Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BIM and The Quantity Surveying Professio
BIM and The Quantity Surveying Professio
Simon Charalambous
University of Reading
February 2014
I
Declaration of Originality
I e tif that this is my own work and it has not previously been submitted for any
assessed qualification. I certify the use of material from other sources has been
properly and fully acknowledged in the text. I understand that the normal
consequences of cheating in any element of examination, if proven and the absence of
itigati g i u sta es, is that the E a i e s Meeti g e di e ted to fail the
a didate i the e a i atio as a hole
Signature:
Date: 27/02/2014
II
Abstract:
BIM and the quantity surveying profession: How changes in the cost estimating
process will affect the profession.
By
Simon Charalambous
February 2014
The case study established that although automated cost estimate tools provide ample
measurements for the quantity take-off process, they are still not capable of replacing
the cost estimate process. However, by using these tools the quantity surveyors are
able to skip a number of laborious tasks the process is faced with. The case study also
demonstrated that in order for the profession to truly benefit, it is recommended that
they have knowledge and experience of using correlated BIM applications. BIM will
open new doors for the quantity surveying profession. For further study, it is
recommended that research be based on the use of BIM throughout the whole
construction period of a actual project. Lastly, it is recommended that a number of cost
estimating BIM tools are used, in order for a greater understanding.
III
Table of Contents
IV
2.4.2 Improvement of cost estimates ................................................................... 29
2.4.3 Barriers of using BIM tools for cost estimating ............................................ 29
2.5 Summary ..................................................................................................... 30
Chapter 3: Methodology .............................................................................................. 32
3.1 Research approach ...................................................................................... 32
3.2 Rationale of case study ................................................................................ 34
3.3 Selected tools and procedure ...................................................................... 36
3.4 Assumptions ................................................................................................ 39
3.5 Limitations and scope .................................................................................. 39
3.6 Summary of chapter .................................................................................... 40
Chapter 4: Findings (Case Study Results) ...................................................................... 41
4.1 Using Revit 2014 ................................................................................................ 41
4.2 Automatic take-off using Autodesk QTO ............................................................ 44
4.2.1 Overview of Autodesk QTO ......................................................................... 44
4.2.2 Automatic taking-off process ...................................................................... 47
4.2.3 Bill of quantities process ............................................................................. 58
4.3 Checking Model ................................................................................................. 60
4.3.1 Solibris Model Checker .......................................................................... 60
4.3.2 Model check using Revit 2014 ..................................................................... 62
4.4 Manual take-off ................................................................................................. 63
4.4.1 Taking-off process ....................................................................................... 63
4.4.1.2 Bill of quantities process .......................................................................... 64
4.5 Summary ........................................................................................................... 65
Chapter 5: Discussion ................................................................................................... 66
5.1 Process .............................................................................................................. 66
5.2 Time taken......................................................................................................... 68
5.3 Reliability of the Automated Cost Estimate ........................................................ 69
5.4 Description of items .......................................................................................... 70
5.5 Knowledge Required.......................................................................................... 71
5.6 Summary ........................................................................................................... 72
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations ............................................................. 73
6.1 Key findings in relation to the thesis objectives ................................................. 74
6.2 Limitation and criticism of the study .................................................................. 76
V
6.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................. 77
References ................................................................................................................... 78
Appendices .................................................................................................................. 83
Appendix A: Drawings ............................................................................................. 84
Appendix B: Solibris Model Check Report of Residential Home................................ 92
Appendix C: Manual Take-off .................................................................................. 97
Appendix D: Bill of Quantities ................................................................................ 103
Appendix E: Workbook of all taken-off items using Autodesk QTO ........................ 108
Appendix F: Bill of quantities report using Autodesk QTO ...................................... 109
Appendix G: Diary (summer placement experience) .............................................. 112
Appendix H: Elevator Shaft - Section View ............................................................. 122
Appendix I: Elevator Shaft – Plan View .................................................................. 123
Appendix J: Elevator Shaft – Taking-off, p.1 ........................................................... 124
Appendix K: Elevator Shaft – Taking-off, p.2 .......................................................... 125
Appendix L: Elevator Shaft – Pricing Calculation, p.3 ............................................. 126
Appendix M: Parameter Wall Section .................................................................... 127
Appendix N: Parameter Wall- Taking-off, p.1 ......................................................... 128
Appendix O: Parameter Wall- Taking-off, p.2 ......................................................... 129
Appendix P: Parameter Wall Reinforcement Weight (summer placement experience)
.............................................................................................................................. 130
Appendix Q: Floorings and Skirting Plan View (summer placement experience) .... 131
Appendix R: Floorings and Skirting Calculation (summer placement experience)... 132
Appendix S: Bill of Quantities (summer placement experience) ............................. 133
VI
List of Figures
VII
List of Tables
VIII
Acronyms
IX
Acknowledgment
Firstly, I would like to thank Mr. Energy Maradza for his invaluable effort in guiding and
supervising my work throughout the dissertation; his advices and guidance helped
make the dissertation what it is.
