DHAKA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY, Gazipur-1707
Department of Chemical Engineering.

Course Code: ChE 3752

Course Name: Unit operation in Chemical Engineering sessional

Experiment No-03
Experiment Name- Investigation of cooling load on approach to wet-bulb temperature.

Date of Experiment:28-08-2023 Date of Submission: 11-09-2023

Submitted By, Submitted To,

Dr. Mahbuba Jannat

Name: Md. Shafiul Hasan Assistant Professor
Dpt. Of Chemical Engineering
Student ID: 208001
DUET, Gazipur-1707
Year:3rd
Semester:1st Akib Atique Khan Dhrubo
Session:2020-2021 Assistant Professor
Dpt. Of Chemical Engineering
DUET, Gazipur-1707

Allocated Mark Obtained Mark Signature

Experiment no: 03
Experiment name: Determination of the End State Properties and Verification of the Steady-state
Energy Balance Equation.

Objective:
1.To examine a number of air quality characteristics at the cooling tower's intake and exit.
2. To confirm the steady-state energy balance equation using the cooling tower's findings.
Theory:
Steady-State Energy Balance Equation:
1.In a steady-state system, energy is conserved, meaning the rate of energy input must equal the rate of
energy output.
2.The steady-state energy balance equation can be expressed as follows:
Σ(Rate of Energy In)=Σ(Rate of Energy Out)+Σ(Rate of Energy Generation/Consumption)

Q̇ − P = ṁda (ℎ𝑎 − ℎ𝑏 ) + 𝑚𝑤 (𝑇𝐷 − 𝑇𝐶) − 𝑚𝐸 ℎ𝐸

Here, Q̇ is cooling load, P is the pump power, ṁ a, ṁ w, and ṁ E are the mass flow rates of dry air,
water and make-up water in the system respectively, h represents the enthalpy and t the temperature.
The terms in this equation can include heat transfer, work, and any internal energy generation or
consumption within the system.

Determination of End State Properties:

To determine the end state properties of a system, you need to define the system boundaries and identify
the properties of interest. Common properties of interest include temperature, pressure, volume, mass
flow rates, and composition. The end state properties describe the thermodynamic state of the system
at a specific point in time.
The determination of end state properties and verification of the steady-state energy balance equation
are essential steps in engineering and thermodynamics to ensure that systems operate reliably and
efficiently. These principles are applied in various fields, including chemical engineering, mechanical
engineering, and thermodynamic system analysis, to maintain energy equilibrium and predict system
behavior accurately.
Absolute and relative humidity:
mass of water
ω = mas of DA

partial pressure of water in air

ϕ=
Saturation pressure of water in air
Amount of water evaporated:
𝑚𝑑𝑎 (𝑤𝐵 − 𝑤𝐴 ) Where, w is the moisture content.
Part of cooling tower:
1.Orifice
2.water distributor
3.packer column
4.Flowmeter
5.Drplet arrester
6.Make up tank
7.Control panel

Experimental setup:

Figure: Cooling Tower

Experimental Procedure:
1. Followed instructions, prepare and initiate the cooling tower.
2. Under the following conditions, let the system stabilize for approximately 15 minutes.
Water flow rate: 2.0 LPM
Air Flow: Maximum
Cooling load: 0 kW
Column installed: A
Packing density: 110 m2 ⁄m3
Area: 0.0225 m2
3. After the system has stabilized, recording of several sets of measurements is required.
4. Without altering the conditions, the cooling load is increased to 0.5 kW, 1.0 kW, and 1.5 kW, and
all parameters for the new cooling loads are passively recorded.

Data collection:
Parameters Units Flow rate (LPM)
1.0 1.50 2.00 2.50
2⁄ 3
Packing density m−1 110 m m 110 m m 110 m m 110 m2 ⁄m3
2⁄ 3 2⁄ 3

Air inlet dry bulb temperature (T1) ℃ 24.5 24.8 25.1 25.26
Air inlet wet bulb temperature (T2) ℃ 19.5 20.0 19.8 21.1
Air outlet dry bulb temperature (T3) ℃ 25.0 25.8 26.2 26.9
Air outlet wet bulb temperature (T4) ℃ 24.3 25.2 25.1 25.7
Water inlet temperature (T5) ℃ 34.0 32.4 32.2 31.1
Water outlet temperature (T6) ℃ 23.1 24.8 24.7 25.3
Make-up water temperature (T7) ℃ 25.9 28.2 26.3 26.7
Orifice differential pressure (Dp1) pa 135.5 136.3 130 125
Air flow rate
Heater power kw 0.941 0.929 0.932 0.939

