Chapter No.

11 - Sense Organs
A. Multiple Choice Type
(Select the most appropriate option in each case)
1. Which part of the eye is grafted in a needy patient from a donated
eye?

a. Conjunctiva

b. Cornea

c. Choroid

d. Ciliary muscles

Ans: (b) Cornea

2. Which part of our ear is shaped like a snail shell?

a. Semicircular canals

b. Cochlea

c. Stapes

d. Eustachian Tube

Ans: (b) Cochlea

3. The three parts of the human ear contributing to hearing are

a. Cochlea, ear ossicles and tympanum

b. Semicircular canals, utriculus and sacculus

c. Eustachian tube, tympanum and utriculus

d. Perilymph, ear ossicles and semicircular canals

Ans: (a) Cochlea, ear ossicles and tympanum

4. The region in the eye where the rods and cones are located is the

a. Retina

b. Cornea
c. Choroid

d. Sclera

Ans: (a) retina

B. Very Short Answer Type
1. Name the following:

a) The photosensitive pigment present in the rods of the retina

Ans: Rhodopsin

b) The part which equalizes the air pressure in the middle and
external ear

Ans: Equalizer tube

c) The ear ossicle attached to the tympanum

Ans: Malleus, incus, and stapes

d) The tube which connects the cavity of the middle ear with the
throat

Ans: Eustachian tube

e) The part of the eye responsible for its shape

Ans: Ciliary body

f) The nerves which transmit impulse from ear to the brain.

Ans: Auditory nerves

g) The photoreceptors found in the retina of the eye.

Ans: Rods and cones

h) The eye defect caused due to shortening of the eye ball from front
to back.

Ans: Hypermetropia
2. Note the relationship between the first two words and suggest the
suitable word/ words for the fourth place.

a) Cones: Iodopsin: Rods: ____________

Ans: Rhodopsin

b) Sound: Eardrum: Dynamic balance: ____________

Ans: Semicircular canals

3. Which one or more of the expressions in column II are appropriate

for the items listed in column I? Rewrite the correct matching pairs:

Column I Column II

(i) The blind spot (a) Colour of the eye

(ii) The yellow

(b) Shape of the eye
spot

(iii) Ciliary (c) Amount of light entering

muscles the eye

(iv) Iris (d) Maximum sensory cells

(v) Pupil (e) No sensory cells

Ans:

Column I Column II

(i) The blind spot (e) No sensory cells

(ii) The yellow

(d) Maximum sensory cells
spot

(iii) Ciliary
(b) Shape of the eye
muscles

(iv) Iris (a) Colour of the eye

(v) Pupil (c) Amount of light entering

 the eye

C. Short Answer Type questions

1. State whether the following statement is true (T) or false (F). If
false, correct it by changing one single word.

a) Deafness is caused due to rupturing of pinna

Ans: False, Deafness is caused due to rupturing of tympanum.

b) Semicircular canals are concerned with static (positional) balance.

Ans: True.
2. Where are the following located? State their main functions:

a. Yellow Spot
Ans: On the horizontal axis of the eyeball, the yellow spot is virtually in the
centre at the back of the eye. It's the brightest part of your vision, as well
as your colour vision.

b. Lacrimal Gland
Ans: The upper sideward portion of the eye orbit contains the lacrimal
glands. They discharge the secretion in the form of tears, that act as a
lubricant, antibacterial, and even clean the eyes of dust particles.

c. Organ of Corti
Ans: The Organ of Corti is located in the middle of the cochlear canal. It
assists with hearing.

d. Semicircular canal
Ans: In the inner ear, semicircular canals can be found. These aid in
maintaining the body's dynamic homeostasis.

e. Oval Window
Ans: The oval window is in the center of the ear. It aids in the vibration of
the fluid in the cochlear canals.

f. Utriculus
Ans: The inner ear contains the utriculus. It connects the cochlea to the
semi-circular canals. It also aids in regulating the body's static balance.
3. Given below are two sets (a) and (b) of five parts in each. Rewrite
them in the correct sequence.

a. Cochlea, tympanum, auditory canal, ear ossicles, oval window

Ans: Auditory canal, tympanum, ear ossicles, oval window, cochlea

b. Conjuctiva, retina, cornea, optic nerve, lens

Ans: Conjunctiva, cornea, lens, retina, optic nerve

4. Given below are certain structures. Write against them their
special functional activity.

a. Cochlea
Ans: The Cochlea includes the Corti organ, which includes hearing sensory
cells. They use the auditory nerve to send sound signals to the brain.

b. Auditory nerve
Ans: This is the major nerve that originates from the sensory cells in the
cochlea. Sound impulses travel from the inner ear to the brain by this
nerve.

c. Retina
Ans: The retina is the light-sensitive innermost layer of the eye. The image
of an object perceived by the eyes is formed by the retina.

d. Choroid
Ans: The choroid is the eyeball's main vascular layer. The eye receives
nutrients from choroid.

e. Sacculus
Ans: It is a component of the inner ear's semicircular canals. It contains
sensory cells known as macula, that aid in the body's static balance while
it is in a stationary position.
5. Complete the following table by filling in the blank spaces.