I also would like to thank Prof. Jennifer Whyte for her guidance throughout how to go
about the dissertation and how to set it all out.
Finally, I would like to thank my family and especially my parents for their continuous
support and encouragement throughout my degree.
X
Chapter 1: Introduction
A g eat uildi g ust egi ith the i easu a le, ust go th ough
measurable means when it is being designed and in the end must be
i easu a le -Luis Kahn (Demchak, 2008, p.1)
1
throughout all AEC industry professions, resulting in a domino effect. These are
changing times for all professions involved in the industry, but this is not new to the
quantity surveyor (Ashworth, 2013). According to Cartlidge (2011), the profession was
born in 1834 during the splitting up of architects from surveyors, which led to the
forming of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). Ever since the birth of the
quantity surveying profession, it has continually been evolving in both their services
and processes (Ashworth et al, 2013; Davis Langdon and Everest, 1991). It is certain
that there will be a change to the traditional method of taking-off quantities in order to
prepare a bill of quantities (Cartlidge, 2011). What is not certain is what these changes
may be and how they will affect the profession.
2
1.2 Introduction to BIM
What is BIM and how will it revolutionise the UK construction industry? There
are a number of definitions already available, attempting to explain BIM. However, the
definition of BIM has numerous meanings, which depend on what aspect the actual
word is being utilized for. The actual acronym of BIM can be used to represent three
separate functions, each with its own definition (illustrated in fig. 1.1). When
compiling all the different uses and meanings of BIM, He Majest s HM Go e e t
(2012) encapsulated it as a collaborative way of working, underpinned by the digital
technologies, which unlock more efficient methods of designing, creating and
ai tai i g ou assets (p.3). The ke od fo this defi itio is olla o atio ,
without the AEC industry communication and change the current state of mind, the
industry will never truly change.
The process of BIM can be correlated to the metaphor of the blind men and the
elepha t written by John Godfrey Saxe. An ancient Indian folk that illustrates six blind
men touching a mysterious creature called the elepha t . Ho e e , si e the si e
are blind and cannot perceive the whole image, they are only capable of experiencing
one part of the animal. Each of the six blind men were feeling a part of the animal,
trying to describe it by feeling one small bit failing to grasp the whole image.
Nonetheless, due to the e s ignorance of the other parts they are not capable of
collaborating to decipher the creature (Blind Men and Elephant, 2014). Imagine the
blind men are the various professions working together to construct a project (being
the elepha t , the ste ious eatu e . If each profession works in ignorance, and
devotes little effort to the other professions then they will never be capable of an
3
immeasurable building. The strategy and initiative of the UK Government to implement
BIM is described in chapter 2 (sections 2.3.1 & 2.3.2).
Building Information
Modelling: This is the actual process of generating and managing building
data concerning its design, construction and operation during its life cycle.
This process allows all different professions to have access to the same
information, at the same time (Jellings, 2013).
Figure 1-1 Various BIM definitions: The definition of each three different acronym, which represent
three separate functions.
4
However, the literature suggest that interoperability is one of the main
challenges when implementing BIM into the industry, since there is no single software
provider offering tools for all areas of construction, Architecture, Engineering,
Surveying, Constructing, Maintaining, etc (Hamil, 2012; Crotty, 2012; Sackey et al,
2013; Rashdi, 2013; Shnitger, 2012). The use of IFC is a solution for this problem and is
part of phase three of the BIM maturity levels (shown in fig 2.7, in section 2.3.1).This is
not the first time the UK construction industry faces challenges with interoperability.
