IOT Assignment - 2

Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and API techniques available to develop IoT
applications................................................................................................................................2
Existing System of Car Parking.................................................................................................6
Problem Statement of Car Parking system.................................................................................6
Proposed System of Car Parking................................................................................................6
IoT Application Development Plan (Original Plan)..................................................................7
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................8
Most appropriate IoT architecture in an application to solve this problem...............................9
Step by Step Procedure for IoT Car Parking system................................................................10
Advantages of IoT Car Parking System...................................................................................10
Disadvantages of IoT Car Parking System..............................................................................11
End user feedback from IoT car parking System.....................................................................11
References................................................................................................................................11

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Introduction
Car parking is the major issue of big cities for today. There are too many vehicles on
the road and not enough space for parking. This has led to the need for efficient parking
management systems. Smart city uses the information, communication and technologies to
improve the operational efficiency for the public, helps in accelerating towards the
improvement quality of life for citizens. Internet of Things (IOT), Automation, and Machine
Learning are the emerging trends which drive towards smart city adoption. Any city can be
considered for smart city initiative, by introducing system like, smart parking system uses a
mobile app to help the drivers to locate parking slots, smart traffic management to track and
analyze the traffic flows. (Ijrte.org, 2019)

Architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and API techniques available to

develop IoT applications

Architecture – 1 (Architecture of Overall Smart Parking Architecture)

Enabling a sustainable mobility is one of primary goals of the so-called Smart City
vision, and the development of intelligent parking systems represents a key aspect. To this
purpose, this paper presents a novel Smart Parking System based on the jointly use of
different technologies, such as RFID, WSN, NFC, Cloud, and mobile. It is able to collect, in
real time, both environmental parameters and information about the occupancy state of
parking spaces, and to direct drivers to the nearest vacant parking spot by using a customized
software application. This last one leverages a NFC-based e-wallet system to allow users to

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pay for parking fees. Furthermore, a customized software application, installed on a cloud
platform, is able to manage alert events (e.g. improper use of a reserved space or expiration
of the purchased time). In such a case, it promptly informs the traffic cops through an
Android mobile app, which has been designed ad hoc for the considered scenario. (Mainetti
et al.,
2019)

Architecture – 2 (Architecture of IoT Based Smart Car Parking System)

Car parking is a major issue in modern congested cities of today. There simply are too
many vehicles on the road and not enough parking space. This has led to the need for
efficient parking management systems. Thus, this architecture demonstrates the use of IOT
based parking management system that allows for efficient parking space utilization using
IOT technology. To demonstrate the concept, IR sensors are for sensing parking slot
occupancy along with a dc motors to simulate as gate opener motors. Wi-Fi modem is used
for internet connectivity and an AVR microcontroller for operating the system. IOTGecko is
used for online connectivity and IOT management GUI design. The system detects if parking
slots are occupied using IR sensors. Also, it uses IR technology to sense if a vehicle has
arrived on gate for automated gate opening. The system reads the number of parking slots
available and updates data with the cloud server to allow for checking parking slot
availability online. This allows users to check for available parking spaces online from
anywhere and avail hassle free parking. Thus, the system solves the parking issue for cities
and get users an efficient IOT based parking management system. (NevonProjects, 2019)

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Architecture – 3 (Architecture of Online booking for parking slot)

In metropolitan areas, people prefer cab or car as convenient to go to shopping

centers, theaters or hotels. Finding place to park vehicles in densely populated area would
waste time and consumes fuel during searching for parking space. Hence there is a need for
assistive technology, which would communicate the availability of parking slots to the
registered users. Mobile app would allow the users to register for the service and if the
destination and estimated arrival time is specified, app need to find the free parking space and
send the location to the user. User makes the online payment to book the parking slot. This
figure illustrates the architecture of smart parking system. (Ijrte.org, 2019)

Architecture – 3 (Blynk IoT Car Parking System Architecture)

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There are four IR Sensors being used in the system. The IR Sensors are placed in each
slot. The IR Sensors detect the presence of the vehicle by transmitting the IR radiations by
the Transmitter. The IR Sensors detect “1” when there is a vehicle and detect “0” when it is
empty. Simultaneously in the Blynk app a new project is created by the author and LED’s are
used to detect the empty and occupied slots. After a new project is created by the author a QR
code is generated which is displayed at the entrance of the parking. When the people enter the
parking zone, they need to scan the QR code from their mobile and then the data about the
slots is automatically updated to know which slot is empty and which is occupied. This
application solves the problem of parking during busy days by knowing the empty slots prior
to parking the vehicle. (Google.com, 2019)

Frameworks, tools, hardware and API techniques – 1 (Privacy-Preserving

Pay-by-Phone Parking System)

RicardGarra and Santi Martinez represents a privacy-Preserving Pay-by-Phone

parking system. The parking system can be reserved by pay by phone method. Mobile
application using credit card payment method is implemented. New user can register and the
new user contacts the system server and to purchase new e-coins. Each e-coin having a
parking duration time of slot. Parking officer queries of on-board devices by performing
RFID query. (Ijrte.org, 2019)

