+ = stimulates

- = inhibits

Hormone Gland Solubilit Subtype Receptor Effect What + it? What - it?
y

Corticotropin-releasing Hypothalamus water peptide/protein GPCR + ACTH

hormones (CRH) - paraventricular *neurohormone
nucleus

Gonadotropin-releasing Hypothalamus water peptide/protein GPCR + FSH ❖ high ❖ estrogen

hormones (GnRH) - preoptic nucleus *neurohormone + LH estrogen ❖ progeste
rone

Growth hormone- Hypothalamus water peptide/protein GPCR → + GH ❖ ↑ GH

releasing hormones - arcuate nucleus *neurohormone + cAMP → ❖ ↑ IGF-1
(GHRH) incr.
transcriptio
n factor PIT-1

Growth hormone Hypothalamus water peptide/protein GPCR → - - GH ❖ ↑ GH

inhibiting hormone - periventricular *neurohormone cAMP → - insulin ❖ ↑ IGF-1
(GHIH) nucleus decor. - glucagon
● AKA Pancreas transcriptio - CCK
somatostatin - delta cells n factor PIT-1

Thyrotropin-releasing Hypothalamus water peptide/protein GPCR + TSH ❖ oxytocin ❖

hormone (TRH) - paraventricular *neurohormone + PRL ❖ cold
nucleus ❖ stress
❖ exercise
Prolactin-inhibiting Hypothalamus water peptide/protein GPCR - PRL ❖ estrogen
hormone (PIH) - arcuate nucleus *neurohormone
● AKA dopamine Adrenal gland
- medulla
chromaffin cells

Adrenocorticotropic Anterior pituitary water peptide/protein GPCR → adrenal gland ❖ CRH

hormone (ACTH) (adenohypophysis) - tropic and
- basophils trophic + glucocorticoid
(corticotrophs) + mineralocorticoid
+ androgen

Follicular-stimulating Anterior pituitary water peptide/protein GPCR → ovaries or testes ❖ GnRH ❖ estrogen
hormone (FSH) (adenohypophysis) - tropic and ❖ inhibin
- basophils trophic ■ targets
(gonadotrophs) granulosa cells
in ovarian
follicles
(convert
androgen to
estrogen)
■ stimulates
Sertoli cells in
testes →
spermatogenes
is
■ → inhibin from
Sertoli cells
and granulosa
cells of ovary
(negative
feedback)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Anterior pituitary water peptide/protein GPCR → ovaries or testes ❖ GnRH ❖ estrogen
(adenohypophysis) - tropic and ❖ high
- basophils trophic + ovulation estrogen
(gonadotrophs) + theca cells (end of
■ convert follicular
cholesterol to phase)
androgen
+ corpus luteum →
progesterone
+ Leydig cells in testes
→ testosterone &
stimulates Sertoli
cells →
spermatogenesis

Growth hormone (GH, Anterior pituitary water peptide/protein Enzyme- → liver, adipose tissue ❖ GHRH ❖ GHIH
STH) (adenohypophysis) - tropic and linked ❖ non-REM ❖ REM
● AKA - acidophils trophic (tyrosine + growth sleep sleep
somatotropin (somatotrophs) kinase) + metabolism of ❖ norepine ❖ ↑
stored lipids (lipolysis: phrine & glucose
stored fat → free FAs) epinephri
and carbs ne (stress
(glycogenolysis: and
glycogen → glucose) exercise)
❖ ↑
arginine
❖ puberty
❖ estrogens
and
androgen
s
Thyroid-stimulating Anterior pituitary water peptide/protein GPCR → thyroid ❖ TRH
hormone (TSH) (adenohypophysis) - tropic and ❖ low T3
- basophils trophic + T3 (ex: due
(thyrotrophs) + T4 to low
iodine)
❖ low T4
(ex: due
to low
iodine)

Prolactin (PRL) Anterior pituitary water peptide/protein Enzyme- → ovaries, mammary ❖ TRH ❖ PIH
(adenohypophysis) - not tropic, linked glands, testes ❖ estrogen ❖ high
- acidophils only trophic (inhibits levels of
(mammotrophs) + estrogen PIH) estrogen
+ progesterone (during
+ lactation pregnanc
+ spermatogenesis y)

