GROUP 4

MASONRY
building tech 1

2021
ALAC | BORROMEO | SUMAWAY | VILLANUEVA
TABLE OF
01 Mortars and 03 Stone
CONTENTS Plasters

02 Brick 04 Concrete Hollow

Blocks
Our content today is
divided into four parts.
Each part will be described
with examples.
MORTARS AND
PLASTERS
A PROPORTIONED MIXTURE OF SILICEOUS MATERIALS (SAND,
CRUSHED STONE) AND CEMENT (LIME, PORTLAND) WHICH,
AFTER BEING PREPARED IN A PLASTIC STATE WITH WATER,
HARDENS INTO STONE-LIKE MASS.

MORTAR - IS A CEMENT MIX USED TO GLUE MASONRY UNITS TO

EACH OTHER, OR OTHER SURFACE FINISHING MATERIALS LIKE
TILES, BRICKS, STONES TO A RECEIVING STRUCTURE LIKE A
WALL OR FLOOR.

PLASTER - IS MORTAR APPLIED TO WALL SURFACES AS A

PREPARATION OR A HARD FINISH COAT.
CEMENT MORTAR
IS A PROPORTIONED MIXTURE OF CEMENT, FINE AGGREGATE AND
WATER.

MORTAR MADE WITH FINE SAND REQUIRES A MUCH LARGER QUANTITY

OF CEMENT TO OBTAIN A GIVEN STRENGTH THAN MORTAR MADE
WITH COARSE SAND

MORTAR MAY BE MIXED BY HAND OR MECHANICAL MIXERS, THE

LATTER BEING PREFERRED FOR LARGE QUANTITIES.

MORTAR SHOULD NEVER BE RETEMPERED AFTER IT HAS BEGAN TO

SET.
PLASTER

IS A MORTAR OF CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL ( LIME, GYPSUM OR

CEMENT), SAND AND WATER WHICH IS APPLIED IN COATS
(LAYERS) TO MASONRY SURFACES, LATH OR VARIOUS TYPES OF
PLASTER BOARD TO GIVE A HARD FINISH SURFACE TO EXTERIOR
WALLS OR CEILINGS.

PLASTERING IS DONE ACCORDING TO TWO BASIC METHODS:

TWO-COAT AND THREE-COAT. A THREE COAT JOB CONSISTS OF:

A FIRST BINDING COAT CALLED SCRATCH COAT

A SECOND STRAIGHTENING COAT CALLED THE BROWN
COAT
AND THE FINISH COAT
TYPES OF PLASTER
AND ITS USES
A. LIME PLASTER/ PUTTY (HYDRATED LIME AND WATER ), MIXED
ON THE JOB WITH SAND AND GYPSUM PLASTER, USED FOR TWO
AND THREE-COAT FINISHES SURFACES FOR INTERIOR WALLS AND
CEILINGS

B. GYPSUM PLASTER - WHITE CEMENTING MATERIAL MADE BY

PARTIAL OR COMPLETE DEHYDRATION OF THE MINERAL GYPSUM,
COMMONLY WITH SPECIAL RETARDERS OR HARDENERS ADDED.
APPLIED IN A PLASTIC STATE (WITH WATER), IT SETS AND HARDENS
BY CHEMICAL RECOMBINATION OF THE GYPSUM WITH WATER.

C. PORTLAND CEMENT PLASTER (STUCCO) IS A BUILDING FACING

MATERIAL CONSISTING OF PORTLAND CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS
AND SAND, MIXED WITH WATER TO FORM A WORKABLE MIXTURE.
 A BUILT UP CONSTRUCTION OR
COMBINATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS
AS CLAY, CONCRETE, OR STONE SET IN
MORTAR; OR PLAIN CONCRETE
BRICK
Is a small solid block, usually
rectangular, of burned clay.
3 TYPES
OF CLAYS
USE IN
SURFACE
CLAYS
1 are found near the surface in unconsolidated, unstratified material
and have high oxide content (10-25%).

BRICK
MAKING:
SHALES
2 are hard material, insoluble in water, and must be ground with added
water to become plastic

FIRE CLAY
3 has uniform physical characteristics and chemical composition, can
withstand high temperatures, and has low oxide (2-10%)
 BRICKS ARE
SOFT MUD FORMED IN 3
STIFF MUD
PROCESS
DRY PRESS DIFFERENT
PROCESS PROCESS
WAYS:
The moist bricks are dried at
temperatures of 110-300 F for 24-48 hrs
After dying, they are baked in kilns at
a continuous bond of is best for clays having temperatures up to 2400 F for 40-150
is best for clays containing hours
clay is forced through a less plasticity
too much water; ground clay After firing, bricks go through a cooling
die and cut into bricks
is hydraulically pressed into cycle lasting up to 72 hours
a mold
 Grade SW- strongest and lowest maximum
TYPES OF BRICKS water
Grade MW- moderate weathering
Grade NW- negligible weathering

Building Brick Facing Brick

a type of block used to Facing bricks are often used
build walls, pavements and on the outside of houses or
other elements in masonry to build walls in gardens.
construction.

