INTRODUZIONE

NORMAL MODES m =
1

Im > 0
am>O
④
·
k
nome mimmen
m
inser ne
e
,

9m-1 Pm 9n + 1
EACH MASS HAS :

· m
=

1 · a : displocement between taw

equilibrium position (the sprugs have all the same length)
·

pr displocement from equilibr position

PERIODIC BOUNDARY CONDITION When Nis the mumber of masses
9 &
=
·
:
+
N

EQUATION OF MOTION :

Front=-k(8-ant) difference growus so increse the force fram

right side

FLEFN = -

K
(am -

9m - 1)

FR+F
=

:m(m =

1)

in = -

k(24m -9n +1
-

qn + 1) K = HOORE CONSTANT

·
im k(9m+1 9m-1-29m)
= +
(TRANSLATION INVARIANT

HAMILTONIAN FORM :

Hattama
equations ore :

gi= =- 9m =
n

18 you pentunb the

system and shift aue oscillaton
gram equilibr position everything stort to move
,
so att mosses Will
acquire some

retocity and the

retocity is commecter with momental . The Homiltonion is :

H =

E 1 (2n +

=2 (9m -

9n +
1)4

H
=

(E 2) +

...
+

12/9n -

9n + 1) 22 (92+

-
1
-

9n)2 +
000m =
1 .......

in er(qn-9n 1) er(qn 9n) 22(29n 1) k e(m 1) -

X
=

9n qn
- = =
- - -
= =
=

+ -
1 +
1 -

The Homiltona is complicate because

am
and
qut one comple .
Alt the displocements one
coupted one to the other (in the square) and
that
we can see
equation of motion is
entogled in a
camplicated way .

we can
change corduotes to final a easier Haletamen we wite rutroduce NOMAL COORDINATES, leon superposition of displacement conducte am
 9m 5isms Ps E e
sms
NORMAL COORDINATES simteger
= =

NORMAL
I
NORMAL
POSITION POSITION

9m/PntR sted Qs , Ps-D so

I Heism is needs to be reat that means :

?
Z Leism Ox
-
*

q is 9m
=
=

We know that :
qm+3=9j

eis(s +N) 1 eseisNQs eisN=

=
Qs I 9: =
1
S=CT 1 6/ 11, 2
= =

95
=
.
....
+
n
N N
N

So Q Q
we can
require CONDITION
=

: -
s
FOR REAL 9m
*
D = P -
S

9
=

ZeisQ .
= 1
X
eisma =

qm ER
P
DOESN'T MATER
THE SIGN BECAUSE
S ISPOSITIVE AND NEGATIVE

We can eveluote this sun :

ein(s-s)= NIS s *

· S =
S
E17 =
N * SUPPOSE -
11 =
1

IS-s') I i
i()m(e-e)
-n 1 2
im(24e-cie))
1 eimm
=

sts
It
0 we con use s 211 =e e
=
· => -
⑧ ⑬
-*
m N
you ore
dividuig zitangle
=

m m-ponts
n
=

So there one two

opposite rectors that they concet eoch other out , and this
hoppens all the time fon "m" even or add

So we con
figuned aut :

9m =ismas

-isq= eils-smas

Zeisman seils-simas
↓ I
=

NssIQs

Zeisman =
A

Nonmoul coordurates speca combinations of am The mormat conductes as

a with
camplex quantity . one
lookung all the system ,
kmows all the

displocement of the world system So the.

big advantage is that we wite gra that Hametamau is like this :

 Kimeticenengy
NORMAL
FREQUEN

21PsPs EcS
*
H =
+

QsQs

In the Hametamen eoch monmat coordinate is

modipendent, it's like
superposition of a longe mumber of hormalic oscillator The motion
.

of as is called

NORMAL MOTION . We ore

mapping
the
problem in a new problem of sevenat indipendent oscillation each with the motion as =- cas .
Now we can

obtan the Hailtance as :

KINETIC ENERGY

P =

I
e ism
Ps I
eismpsi e ils+sYmIss 7

DOESN'T MATER FOR FORMULA #

↳Pr EN
=

seistsYmss I

NOs , -s'

25PsPs

E P =

15 PsPs (P -
s
=

PsY)

POTENTIAL ENERGY

I -
42(00 +

(an -

9n + 1) +

(9n -
1
-

9m)2 +
- -
)
I

95+
2q4
qn-1 1-29n9n+ 1-29m-19m
+
+

A THERE IS
SAME AS Pr EXTRAFACTOR
Ess
e-ise is' ise's=1
-

TIMES
4

*
becouse two poirs qm+1/9m
=>
= In 9n+1 =

In 9 -
1
=

I Qs Q we hove
for eoch
EXTRA TERM RESPECT qu
P

ism
0 eism e is'Qs
=>
qn9n+1
· e
is
EXTRA-TERM

ist

*
ismyIS Es
eis'm Qs
=>
e
qn-1 9 I

DERIVE BECAUSE s ,
-S'
FROM 9 m-1
do
-*eis is)
-2 (9m -9m+1) = e (2 _

*
e- Qs ⑧~S
DERIVE FROM

-
9m + 1

sens))
·

cer(1-cos(s) =

nean(() (2 = -

REES
Ws
=

2
sen() NOTA :
s has to be positive so there is moduens
 So are
find an Horiltanaa with mormal modes : H =

IPsP+ (2 seu(2)2) QsRS NORMALMODES

OSCILLATION

This is a motematica model of au etostic rod ,

when
you hit ore
of the sides of this rod with homen there one compression woves ,
so the ar close

to redvibrotes and those vibrotous because sand .