Melanocyte-stimulating Anterior pituitary water peptide/protein GPCR → skin and hair

hormone (MSH) (adenohypophysis) - tropic and
- basophils trophic + coloration
(corticotrophs)
Antidiuretic hormone Posterior pituitary water peptide/protein GPCR → distal tubule and ❖ hypertoni ❖ hypotoni
(ADH) (neurohypophysis) *neuroho - nonapeptides collecting ducts of city in city in
● AKA vasopressin rmone kidney ECF ECF
*but produced by ↑ blood pressure and ❖ low ECF ❖ high ECF
paraventricular volume by targeting volume volume
nucleus and water ❖ low blood ❖ high
supraoptic nucleus volume blood
of hypothalamus + permeability of water volume
(water reabsorption)
+ excretion of
concentrated urine
(↑[solutes]) → lower
urine volume
+ ↑ density of
aquaporins in apical
membrane of tubular
cells
+ blood pressure
(arteriole contraction)

Oxytocin (OXT) Posterior pituitary water peptide/protein GPCR → uterus, mammary ❖ tactile
(neurohypophysis) *neuroho - nonapeptides glands stimulati
rmone on of teat
*but produced by + uterine contraction sensory
paraventricular + milk letdown receptors
nucleus and ❖ condition
supraoptic nucleus ed
of hypothalamus response
s (i.e. cry
of
offspring)
Triiodothyronine (T3) - Thyroid gland lipid a type of nuclear → almost every cell ❖ TRH →
active form - follicular monoamine: receptor TSH
epithelial cells derivative of AA (thyroid + basal metabolic rate
tyrosine hormone ■ + carb
receptor → metabolism:
binds to glycolysis,
DNA regions gluconeogenesi
called s, GI tract
thyroid absorption rate,
hormone insulin
response secretion
elements ■ + fat
(TREs)) metabolism:
stored fat →
free FA
■ + protein
synthesis

~ maintains/allows:
■ nervous system
maturation
■ nerve
conduction
velocity
■ up-regulates
no. of
epinephrine/no
repinephrine
receptors
■ skin integrity
■ sex hormone
secretion
■ GH secretion
Thyroxine (T4) - generally Thyroid gland lipid a type of nuclear inactive form ❖ TRH →
inactive form - follicular monoamine: receptor TSH
epithelial cells derivative of AA (thyroid
tyrosine hormone
receptor →
binds to
DNA regions
called
thyroid
hormone
response
elements
(TREs))

Calcitonin Thyroid gland water peptide/protein GPCR → bone, kidneys ❖ high ❖ low
- parafollicular C ↓ plasma [Ca2+] plasma plasma
cells ■ - osteoclasts [Ca2+] [Ca2+]
from breaking ❖ gastrin
down bone and ❖ secretin
releasing Ca2+ ❖ CCK
■ + Ca2+
excretion in the
urine

Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid gland water peptide/protein GPCR → bone, kidneys ❖ low ❖ high
(PTH) plasma plasma
↑ plasma [Ca2+] [Ca2+] [Ca2+]
■ + osteoclasts to ❖ high ❖ low
break down plasma plasma
bone and [HPO4-] [HPO4-]
release Ca2+
■ + minor Ca2+
reabsorption in
kidneys
 ■ - HPO4-
reabsorption
from kidneys
■ + conversion of
vit D3 to active
calcitriol in
kidneys →
Ca2+
reabsorption in
intestines

