The quantities which can be measured by an instrument and by means of which we can describe the laws of physics are called physical quantities. aa da Physical quantities which can be expressed as a combination of base quantities are called derived quantities. eg: Vetocity|=] . =e PU MO CCU ea CCUM SU CC moe ae CUS Magnitude of physical quantity = (ni Magnitude of a physical quantity is always constant. Itis independent of the type of unit. constant Te TN CTT UESSUS | Dimensions of a physical quantity are the power to which the fundamental ! 1 quantities must be raised to represent the given physical quantity. | 1 USE OF DIMENSIONS n, fu n, [u,] Suppose the dimensions of a physical quantity are ‘a’ in mass, 'b' in length and 'c' in time. If the fundamental units in one system are M, ,L, and T, and in the other system are M, ,L, andT, respectively. Then we can write. ny EMPL; Ty] = ny [M3L3 13] Every physical equation should be dimensionally balanced. This is called the ‘Principle of Homogeneity’. The dimensions of each term on both sides of an equation must be the same. Note: A dimensionally correct equation may or may not be physically correct. PRINCIPLE OF HOMOGENEITY OF DIMENSIONS This principle states that the dimensions of alll the terms in a physical expression should be same. 1 1 For e.g, in the physical expression s= ut +> at”, the dimensions of s, ut and at” all are same. Note: Physical quantities separated by the symbols +, -, =, >, < etc., have the same dimensions. LIMITATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS © By this method, the value of dimensionless constant can not be calculated © By this method, the equation containing trigonometrical, exponential and logarithmic terms cannot be analysed. © faphysical quantity depends on more than three factors, then relation among them cannot be established because we can have only three equations by equating the powers of M, L and T.Difference between the result of the measurement and the true value of what you were measuring Part RANDOM Random errors appear randomly because of the operator, fluctuations in the external conditions and variability of the measuring instruments. The effect of random error can be some what reduced by taking the average of measured values. Random errors have no fixed sign or size. Thus they are represented in the form Ata SYSTEMATIC Systematic error occurs due to an error in the procedure or miscalibration of the instrument etc. Such errors have same size and sign for all Measurements. Such errors can be determined. The systematic error is removed before beginning ec ons. Bench error and zero error are examples of systema ABSOLUTE Error may be expressed as absolute measures, giving the size of the error in a quantity in the same units as the quantity itself. Least Count Error :- If the instrument has known least count, the absolute error is taken to be half of the least count unless otherwise stated RELATIVE (OR FRACTIONAL) Error may be expressed as relative measures, giving the ratio of the quantity's error to the quantity itself Relative Error = Absolute error in a measurement Size of the measurementRULES OF ee tie CUD ee eT LLL eae mie The absolute random errors add POWER RULE When a quantity @ is raised to a power P, the relative error in the result is P times the relative error in Q. This also holds for negative powers. IFR= QV, then 1 = Px 3 Q wat) Least count of Vernier Callipers The least count of Vernier Calipers (v.c) is the minimum valve of correct estimation of length without eye estimation. If N'* division of vernier calliper coincides with (N-1) division of main scale, then N-1 ms N vs = Vernier Scale Reading : ms = Main Scale Reading N(vs) = (N-1) ms => 1vs= (for measuring n Pec uulcet ; 1 ICES Pera Sea AC dt ee eel between the time Ne ee Run Ru RC ane Era eee) Reaction Time At = t; - teMOTION UNDER GRAVITY Oe ee Oo anaerLyRECTILINEAR MOTION CASES pitied Velocity Acceleration eR AAD MMUM tLe mad coke La e re ae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 >t } titi >t 1 1 BODY MOVING WITH DECREASING VELOCITY ODY MOVING WITH UNIFORM VELOCITY x v. ie 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t eee t ' Slope Slope (ose) ~< s & ~< _ Area under Area under curve curveDISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION GRAPH Time in seconds Object is Velocity Horizontal Zero line acceleration (zero slope) Acceleration LLL a (m/s?) (2) v (m/s)RELATIVE WELOCITY Relative vel TS Relative acceleration of A wrt Gna absolute velocity of river Time taken by boatman to cross the river: t=—_* Vir cso Displacement along x-axis Ve = absolute velocity of when he reaches on the other boatman. a a " ‘ ATF SG 1. Condition when the boatman crosses the river in shortest ity of A wrt B = Vv. a Ver velocity of boatman with respect to river or velocity of boatman in stil water 2. Condition when the boatman wants to reach point B, i.e., ata point just interval of time- opposite from where he started 3. Shortest Path when V: < Vir—® Smin = W ' ' ' ' ' 1 when Vi > Ver—> ' ' ' ' ' — > Vw = Velocity of wind a Va = Absolute Velocity of aircraft COU ay » = Velocity of river wrt ground = =. 1 m = Velocity of river wrt man | Veo = Vim + Vg } xt <} + Vma = Velocity of man wrt groundPROJECTILE MOTION —= DOE e cas } © TERA RAAT os -* ans — — Equation of TrajectoryPMPart Ill TS a SY 3 Le Sent eco ed 1 gsing be 2usina. Time of flight T = ret‘The force that attracts ‘NucleasForce Is dfined a he ‘The force that an coucipacadls fee, Se ceed beoween The force that occurs electromagnetic feld Fury. objec inching ‘ferent pucleors, The fore beween bodies due fexerts on electrically sol puns cn Grae Wy aractive 19 nature at It to their contact is ‘charged particles. tind protont and nevtron ntact force Dther object in the entire i the nucleus together ie defined on the | ‘ts the attraction or Tincumaaie | renee eet I, toes te atvacon o eputson | repulsion that arses ceasing (ented equay on bot | fea” fons te of ifferent partces between electrically upon an object thats MGSO # abIB. CIN OPE) urtace as an object and raters" based charged particles imcortact wth another Tae OF other contewout | Troyes acon it OF on ther elect | because of ther obie abet a mates an efor to charges motion between the ends by Wat | Nove acosit objet "