADES:
• Insulating grade – made up for insulating, decorative
panels and ceiling tiles, V-notch plaster base, and roof
insulation
• Sheathing Grade – surfaces and edges are coated with
asphalt and/or with fibers impregnated with asphalt
during manufacture.

KINDS OF INSULATING FIBERBOARD:
• Wood fibers – produced by pressing logs against a
grindstone which breaks down the wood into fibers.
• Mineral fiberboard – made from asbestos mixed with
cementing agent ideal for fireproofing and acoustical
purposes.
• Cane fiberboard – shredded cane and processed into
fibers.
Chipboard – it is made from building board particles
and a binder (phenolic resin/urea formaldehyde glue)
often faced with veneer.
- It is often used both for interior and exterior
which include sheathing for walls and roof, subflooring,
and fence paneling.
- tree, cork granules are mixed with synthetic resin,
SUBTYPES ARE:
• Plain – may be unsanded, sanded on one side only, or
sanded on two sides
• Patterned – have one grooved surface either evenly or
random
Particle board – it is a
hardboard made from
relatively small particles,
graduated from coarse at the
center of the board to fine at
the surface to produce a
product with a smooth dense
surface.
The particle board is also called a
chipboard.
Gypsum board – it is a panel made from gypsum plaster
pressed between two thick sheets of paper. It is used to
make interior walls and ceilings.
VARITIONS:
• Special paper face where a variety of wood patterns
can be printed and can be nailed with colored nails.
• Glue laminated to an interior surface to produce a
wood-grain effect.
• Vynil sheet faced made to imitate a textile surface
held by glue, aluminum, or plastic moldings.
Strawboard – it is hardboard made of compressed
wheat straw, processed at 350°F - 400°F with tough
Kraft paper.
A stawboard is a kind of Envirowall panel made of 100
waste straw.
Grades of Strawboard:
• Structural bond – used for non-bearing partitions,
plaster base, insulating purposes, exterior sheathing,
roof decking, and inner form face for concrete
basement wall.
• Insulation grade – intended primarily for roof deck
insulation .
Asbestos cement board – it is
a dense, rigid board
containing high proportion of
asbestos fibers bonded with
Portland cement.
- It is used as building material
in sheet form and corrugated
sheeting. All types must be drilled for insertion of
screws, bolts, and other fasteners.
Corkboard is made from the outer bark of the cork oak
compressed and formed into sheet from 1-6 inches
thick, and baked under pressure into rigid boards. Used
exclusively as thermal insulating material and for
vibration control.
Paperboard – it is paper pulp pressed into boards 3/16”
or 1⁄4” thick wide, and 4’ wide, and 6’-8’ long. Usually
one surface is primed for easier finishing.
- It can also be a layer of stiff paper folded on
corrugated form and faced on both sides with
thick paper backing, cemented to the core.
Mineral fiberboard it is a thick mat of mineral fibers
(glass with rock wool) covered with a backing of stiff
paper on one or both sides to form rigid boards, ranging
in thickness from 1⁄2 to 2 inches.
The usual board size is 24”x48” and are used for roof
deck insulation and are cemented to the deck with
asphalt adhesive.
Plastic foam boards are usually polystyrene and
polyurethane plastics formed by a patented process to
about 40 times their original volume. This foamed
material is molded into boards from 1⁄2 - 3” thick, 12” or
24” wide and from 4ft to 12 ft long.
Pre Engineered Building is a metal building enclosure
system that often involves a structural framework and
also involves roofing and wall cladding and is built and
assembled in factory premises.
Pre Engineered Building is manufactured using the raw
materials available from all sources and manufacturing
methods that can effectively meet a wide range of
structural and esthetic design requirements.
Pre Engineered Buildings (PEBs) – they are extremely
durable, weather as well astermite proof.Due to their
longerlifeof utility and affordable cost,manufactured
homes can be used for permanent,semi permanent
ortemporary applications.
 • Framing systems with unequal width modules are also
possible, given they are symmetrical
Types of PEBs • Practically any frame geometry is possible
 Prefabricated Workshops and Shelters
 Prefabricated Homes LESSON 4 : WALL AND SKYLIGHT CONSTRUCTION
Wall Panel System
PRE-ENGINEERED STRUCTURES/BUILDINGS:
ADVANTAGES A wall panel is usually installed on exterior non-load
• Low cost if choosing manufacturer’s standard bearing walls, and are usually flat and rectangular in
package/inventory and no add-on. shape.
• Open clear span
• Can be easily expanded to grow with needs They are the visible and exposed covering for a wall,
• Self-supporting ready-made components are used, so that either hang (by support frames) or rest on the
the need for formwork, shuttering, and scaffolding is structure.
greatly reduced.
• On-site construction and congestion is minimized. PARTS OF A WALL PANEL
• Time spent due to bad weather or hazardous SYSTEM:
environments at the construction is minimized. 1. Wall Panel
2. Eave Strut – secondary
DISADVANTAGES steel framing members
• May not include all construction/fit-up needed for the used for support
building to serve the intended purpose. 3. Thermal Block – insulating material made of high
• Usually no internal finished walls density rigid polyurethane foam
• Leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components 4. Girt – provides lateral support to the wall panel to
• Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty resist wind loads
cranes and precision measurement from handling in 5. Blanket insulation – widely used type of insulation;
place to position. consists of flexible fibers (fiberglass)
• Larger group of buildings from the same type of
prefabricated elements tend to look drab and FUNCTIONS OF A WALL PANE SYSTEM
monotonous. • Decoration
• Insulation
PEBS VS CONVENTIONAL STRUCTURES • Soundproofing
• Uniform appearance
Prefab structures are fabricated in workshop which • Durability
reduces the required construction time. However, in • Ease of replaceability
case of conventional structure there is no precise
control over construction time. In the PEBs, ready-made Flat type wall panel system – it creates
components flute and seamless appearance on the
are used, so the need for formwork, shuttering and surface of a structure.
scaffolding is greatly reduced.
It uses a concealed fastener system (no
Conventional construction – this is where the building visible hardware) to achieve the clean
components constructed at site require formwork, and smooth finish.
shuttering and scaffolding. There is minimal effect of
climatic or weather conditions in case of PEBs while in TWO KINDS OF FLAT TYPE WALL PANEL SYSTEM
conventional construction, time spent due to bad
weather or hazardous environments at the construction SHIPLAP WALL
site increases the construction cost and project • gives clean visual lines
completion time. • able to run both vertically
& horizontally
PRE-ENGINEERED STRUCTURES/BUILDINGS: • Have variety of “reveals”
Components (gaps)
• Primary framing (main frames)
• Secondary framing (Z and C sections) V-GROOVE WALL
• Roof and wall panels • appears like wood or vinyl
• Structural subsystems (canopies, plank siding
partitions, etc.) • gives texture and depth at
• Floor systems (catwalks, platforms) space
• Other building accessories (sliding • available in wide range of
doors, roll up doors, windows, etc.) width