Frameworks, tools, hardware and API techniques – 2 (Intelligent Parking

System Based on Wireless Sensor Network Technology)

Anthony Mwabaze represents intelligent Parking System based on wireless sensor

network technology. Using (CCTVs) which will be used as a sensing node to identify vacant
parking space. The captured image will be transmitted via ZigBee to central computer to

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store and update the occupancy status of available parking space vacancies in the database.
(khan, 2019)

Frameworks, tools, hardware and API techniques – 3 (Automated Car

Parking System)

Chandni patel et.al describes Rotary Automated Car Parking System. Cars are first placed
onto motorized mono – directional or Bi – directional platforms and then transferred to the
nearest available parking space. All operations are PLC – Controller. (khan, 2019)

Frameworks, tools, hardware and API techniques – 4 (Micro controller-

based car parking system)

Shitlan B.Dhote proposed the concept of micro controller based car parking system in
which micro controller senses the moment of cars and open the gate is vacancy available.
And security is provided by using RFID module through RFID card and displays the
information to LCD. IR sensor identify entry and exit of car. (khan, 2019)

Frameworks, tools, hardware and API techniques – 5 (FPGA based

parking system)

Ramneet Kaur and Balwinder Singh purposed FPGA based parking system. When a
vehicle enters in the parking slot, LCD displays if the space is available then the door opens
for a vehicle entrance. RF module is used to transmit and receive slot availability
information. Host computer acts as a control unit. Once host computer program the FPGA,
identification and slot checking modules activate. (khan, 2019)

Existing System of Car Parking

When people want to get car parking, first they would get in the parking area. And
then find the parking slot for themselves. If there’re free slots, people can get parking in the
parking slot. If not, people would get out from the parking area. Some of the supermarkets
are not free for parking. For those, they would pay for that first and do former process.

Problem Statement of Car Parking system

The main problem is the waste of time for finding parking areas and it increases the
fuel consumption and jam. There’re some more problems for existing car parking system.
They’re:

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• Car parking literally steals the most valuable asset each single individual has: time

• Car parking is an additional source of traffic and pollution

• Car parking is highly inefficient, and this has a negative impact even on the people
who own the parking spaces (Witrafi, 2019)

Proposed System of Car Parking

This system is intended to implement the smart car parking system for our country. In
this system, user can search the parking location is available or not at online and user can
open the gate online manually. This system is implemented using ESP8266, IR Sensors,
Jumper Wires (M-M & F-M), Mobile Phone, Breadboard, USB Cable, PC, Car toys, Card
box with other related requirements and Servo Sg90 motors for hardware. Blynk & Arduino
are for software.

IoT Application Development Plan (Original Plan)

Project Plan

Requirement Specification

I will create 20 interview questions, 10 survey questions and 1 observation record by

using mixed method. I will collect data from the Asia World Company and Shopping
Center’s Car parking.

Hardware components that will use for this project are;

 7x IR sensors
 DC motors
 Atmega Mic rocontroller
 LCD Display
 Power Supply
 Wifi Modem
 IC’s
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 LED’s
 Diodes

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 TCRT 5000

Software components that will use for this project are;

 Arduino Compiler
 MC Programming Language: C
 IOTGecko

Design
I will design the prototype with paint. I will design the circuit diagram with fritzing. I
will design the system architecture with Microsoft Word.

Coding
I will write C++ code in Arduino IDE.
Testing and Fixing
After I write coding, I will check the error and if some errors or issues are found, I
will fix the problem by using Arduino software and by fixing some hardware problems.
Timescale

Literature Review

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(Yeh et al. 2016; Pham et al. 2015; Alhammad et al. 2012; Foschini et al. 2011) and
others use certain kinds of hybrid techniques and mixed methods. As mentioned earlier, it is
difficult to classify each type with a certain group, but it is useful to do so for the sake of
clarity. (Lee et al. 2016) proposed a smart system that detects and finds the parked location
though systems based on IoT, smart sensors, and actuators, with the middleware connecting
clients with terminal devices. The system is dependent on Bluetooth communication between
the smartphone and wireless sensor motes. (Fraifer and Fernström 2014) proposed a smart car
parking prototype using camera nodes and an OpenCV algorithm to detect the vacant parking
space to facilitate the parking service to the users. (Foschini et al. 2011) presented and
discussed the design and implementation of an M2M application in the field of road traffic
management. This study used an integrated IoT retractable bollard management system to
allow vehicular access to restricted city areas, based on standard infrastructure and software
components; the authors have invented an intelligent parallel technique which involves using
RFID technology with fuzzy logic controllers and two ultrasound range sensors. This system
contains a Gate-PC Controller and Embedded Gate Hardware, an RFID System, and a
Modular Parking Management Platform. As mentioned previously, most systems in a
Modular RFID Parking Management System are modulated and can be substituted for any
other similar system or hardware. Finally, check-ins and checkouts of the parking lots are
under the control of RFID, reader, labels, and barriers. (Klappenecker et al. 2014) modelled a
parking lot as a continuous-time Markov chain. The parking area is modelled as a grid, and
schemes for information aggregation and dissemination over the grid are proposed.
Moreover, in (Foschini et al. 2011), M2M system technology has recently emerged as a
promising enabler for the development of new solutions in a plethora of IoT application
domains including transportation, healthcare, smart energy, smart utility metering, supply and
provisioning, city automation, manufacturing, and others (Foschini et al. 2011). M2M enables
highly scalable direct communications among wireless enabled heterogeneous terminals,
called M2M devices. Basically, the principal of M2M applications that realize M2M
communication involves four stages: 1) data collection, 2) transmission of specific data over
a communication network, 3) assessment of the data, and 4) response to the available
information. All these specifications make the involvement of the M2M desirable in smart
parking systems. The M2M networking architecture for IoT connectivity uses aggregator
devices to serve multiple end nodes. A gateway connects to a cellular network for eventual
Internet attachment. Specifically, the end M2M nodes contain one or more sensors that report