Floor Brick Paving Brick

used for as a floor surface, are the type that is
constructed by individual manufactured to be laid flat
bricks laid like tiles on the ground.
FACE BRICK IS
MANUFACTURED IN 3 TYPES:

FBS FBX FBA

For general use For high precision is highest grade; tight

required tolerances, uniform color
 Important Physical Important Mechanical
Properties of Bricks Properties of Brick

Compressive
strength
Color
Modulus of Rupture
Texture
Modulus of elasticity
Size
Absorption
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Fire resistance
BRICK WORK

a. Common Bond b. Header Bond

All the bricks are arranged in All the bricks are arranged in
stretcher courses. the header courses.
BRICK WORK

c. English bond d. Flemish

Consist of headers and Each course compromises of

stretchers. an alternate header and
stretcher
STONE

Building materials that are hard and non-metallic

which are cut and dressed from natural rocks.

Stones have been considered as one of the popular

building material from the olden days due to their
availability in abundance from the natural rocks.
BASED ON GEOLOGY, STONES ARE
CLASSIFIED INTO THREE TYPES:

IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC

- Basalt, Trap, Andesite, - Lime stones, Dolomite - Gneiss, Quartzite,
Rhyolite, Diorite, and Sandstones Marble, Slate
Granite
STONE MASONRY IS A TYPE OF BUILDING
MASONRY CONSTRUCTION THAT USES
STONES AND MORTAR.
MATERIALS IN STONE MASONRY

1. Stones 2. Mortar

The stones used for The binding material

masonry construction used for masonry
must be hard, tough and construction
free from cracks, sand
holes, and cavities.
CLASSIFICATION OF
STONE MASONRY

1. RUBBLE MASONRY

This is the stone masonry type where

stones employed are either undressed or
roughly dressed.

These masonry constructions do not have a

uniform thickness.
THE STRENGTH OF THE RUBBLE
MASONRY IS DEPENDENT ON THE:

1 Quality of Mortar Used

2 Use of Long through stones

3 Proper filling of mortar between

the stone spaces and joints
CLASSIFICATION OF
STONE MASONRY

2. ASHLAR MASONRY

Ashlar masonry is constructed using

accurately dressed stones that possess
uniform and fine joints.

The size of the stone blocks must be in

proportion with the thickness of the walls.
CONCRETE
HOLLOW BLOCK
A Concrete masonry unit (CMU) also
called Concrete block, cement
block, and foundation block, is a
large rectangular brick used in
constructions.
5 MAIN TYPES OF CONCRETE
HOLLOW BLOCKS:

HOLLOW LOAD-BEARING CONCRETE BLOCK

1
Load bearing concrete hollow blocks are blocks that can or intended
to carry load aside from its own weight. Easier handling and facility
for conducting or steel reinforcement through the hollows.

SOLID LOAD-BEARING CONCRETE BLOCK

2
Solid masonry, without steel reinforcement, tends to have very
limited applications in modern wall construction. Such walls can,
however, be quite economical and suitable in some applications;
solid unreinforced masonry walls tends to be low and thick as a
consequence of their lack of tensile strength.
 HOLLOW NON LOAD-BEARING CONCRETE BLOCK

3 Non load-bearing concrete hollow blocks are used for fences, wall
partitions or dividers and this is not intended to carry load.

CONCRETE BUILDING TILE

4
Concrete tiles are made from sand, water, cement and pigments,
and are not fired like clay tiles, but cured at temperatures of
approximately 60 degrees Celsius. The curing process makes them
sturdy enough to be transported and laid within a few days of
manufacture, and they get stronger over time.

CONCRETE BRICK

5 Concrete brick is made from solid concrete. These bricks are used
to cover the facade of a home, build fences, and enhance the overall
beauty of a home’s exterior.
HOW TO LAY Preparing to lay the concrete blocks.

CONCRETE BLOCKS?

Plan and section off Determine the Prepare the cement

the corners number of blocks mortar
Laying the concrete blocks.

Spread the mortar Set the corner Apply the mortar to

along the corner block the side
Laying the concrete blocks.

Continue to lay the Check the Apply the mortar to

concrete blocks alignment the top
Laying the concrete blocks.

Stack the blocks Add Reinforcement