Glucagon Pancreas water peptide/protein GPCR → liver, adipose tissue ❖ ↓ plasma ❖ ↑ plasma
- alpha cells * catabolism * [glucose] [glucose]
■ ↑ blood ❖ ↑ plasma ❖ somatos
glucose levels AAs tatin
by ❖ stress/ (GHIH)
glycogenolysis sympath
(glycogen → etic
glucose) and nervous
gluconeogenesi system
s (AAs → (epinephr
glucose) ine)
Insulin Pancreas water peptide/protein Enzyme- → striated muscle, ❖ ↑ plasma ❖ sympath
- beta cells linked adipose tissue [glucose] etic
receptors * anabolism * ❖ ↑ plasma nervous
(tyrosine ■ ↑ glucose AAs sytem
kinase) uptake by cells ❖ incretins ❖ somatos
by removing (GLP1 and tatin
glucose from GIP) (GHIH)
the blood (= ❖ parasym
lower plasma pathetic
[glucose]) → nervous
later glycogen system
synthesis
(anabolism)
■ + synthesis of
triglycerides
(anabolism)
■ + protein
synthesis
(anabolism) by
removing AAs
from the blood
■ - lipolysis (less
catabolic
breakdown of
stored fat into
free AAs)
Mineralocorticoids Adrenal gland lipid steroid nuclear → distal tubule and ❖ angioten ❖ low [K+]
(aldosterone) - cortex - bound receptor collecting ducts of sin II in ECF
- zona to kidney ❖ high [K+] ❖ high
glomerulosa/arcuat transcort in ECF [Na+] in
a in ↑ blood pressure and ❖ low [Na+] ECF
(corticos volume by targeting in ECF ❖ ANF
teroid Na+ ❖ CRH → (atrial
binding ■ + no. of Na+/K+ ACTH natriuret
globulin pumps ❖ heart ic factor)
CBG) in ■ + no. of Na+ atria from
the channels → stretch heart
blood Na+ and water receptors atria
back into blood (detects (detects
■ + no. of K+ low BP) high BP)
channels → K+
into urine

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) Adrenal gland lipid steroid in the → liver, muscle, ❖ stress → ❖ low
- cortex - bound cytosol adipose tissue, ❖ CRH → stress?
- zona fasciculata to pancreas, etc. ACTH
transcort
in prepares body for
(corticos fight-or-flight
teroid ■ ↑ blood
binding glucose levels
globulin by
CBG) in glycogenolysis
the (glycogen →
blood glucose) and
gluconeogenesi
s (AAs →
glucose)
■ + sensitivity of
adrenergic
receptors for
 epinephrine
and
norepinephrine
■ - DNA
synthesis and
growth

Gonadocorticoids (weak Adrenal gland lipid steroid nuclear → ovaries, testes

androgens: DHEA, - zona reticularis receptor ■ converted into
androstenediones) testosterone →
estrogen in the
ovary
■ converted into
testosterone for
males

Catecholamines Adrenal gland water a type of GPCR → liver, adipose tissue, ❖ CRH → ❖ inhibitin
(epinephrine/adrenaline - medulla *neuroho monoamine: heart, lungs, GI tract, ACTH g
& chromaffin cells rmone derivative of AA urinary tract ❖ stress/ adrenerg
norepinephrine/noradren tyrosine sympath ic
aline) & norepinephrine fight-or-flight etic NS → receptors
also from ■ Alpha ACh → (i.e. beta
postganglionic receptors: release of blockers)
fibers of ○ vasocon chromaffi
sympathetic NS!! striction n
→ ↑ BP granules
■ Beta-1
receptors:
○ ↑ heart
rate/out
put → ↑
BP
■ Beta-2
receptors:
 o lipolysis of
adipose → glycerol for
gluconeogenesis in
liver; FAs for beta
oxidation for ATP in
muscles
o glycogenolysis
and gluconeogenesis
in liver
o bronchodilation

Estrogen Adrenal gland lipid steroid nuclear → hypothalamus, ❖ LH →

- zona reticularis uterus/cervix, thecal
Testes mammary gland, cells
- Sertoli cells anterior pituitary, convert
Placenta external genitalia cholester
Ovary ■ negative ol →
- cholesterol → feedback on androgen
androgen in theca hypothalamus ❖ FSH →
cells; androgen → and anterior granulos
estradiol in pituitary during a cells
granulosa cells mid-follicular convert
phase androgen
■ positive →
feedback on estrogen
hypothalamus
and anterior
pituitary (LH) at
the end of
follicular phase
■ + dvlpmt of
mammary
glands
■ + cervical
mucus
 ■ + uterine
contractions