Day (2012), points out in an article, that it seems as if the UK construction industry is
re-enacting the early 90s, where interoperability regarding 2D drawing, was an issue.
Figure 1.2 demonstrates how the different BIM applications, available to the different
AEC professions, are able to communicate and share data with each other (see section
2.3.1.1).
Architecture Structural
•Autodesk Revit Architecture •Tekla Structures
•Nemetschek Vectorworks Architecture •Bentley Structural Modeler
Figure 1-2 Interoperability using IFC file type: Shows some of the main BIM applications used by the different
professions, and how they can be interoperable, with the use of IFC standards.
5
2013), will greatly affect not only the profession but also the way the quantity
surveying profession offers its services (Ashworth et al, 2013). Cost estimating
applications have been used on a number of projects, such as the Crossrail project that
started in 2008, the Manskun Rasti project which finished in 2012, the Hillwood
Commercial project initiated in 2006 (The CAD User Guide to BIM, 2012a; The CAD
User Guide to BIM, 2012b; Eastman et al, 2011). The observations of these case
studies, regarding the cost estimating applications, will be covered in detail in section
2.4. The main question concerning the quantity surveying profession is what are these
changes and how will they affect the processes used by the profession in delivering
services in day-to-day practice.
The research aims to identify how the use of BIM is affecting the quantity
surveying profession. It examines how the role of the profession develops in order to
keep some of its fundamental competencies (quantification and costing), and
simultaneously get the most out of adopting BIM into the profession. BIM is one of the
most influential developments in the construction industry today. It is an innovative
atte pt to ha ge the i dust s p o ess of delivering and maintenance of
construction projects. BIM is seen as influential towards the AEC industry as a whole.
Notwithstanding its potential effect to the quantity surveying profession, implications
on key functions such as taking-off, cost estimating and production of bill of quantities
have not been investigated in detail, hence this study.
6
1.4 Objectives of the study
The scope of this study incorporates a general synopsis for both the concept of
BIM and the quantity surveying profession, together with how the two concepts
incorporate with one another. A literature review was conducted in contemplation of
generating an understanding of how the quantity surveying profession has developed
over the years and how cost estimating applications are affecting this development. A
case study was conducted by creating a 3D model including foundations, using an
architectural BIM application (Revit 2014). This model was used for both the manual
taking-off process and automatic taking-off procedure using cost estimating BIM
applications (Autodesk QTO). The results produced by both methods were later
compared and reviewed.
7
1.6 Benefits of the study
A lot of literature is available explaining how BIM will help improve the cost,
quality and the programmed duration of a project. BIM is widely debated and there are
suggestions by some in the industry that it will change the way AEC industry works.
However, this study will examine what type of changes this will introduce to the
process of taking-off quantities and producing bill of quantities. Subsequently how
these will affect the quantity surveying profession. This research differs in the type of
items taken-off and looks at the process necessary to produce a cost estimate. Apart
from this, the study takes a different approach in the sense that the quantity surveyor
will be required to interpret and use the model from other BIM applications, which
correlate to cost estimating tools used by the quantity surveyors.
Chapter 1 (Introduction): This chapter incorporates a general synopsis for both the
concept of BIM and the quantity surveying profession. In addition, it introduces the
diverse BIM applications used in the AEC industry, and continues by referring to how
cost estimating applications are associated with the quantity surveying methods of
practice.
Chapter 2 (Literature Review): This chapter reviews the diverse literature available for
the analogous subject. This was conducted in contemplation of generating an
understanding towards the background of the UK construction industry with relevance
to BIM and the quantity surveying profession. In addition, apart from examining how
the profession has developed over the years, it also investigates how the strategy of
implementation in the industry and BIM standards will help BIM use. Finally, the
chapter helps analyze characteristics such as changes, advantages, disadvantages, in
regards to BIM being integrated with the quantity surveying method of taking-off and
production of bill of quantities.