Structu
Function
re

(i) Transfers impulse from inner ear to

1.
brain
 (ii) Help to change the focal length of the
2.
eye lens

3. (iii) Dynamic equilibrium

Ans:

Structure Function

(i) Transfers impulse

1. Auditory Nerve from
inner ear to brain

(ii) Help to change the

2. Ciliary Muscle focal
length of the eye lens

3. Semicircular (iii) Dynamic

Canals equilibrium

6. Name the following:

a. Two Pigments of the sensory cells
Ans: Rhodopsin and iodopsin.

b. Two types of adaptations

Ans: Dark adaptation and light adaptation.

c. Two kinds of accommodations

Ans: Distant vision accommodation and near vision accommodation.

d. Three layers of the eyeball

Ans: Sclera, choroid and retina.
7. Name the eye defects caused due to each of the following:

Eye
Cause
Defect

(a) Lens turns opaque

 (b) Uneven curvature of the
cornea

(c) Deficiency of Vitamin A

(d) Lens loses its flexibility

(e) Eye ball lengthens from front

to back

(f) Lens becomes too flat

Ans:

Cause Eye Defect

(a) Lens turns opaque Cataract

(b) Uneven curvature of the Astigmatism

cornea

(c) Deficiency of Vitamin A Night

Blindness

(d) Lens loses its flexibility Presbyopia

(e) Eyeball lengthens from front to Myopia

back

(f) Lens becomes too flat Hyperopia

D. Descriptive Type
1. Define the Following Terms:

(a) Conjunctiva:
Ans: The conjunctiva is a thin connective membrane that surrounds the
surface of the eyeball (bulbar conjunctiva) and reflects back to form the
eyelid's inner layer (palpebral conjunctiva). At the limbus, in which the
sclera touches the cornea, this tissue is firmly attached to the sclera. The
conjunctiva contains the auxiliary lacrimal glands (Krause and Wolfring), as
well as goblet cells, which are responsible for maintaining the eye moist.
(b) Macula Lutea:
Ans: The macula, also known as the macula lutea, is an oval-shaped
pigmented area at the centre of the human and animal retinas. The umbo,
foveal avascular zone, foveola, fovea, parafovea, and perifovea areas of
the macula in humans have a diameter of roughly 5.5 mm (0.22 in) and
are subdivided into the foveola, umbo, fovea, foveal avascular zone,
parafovea, and perifovea areas.

(c) Adaptation:
Ans: The ability of the retina of the eye to adjust to different levels of light
is known as adaptation.

(d) Ampulla:
Ans: When the body is in motion, the ampulla is the inflated broad section
of each semicircular canal that includes sensory cells called cristae that aid
in dynamic equilibrium or dynamic balance.
2. Differentiate between members of each of the following pairs with
reference to what is given in brackets.

a) Myopia and hyperopia (Cause of the defect)

Ans:

Myopia Hyperopia

Myopia is produced by the curvature Hyperopia is caused by the eyeball

of the lens or the lengthening of the shortening or a lens that is overly
eyeball. flat.

b) Rods and cones (Sensitivity)

Ans:

Rods Cones

Rods are light- The cones are color

sensitive. sensitive.

c) Semi-circular canal and cochlea (Senses perceived)

Ans:

Semi-circular canal Cochlea

Cochlea is sensitive to
When the body is in motion, the semicircular
sound for hearing.
canal aids in dynamic balance.

d) Rod and cone cells (Pigment)

Ans:

Rod Cells Cone Cells

Rod cells have Cone cells have

rhodopsin. iodopsin.

e) Dynamic balance and static balance (Definition)

Ans:

Dynamic balance Static balance

Dynamic balance refers to the body's The equilibrium that is maintained

ability to retain its equilibrium while when the body is stationary is
rotating or spinning. known as static balance.

3. Give Reason:

A. Sometimes medicines dropped into the eye come into the nose
and even the throat.

Ans: As the nasolacrimal duct directs the secretion into the nasal cavity,
drugs spilled into the eyes can often end up in the nose and throat.