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physical conditions to a remote site or that are used with local embedded intelligence. (Anon,
2019)

Most appropriate IoT architecture in an application to solve this problem

Device People/
IR Sensors Blynk Server Framework
(ESP8266) Process

Specification
IR sensors detect cars and give information to blynk for monitoring online. Servo
motors connect with blynk to control manually online. Using ESP8266 Nodemcu Wi-Fi
module to get internet connection with mobile phone. Mobile phone control the servo gates
manually and monitoring the parking slots available or not. User can search the parking
location is available or not at online and user can open the gate online manually.

Hardware Requirements
 ESP8266 Nodemcu
 Jumper Wires (M-F), (M-M)
 PC
 Mobile Phone
 IR Sensors
 Servo Sg90 Motors
 Breadboard
 Prototype

Software Requirements

 Arduino IDE
 Blynk

Step by Step Procedure for IoT Car Parking system

Step – 1 (Install Arduino IDE with Arduino Libraries)
Step – 2 (Install ESP8266 in Arduino from json)

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Step – 3 (Install Blynk in Mobile)

Step – 4 (Install Blynk Library from internet to Arduino)
Step – 5 (Install Servo Library from internet to Arduino)
Step – 6 (Install IR sensor Library from internet to Arduino)
Step – 5 (Writing Code)
Step – 6 (Setup the hardware components)
Step – 7 (Register and Create Project with Blynk)
Step – 8 (Upload the coding)
Step – 9 (Prototype Testing and Results)

Advantages of IoT Car Parking System

 By monitoring parking slots, it reduces waste of time for people who want to get car
parking.
 It reduces men power from IoT smart gates.
 It can decrease fuel consumption by monitoring the parking slots.
 It can reduce jam.

Disadvantages of IoT Car Parking System

 The security system is low.
 This system is hard to fix or maintenance for hardware or software problems.

End user feedback from IoT car parking System

1. What is your cost for overall project?
2. Do you use sensors for each slot?
3. What will you do when power is break down?
4. How many voltages input for sensor?
5. In display, you should use car parking grid instead of slot (dot).
6. For the future, mobile apps should be created for this system.
7. The only problem is every people can download the mobile apps and can open and
close again and again. It can damage the gate barrier.
8. Your project is good and perfect.
9. It will be expensive.
10. How will you give power to sensors?

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11. Gate barrier should be opened automatically by using sensors.

12. You should use led board (LDC display).

References
 Ijrte.org. (2019). [online] Available at:
https://www.ijrte.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v7i4s/E1996017519.pdf [Accessed
13 May 2019].
 Mainetti, L., Patrono, L., Stefanizzi, M. and Vergallo, R. (2019). A Smart Parking
System based on IoT protocols and emerging enabling technologies. [online]
Semanticscholar.org. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Smart-
Parking-System-based-on-IoT-protocols-and-Mainetti-Patrono/
507c70d71b985548ec5787910283ddaad3d9b608 [Accessed 29 May 2019].
 NevonProjects. (2019). IOT Car Parking System. [online] Available at:
https://nevonprojects.com/iot-car-parking-system/ [Accessed 29 May 2019].
 Google.com. (2019). Redirect Notice. [online] Available at:
https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.iaeme.com%2FMasterAdmin%2Fuploadfolder
%2FIJEET_09_03_015%2FIJEET_09_03_015.pdf&psig=AOvVaw0YO3Gl05Ey1eV
8LsBDUbPq&ust=1559203275423970 [Accessed 29 May 2019].
 khan (2019). smart vehicle parking system. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at:
https://www.slideshare.net/pirhkhanarbab1/smart-vehicle-parking-system [Accessed
16 May 2019].
 Witrafi. (2019). All The Numbers You Need To Know About Car Parking. [online]
Available at: http://witrafi.com/why-car-parking-is-important/ [Accessed 13 May
2019].
 Anon, (2019). [online] Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311535831_Investigation_of_Smart_Parkin
g_Systems_and_their_technologies [Accessed 30 May 2019].

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