PRE-ENGINEERED STRUCTURES/BUILDINGS: Ribbed Metal Panel- it has ribs with sloping sides. It
Standard Framing System forms trapezoidal-shaped voids at the side lap. The way
• Most commonly symmetrical about the ridge line. the panel’s profile is raised provides much if its bending
strength. The ribs on these panels create strong bold
lines that are aesthetically pleasing and offer a unique
approach to traditional metal panels.

SINGLE SKIN
features of single skin metal wall panels include:
For workrooms which are
• Lightweight; easier & lower cost of installation 3.5m or higher, the light
• 100% recyclable transmission surface of
• Can be installed in most environments the window must be at
• Available in various shapes & profiles least 30% of the outside
• Most popular metal wall panel option in wall surface.
commercial building applications
• Capable of handling thermal expansion and
contraction better than IMPs or MCMs.
For workrooms of general size, the following rules shall
Metal composite material (MCM) panels are formed by be applied:
joining two sheets of painted or natural metal sheets • Minimum glass surface height: 1.3m
(typically aluminum but can also utilize other materials • Window height from FFL: ≥0.90m
like steel, zinc, copper, stainless steel, or titanium) and • Total height of windows must be 50% of the width of
bonding them to a polyethylene center. the workroom

WINDOW ARRANGEMENT

Insulated metal panels- they require less maintenance

than some other exterior wall cladding or siding.