Water collection table:

Flow rate (LPM) Initial water level Final water level Volume of make-up water Time
(ml) (ml) (ml) (sec)
1 40 23 17 300
1.5 120 45 75 300
2 240 10 230 600
2.5 240 21 219 600
Calculation:
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
For Flow rate (LPM): 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

1 𝑘𝑔
= = 0.0167
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Given, pump power p= 55 watt,

So, Input power=Q-P
= 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇5 − 𝑇6 ) − 𝑃
55
= 0.0167 ∗ 4.18 ∗ (34 − 23.1) −
1000
= 0.7043𝑘𝑤
Now, Ouput Power,
Inlet condition,
Air inlet Dry bulb Temperature=24.5℃
Air inlet wet bulb Temperature=19.5℃
Use psychrometric chart,
𝑚3
Humid volume, 𝑉𝑑𝑎 = 0.862 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑗
Enthalpy ℎ𝑎 = 56.5 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔
Moisture content 𝑤𝑎 =0.0125𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

Given,
Pressure = 125.5 pa
135.5 = x ∗ 1000 ∗ 9.81
x = 0.01381m
= 13.81mm

x
ṁda = 0.0137√
vda (1 + w)
 13.81
0.0137√
0.862(1 + 0.0137)
𝑘𝑔
=0.054𝑠𝑒𝑐
Outlet condition,
Air outlet dry bulb temperature (T3) =25℃
Air outlet wet bulb temperature (T4) = 24.3℃
Use psychrometric chart,
𝑘𝑗
Enthalpy ℎ𝑏 = 74
𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔
Moisture content 𝑤𝐵 =0.0195𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑘𝑗
Make up water enthalpy ℎ𝐸 = 78.4 𝑘𝑔

Mass of make-up water 𝑚𝐸 = 𝑚𝑑𝑎 (𝑤𝐵 − 𝑤𝐴 )

= 0.0549(0.0195-0.0125)
𝑘𝑔
=0.0003843 𝑠𝑒𝑐
17
Or, 𝑚𝐸 = 1000∗300
𝑘𝑔
=0.0000567𝑠𝑒𝑐

Now putting outlet power condition,

= ṁda (ℎ𝑎 − ℎ𝑏 ) + 𝑚𝑤 (𝑇𝐷 − 𝑇𝐶) − 𝑚𝐸 ℎ𝐸
= 0.054 ∗ (74 − 56.5) + 0.0167(23.1 − 34)
− 0.00003843 ∗ 78.4
= 0.759 𝑘𝑤

0.759−0.7043
%Error= ∗ 100 𝑘𝑤
0.759
=7.24%

Result:
𝑘𝑔
Make-up water flow rate: 0.0000567𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘𝑔
Water lost due to evaporation: 0.0003843 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Input power : 0.7043𝑘𝑤

Output power: 0.759 kw
Percentage of Error: 7.24%
Discussion:
In this experiment we a number of air quality characteristics at the cooling tower's intake and exit and
confirm the steady-state energy balance equation using the cooling tower's findings. The main
significance of Determination of the End State Properties, the determination of end state properties is
essential for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of processes and systems across a wide
range of industries and scientific disciplines. It provides valuable insights for decision-making, control,
and optimization, ultimately contributing to technological advancement and sustainability.
And the significance of Verification of the Steady-state Energy Balance Equation. verification of the
steady-state energy balance equation is essential for ensuring the accuracy, safety, efficiency, and
environmental sustainability of processes and systems. It serves as a foundation for decision-making,
problem-solving, and innovation across a wide range of disciplines and industries.
Our experimental data had taken properly accurate, when we determine input power our value is
0.7043 here, we use difference of heated power and pump power then we calculated at output power
used mass of dry, mass of water, mass of make-up water. Air inlet and outlet condition temperature
used psychorometric chart collected data humid volume, moisture content, enthalpy and make-water
enthalpy. Our outlet condition power is 0.759 kw. Percentage of error 7.24%.our experimental data
collected not properly.
As a result our experimental input power not equal output power. So, it was not follow steady equation.
The condition equation each term was not zero. This experiment learned about cooling tower which
works at future job life.