B. Three small bones of ear ossicles are advantageous as compared

to one single bone for hearing.

Ans: The vibrations received by the tympanum are transmitted and

amplified by three little bones in the ear called ossicles. The vibrations
received by the tympanum would not be increased if these were
substituted by a single bone. As a result, three tiny ossicles of the ear are
preferable than a single bone for hearing.

C. Blind spot is considered as 'area of no vision'.

Ans: Since there are no sensory cells in the blind spot, it is referred to as a
'region of no vision,' and no picture striking it can be detected.
4. Answer the Following:

(a) What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye? Name the

muscles of the eye responsible for the same.

Ans: The power of accommodation refers to the ability to focus the eye at
various distances. The ciliary muscles are in charge of accommodation
power.

(b) Mention the characteristics of the image that falls on the retina of
the eye.

Ans: The Characteristics of the image that gets formed on the retina is
inverted and real.

5. Describe the mechanism of focusing the image of a distant object

in your eye when you raise your head after reading a book.

Ans: While reading a book, the lens tends to become more convex or
rounded because of the contraction of ciliary muscles and that is why the
book is usually read from a short distance. When we elevate our heads to
look at something far away, the ciliary muscles relax in order to increase
the tension on the suspensory ligament, allowing the lens to stretch. We
can focus on distant objects because of the shift in lens curvature.
6. By closing the eyes and gently pressing them with your palms, you
may see some specs of brilliant light. How do you get this sensation
while there is no light entering your eyes?

Ans: When we look at a bright object and thereafter close our eyes, the
light impression lasts only a few seconds. This is referred to as the
persistence image or the following image. It just lasts a tenth of a second.
As a result, we can see some brilliant light specks by closing your eyes on
firmly touching them with our palms.
7. Name the three ear ossicles. How do they contribute in the
mechanism of hearing?

Ans: Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), and Stapes (stirr up) are the three
ear ossicles. The outer ear is where hearing begins. Sound waves, or
vibrations, travel through the external auditory canal and hit the eardrum
when a sound is made outside the outer ear (tympanic membrane).
Vibrations are felt in the eardrum. The vibrations are subsequently
transmitted to the ossicles, which are three small bones in the middle ear.
The sound is amplified by the ossicles. They transmit sound waves to the
inner ear, where they are received by the fluid-filled hearing organ
(cochlea). Sound waves are transformed to electrical impulses when they
reach the inner ear. These impulses are sent to the brain via the auditory
nerve. These electrical impulses are then translated into sound by the
brain.
E. STRUCTURED/APPLICATION/SKILL TYPE
1. With reference to the functioning of the eye, answer the questions
that follow:

a. What is the shape of the lens during (1) near vision (2) distant?

Ans: Shape of the lens:

Near vision - flattened

Distant - rounded or more convex

b. Name the two structures in the eye responsible for bringing about
the change in the shape of the lens.

Ans: Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligament are the two structures in
the eye responsible for bringing about the change in the shape of the lens.

c. Name the cells of the retina and their respective pigments which
get activated (1) in the dark and (2) in the light.

Ans: The cells of the retina and their respective pigments which get
activated:

In the dark: Cells - rod cells, Pigment - rhodopsin

In the light: Cells - cone cells, Pigment - iodopsin

2. With reference to the human ear, answer the questions that
follow:

a. Give the technical term for the structure found in the inner ear.

Ans: The inner ear is made up of tubes and channels known as the
Labyrinth, which is made up of two structures: the bony labyrinth and
membranous labyrinth.

b. Name the part of the ear associated with (1) static balance (2)
hearing (3) dynamic balance.

Ans: The malleus, incus, and stapes are three ossicles (or small bones) in
the middle ear that are connected in a chain-like way. They are collectively
known as Ear ossicles.

c. Name the nerve, which transmits messages from the ear to the
brain.

Ans: Auditory nerve transmits messages from the ear to the brain.
3. The figure given below refers to the vertical section of the eye of a
mammal. Study the figure carefully and answer the following
questions.
(a) Label the guidelines shown as 1 to 10.

Ans: 1 - Aqueous chamber,

2 - Lens,

3 - Iris,

4 - Cornea,

5 - Conjunctiva,

6 - Sclera,

7 - Choroid,

8 - Retina,

9 - Yellow spot,

10 - Optic nerve (Blind spot)

(b) Write one important role of parts shown as 3 and 7.

Ans: Part 3- It shows the Iris. Iris has radial and circular muscles that dilate
and constrict the pupil, respectively.

Part 7- It shows Choroid. It's the eyeball's central layer, which is densely
packed with blood vessels and feeds the eye.