Progesterone Corpus luteum lipid steroid nuclear → hypothalamus, ❖ LH surge ❖ oxytocin

cholesterol → uterus, mammary → from
pregnenolone → gland luteinizat posterior
progesterone in pituitary
■ uterus: growth → low
of levels of
endometrium, PGF2
growth of ❖ low
uterine glands, levels of
prevent uterine PGF2 →
contractions oxytocin
■ + dvlpmt of from
mammary corpus
glands luteum
■ negative
feedback on
hypothalamus
and pituitary
during luteal
phase → no
new follicles
developing

Testosterone Adrenal cortex lipid steroid nuclear → testes, secondary ❖ LH →

- zona reticularis androgen sex characteristics, Leydig
(weak androgens skeletal muscle, bone cells
converted to
testosterone) ■ + dvlpmt of
Testes male sex
- Leydig cells organs during
 Ovary fetal dvlpmt
- theca cells ■ + dvlpmt of
spermatocytes
in testes
■ + secondary sex
characteristics
(aggression,
tusks in boars,
etc)
■ + anabolic
effects:
○ +
skeletal
muscle
and
bone
growth
○ +
protein
synthesi
s
○ - protein
breakdo
wn

Eicosanoids Many cells lipid FA arachidonic GPCR → mucosa, blood, etc. ❖ pathogen
acid derivatives s
■ prostaglandins
→
inflammation
■ leukotrienes →
inflammation
■ prostacyclins
→ prevent
coagulation
 ■ thromboxanes
→ coagulation

Growth factors (cytokines, liver, macrophages, water peptide Enzyme- → bones, neurons, ❖ GH
hormones) brain cells, etc. linked epidermis, etc.
(tyrosine
kinase) ■ insulin-like
growth factor
(IGF-1) → -
apoptosis, +
cell
proliferation
■ fibroblast
growth factor
→ + organ and
bone growth
■ epidermal
growth factor
→ + skin cell
proliferation, +
teeth eruption
■ nerve growth
factor → +
neuron survival
■ transforming
growth factor
alpha → + or -
cell growth

Kidney hormones and Kidneys water peptide cytokine → bone marrow, blood ❖ hypoxia ❖ normal
cytokines (renin, receptor, vessels → oxygen
angiotensin, GPCR, erythropo levels or
erythropoitein) enzyme- ■ erythropoietin itein hyperoxi
linked → more RBCs ❖ low BP a
(ATPase) ■ renin → ❖ high BP
converts
angiotensinoge
n (from liver) to
angiotensin I
■ angiotensin I →
converted to
angiotensin II
by ACE (from
lungs) → + BP

Heart (atrial naturietic Heart atria water peptide GPCR → blood vessels ❖ high BP ❖ low or
factor ANF) + vasodilation → normal
decrease BP BP

GI hormones (gastrin, Stomach, water peptide GPCR → liver, stomach, ❖ eating ❖ not
secretin, CCK, motilin, duodenum duodenum, pancreas eating?
GIP)
■ gastrin
(stomach) → +
gastric glands
to make pepsin
and HCl
■ secretin
(duodenum) →
+ bile secretion
from liver, +
bicarbonate
secretion from
pancreas
■ cholecystokinin
CCK
(duodenum) →
 + digestion of
fat and
proteins
■ gastric
inhibitory
peptide GIP
(duodenum) →
- stomach
churning
■ motilin
(duodenum) →
+ production of
pepsin

Vitamin D3/Calcitriol Skin (but activated lipid vitamin nuclear → intestines ❖ PTH
in the kidneys) receptor ■ + Ca2+
absorption
from intestines
→ increased
plasma [Ca2+]

Placental peptide Placenta water peptide ? → ovaries, fetus, ❖ gestation

hormones (gonadotropic mammary glands,
hormones, lactogen, uterus
relaxin) ● + ovary
hormone
production
● + fetal growth
● + dvlpmt of
mammary
glands
● + uterine
contractions
during birth
● + corpus
luteum