Those mosses me atams and those

sprugs ae
electromagnetic interaction .
But now this provides a simplified model of etostic propogation in the rac .

CONTINOUS LIMIT

We have N oscillators of distance "a" , the

in the rod theore da NA otaus , so N -so but a o so
length of the mod is :

N .
a
=

L fuite LENGTH OF THE ROD

and continuous edit : q(x)a

=

m
qn

of the end the energy hos to be fimite therefore :

E-
I 9-Na Lq(x) themormalisation "a" mokes finte energy

To
change I-) you hove to ask for density :

V= N
g
.
number of the mosses

9
=

1/a density of mosses

* coonduote
m the
(aue moss each "a")
v
fax
=

-
*
=1)
-V
2) a
+
=>
x
(
=
=

So Homiltaudu in continuos model became :

* a
H =

a) p2x) +

= -a2/p(x) -
9/x- [2] =

[a] [L]=
[5]

"sq(x)(a a)
-

a
very longe
There is a new comoitual that : sar=fimite VELOCITY OF SOND

H =

a)ax pex) 1x 2ja+

Fra this H i can

fand equation of motion . But we have continue romable so the denuate hos to be substute by FUNCTION DERIVITIVE :
 Functionale denivotive comte with standona
--
due
NOTE
:

-"dy
1 zw() aus( ! ) -la! ) = yy-x)

we can
integrate by ports we hove this boundoy ten :

CONDITION S :
-

L
* F 0

64y)5(x y) (sod(x L) d(x)

-
* + + -
=
=
0

the
remavary term is :
i =
=

a)by su sca,
· (x) 223(x)
= VAWEEQUATION
IN MEDIA
3x2

This model provides sand Im discrete description faund that mormo modes describe nudipendent
a
good description for propogotung AD rod .
we are

oscillator .

We
quantize the normal conducte ,
those oscillation will be
quantize ,
so we have a description In terms of ormonic oscillator and there are
many

uncoupled oscillaton with grequencies and Som there description interms of

wa , wa , ws ave
quatuer stote will be (m1 , m2 , M3 .....
W1CO2C3
ane side is a vowes

other the
ID rod and in the description m terms
of quantum onmalic oscillaton .

So the
quantum stote describe the levet
of excitations of mormal modes , quanta .
The
quenta descriptual of sand is called PHONONS .

q(x) Is catted a DISPLACEMENT FIELD

/SCALAR FIELD) each port of the spoce has a mumbenossociated , and it is mot
changing respect the stand pant you

use to treat his value .

The system can be excited and it stats to ribroute

.

,
and u
quantum descripuer the system hosts quanta (phavans) in a classical
way
is

hosting wores .

At the endl
fields ore permanent antity who live forever and everywhere ,
and
excitung field you will produce ponticte as meutrino
, photos , ...

Now we want anderstand same retotion in continuos luit :

eics-si
eins-s= Nussi al
! eixte-tal)=
reix(na Non

se
x

E VAWENUMBER

eins-s= xeix(n-k_
N

= Non
-

In the luit where - a I vomobles ore closer aue to the other

unising the density +
=
mer-spoce Hence :
,
.

E · ) an

I 3) di
The monual modes became :

i San
9m raq() e
Reinx
=
=

=Zeinan= eine
e se

qn1-29mESCREET
·

As lotten the
equation of motion is :
9 m
=

,
04
2 (qn +
1
+

DERIVATIVE
E

-2

9 2232q(x)
=

Hastamen cantuslanguage H
1) :(9(x) 22 g
=

m is : +

Kr2(Qu2
↳la where
=

N - 00

22
(e) a
(1) -2 522 =) 2 e sen
(S/2)
=
ws es
=
=
=

So model have a, /N and inmocroscopic model Musteod L(= Na) and v( -a)
i
microscopic we =

QUANTIZATION

momentum So we have to defrie that

we
quantize discrete model , proceeds with commutations rutes of position and .
:

p
=

am Pr =

P
*

Imonden to hove cas positive we have to stote :

Cos =

-S
CONDITION FOR
REAL NORMAL
MODES OSCILLATIONS

In the descripie of a chom oscillator little

you can cold a
complication , you can consider :

I
a
-2
-essesen M e ss e n mesen mesen

-
Emma mmm

You can
require that eoch oscillaton has a couple of sprugs keeping oscillatug arawal its
equilibr position .
The manual frequencies will be :

wi -22se(42)=
+ o

CONDITION

↓
/2 eismaste
-ism -
I
So we hove to
at=
P
this velptiol *:
prove 95
=

IS

=>
Q =

Q -
s
And the Hattaal Will be H
15/PsPs+coS QsQY)
: =

To
quantize we houe to
mupose : [Qs PRJ
,
=

indsR