(c) Write one structural difference between the parts shown as 9 and
10.

Ans:

Part 9- Yellow spot Part 10 - Optic nerve

It carries sensory cells and especially the It carries no sensory

cone cells. cells.

(d) Mention one functional difference between the parts shown as 6

and 8.

Ans:
 Part 6 - Sclera Part 8 - Retina

Sclera is responsible for giving Retina is responsible for acting as screen

shape to the eyeball. to form image of an object.

4. Given below is a diagram depicting a defect of the human eye?

Study the same and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name the defect shown in the diagram.

Ans: Myopia is the defect shown in the diagram.

(b) Give two possible reasons for this defect.

Ans: The two possible reasons for this defect are:-

(i) The lens of the eye becomes convex or curved.

(ii) The eyeball's depth is excessive, i.e. the eyeball is stretched from front
to rear.

(c) Name the parts labeled 1 to 4.

Ans: Part 1 - vitreous humour,

Part 2 - blind spot,

Part 3-lens,

Part 4-pupil.

(d) Name the type of lens used to correct this eye defect.

Ans: Concave lens the type used to correct this eye defect.

(e) Draw a labeled diagram to show how the above mentioned defect
is rectified using the lens named above.

Ans:

5. The figure below is the sectional view of a part of the skull showing
a sense organ:
(i) Name the sense organ.

Ans: Ear

(ii) What are the parts labeled 'm', 'i' and 's'? What do these parts
constitute collectively?

Ans: m - malleus,

i - incus and

s - stapes

These are collectively called ear ossicles.

(iii) What do you call the part shown in the form of a spiral? What is
its function?

Ans: Cochlea. Vibrations in the hair of the sense cells in the cochlea
transfer the hearing impulse to the brain through the auditory nerve.

(iv) Name the part labeled 'tm'. What is its function?

Ans: Membrane of the tympanic cavity. In the process of hearing, it

vibrates and then sets the ear ossicles vibrating.
6. Given below is a diagram of a part of the human ear. Study the
same and answer the questions that follow:

(i) Give the collective biological term for Malleus, Incus and Stapes.

Ans: Ear ossicles is the collective biological term for Malleus, Incus and
stapes.

(ii) Name the parts labeled A, B and C in the diagram.

Ans: A - Cochlea,

B - Semicircular canals,

C - Ear ossicles.

(iii) State the functions of the parts labeled 'A' and 'B'.

Ans: Part A- The cochlea aids in the transmission of impulses from the
auditory nerve to the brain.

Part B- The body's dynamic balance is maintained via semicircular canals.

(iv) Name the audio receptor region present in the part labeled 'A'.
Ans: Organ of Corti is the audio receptor region present in the part
labeled 'A'.
7. Draw a labeled diagram of the inner ear. Name the part of the
inner ear that is responsible for static balance in human beings.

Ans:

Utriculus and Sacculus are responsible for maintaining static balance in

human beings.
8. Have a look at the posture of this woman who is reading a book
and answer the questions which follow:
(a) What problem is she facing? Name the problem.

Ans: Myopia is the problem that she is facing.

(b) What are the two conditions shown in sections A and B of the eye
as applicable to her?

Ans: A-Normal eye, B-Myopia

(c) What kind of looking glasses she needs?

Ans: Here, concave-lens looking glasses are required.

9. The figure given below shows the principal parts of a human ear.
Study the diagram and answer the following questions.

(a) Label the parts 1 to 8.

Ans: 1 - External ear (pinna),

2 - Ear drum (tympanum),

3 - Auditory canal,

4 - Malleus,

5 - Semicircular canals,

6 - Cochlea,

7 - Auditory nerve,

8 - Eustachian tube.

(b) State the role of parts 6, 7 and 8.

Ans: The role of:

Part 6 (Cochlea) - Cochlea is responsible for carrying the sensory cells for
hearing.

Part 7 (Auditory nerve) - Auditory Nerve is responsible for transmitting

the impulse of hearing to the brain.
Part 8 (Eustachian tube) - Eustachian tube is responsible for equalizing
air pressure on both the sides of the tympanum.

(c) Why is it harmful to use a sharp object to remove ear wax?

Mention the number and name of the part involved.

Ans: Using a sharp tool to remove ear wax is dangerous since it can
rupture the ear drum. The part involved is part 2 - Ear drum (tympanum).

The sense organs are specialized organs that help us to perceive the world
around us. They are an integral part of our lives and are the only way to
perceive our environment. The sense organs provide the data needed for
their interpretation through various organs and a network of nerves in
response to a particular physical phenomenon. These senses govern our
association and our interaction with the environment.