Insulated metal panels - they are less expensive to

install because of the lightweight nature of the panels,
need fewer fasteners, and provide greater wall
coverage.

WINDOWS

Windows Sizes
If daylight is considered essential for the use to which a
room will be put, then windows are an unavoidable
necessity. Curtain wall – it is a glazed wall system hung off a
concrete slab using anchors.
Every work area needs a window leading to the outside
world. The window area which transmits light must be Curtain walls – they are self-supporting and give a
at least 1/20 of the surface of the floor in the building’s exterior the look of top to bottom glass.
workspace. The total width of all windows must amount
to at least 1/10 of the total width of all the walls.
Unit system – it is a
curtain wall system Window walls are pre-fabricated and come ready to
consisting of install. There’s no need to fire-stop because window
preassembled walls sit between floor slabs. In addition, noise
framed wall units transmittance isn’t a huge concern. Window walls can
which may be be a cost-effective and stylish option for getting the
preglazed or glazed ground-to-roof window appearance without a hefty
after Installation. price tag or operational concerns.

Stick system – it is a curtain

wall system in which
tubular metal mullions and
rails are assembled piece by
piece on-site to frame
vision glass and spandrel
glass
Window walls – they are built one floor at a time and
• Spandrel glass – an are supported by the slabs above and below them. In
opaque glass for concealing other words, window walls are built within the slab
the structural elements in edge.
curtain wall construction,
produced by fusing a Curtain walls- they are structurally independent and
ceramic frit to the interior don’t require support on every floor. They tend to span
surface of tempered or heat-strengthened glass. multiple stories and are built outside the slab edge.

NOTE: Curtain walls are more expensive than window

Column-cover-and- walls and tend to be more dangerous and difficult to
spandrel system – it is a install. In addition, curtain walls aren’t typically
curtain wall system in operable, whereas window walls can be. There’s also
which vision glass the issue of fire-stopping and noise pollution. With
assemblies and spandrel window walls, you don’t have to worry about either
units are supported by issue.
spandrel beams between
exterior columns clad with Unitized curtain systems - they are composed of large
cover sections. glass units that are created and glazed within a factory
and then sent to the construction site.
Once on site, the units can then be hoisted onto
anchors connected to the building.

Unit-and-mullion system
– it is a curtain wall
system in which one- or
two-storey-high mullions
are installed before
preassembled wall units
are lowered into place
behind the mullions. The
framed wall units may be
preglazed or glazed after
UNITIZED SYSTEM
the installation.
Advantages
• Efficiency: Unitized systems are known for their rapid
installation process.
Window walls – they sit between floor slabs and are
• Quality Control: Factory-controlled fabrication and
anchored at the sill and the head. They’re installed on
testing ensure consistent quality and performance. This
the interior of the building and extend to the outside of
reduces the likelihood of errors that might occur with
the building. They span floor to floor, are typically not
on-site assembly.
more than 12 feet and are non-load bearing.
• Weather Independence: The controlled environment
of fabrication minimizes the impact of weather
conditions on the assembly process.
• Safety: Unitized systems often require less on-site
labor.
• Aesthetics: The design flexibility of unitized systems
allows for creative and visually appealing facades.

Disadvantages and Considerations

• Cost: The initial investment in unitized systems can be
higher due to factory fabrication and transportation
costs.
• Transportation Challenges: Shipping and handling of
large curtain wall units require careful logistics planning
and may pose challenges in congested urban areas.
• Repair and Replacement: In the event of unit damage,
repairs or replacements can be more complex.
• Design Limitations: Certain complex designs might still
be more suitable for stick-built systems.
• Site Readiness: Successful installation relies on
accurate site measurements

Rainscreen – it is an exterior cladding infrastructure

that sits away from a building’s exterior wall’s water-
resistant barrier, creating an air cavity directly the
cladding which is vented at both the top and bottom of
the wall so it may help to protect the buildings
important envelope.