8
Chapter 3 (Methodology): A chapter, which illustrates the procedures, used to
investigate aims and objectives of the research. It goes on to describe the procedures
(tools, steps taken, assumptions, limitations and scope) to create the 3D model of a
residential house which is used in this research to illustrate issues surrounding BIM use
by the quantity surveying profession.
Chapter 6 (Conclusion and Recommendations): This chapter concludes the study. The
key findings are correlated to the objectives presented in chapter one. Finally,
recommendations, for future studies, are presented including limitations and
instabilities of the study.
9
Chapter 2: Literature Review
The first section of the literature review presents a broad view of the UK
construction industry, referring to how it has changed following the introduction of
BIM. It then describes the influence BIM has on the different professional bodies which
regulate the professional quantity surveyors (such as the Royal Institute of Chartered
Surveyors –RICS-), and how education is evolving to incorporate new issues arising
from the implementation of BIM in design and construction activities. This section of
the literature review proceeds with an overview of the quantity surveyors profession
as well as a brief history. A review of the taking-off process, showing some of the
changes over the years, is provided, and how this is useful in delivering construction
projects. In the third section of the literature review, BIM software use in cost
estimating functions is examined. Further to this, a review is done on how both
mandatory regulations and standards are helping push BIM forward and what this
means to the quantity surveyor profession. This chapter will conclude with the
literature review showing how technology trends are developing, the role assumed by
quantity surveyors, risks and responsibilities of information management, and how the
profession is adapting to such changes. Together the three sections of this literature
review set out the context for this study, in view of previous work in this area. The final
section examines the gap this study attempts to fill particularly in context of a rapidly
changing environment in which quantity surveyors are employing BIM in their daily
practice.
10
2.1 The UK construction industry
Woudhuysen (2004) supports the idea that the construction industry barely
deserves the te i dust . He o ti ues o to explain how the construction
industry is backwards, due to the fragmented industrial sector, poor management, and
number of regulations weighing down the industry. In 2003, even the Housing minister,
at that time, Keith Hill stated in the Financial Times Newspaper (9th of October 2003,
p.2):
Nevertheless, BIM is not the first innovation that has influenced the
construction industry. Throughout its history, technological innovations have been
implemented, affecting the construction industry. Preceding BIM all technological
advancements have been trying to improve the process that is already out there,
instead of trying to change it (Jellings, 2013). Sackey et al (2013) summarises (see
figure 2.1) literature from both Bevan (2012) and Succar (2010) how technology has
progressively been implemented into the UK construction industry over the past 30
years. The timeline also indicates how the authors postulate the future of technological
advances in the industry.
Figure 2-1 Timeline of technological progression in the UK construction industry: The Construction Technology
Timeline Over 30 Years (Sackey et al, 2013). 11
The UK s o st u tio i dust o t i utes % of the UK s Gross Domestic
Product (GDP), an approximate value of £110bn per annum. This value is broken down
into three main sub-sectors, as illustrated in figure 2.2. Furthermore, figure 2.2 exhibits
that the pu li se to o t i uted £ , £ less tha the p i ate se to s
contribution, de o st ati g that the i dust s iggest usto e is the e t al
Government (Cabinet Office, 2011). This is an indication to the amount of projects that
can be related to the public sector and will have to comply with the mandate strategy
covered in detail in section 2.3.1. According to BBC News (2014) and, based on
economic data, the construction output was a strong performer for the greater part of
2013, increasing an overall by 2.2%.
Private Sector:
£29bn
Commercail/Social
Sector:
£49bn
Public Sector:
£20bn
Private Sector:
£28bn
UK's Consturction
Residential Sector:
Industry Output:
£42bn
£110bn
Public Sector:
£14bn
Private Sector:
£11bn
Infastructure
Sector:
£18bn
Public Sector:
£7bn
Figure 2-2 Breakdo n of the UK’s construction industry output: Breakdown of the UK s Co st u tio I dust alue
of 2011 into three main sub-sectors, subsequently dividing into private and public sector. Information adopted from
Government Construction Strategy Plan (Cabinet Office, 2011)
12
Northumbria University (2012) has analysed information gathered from reports
and surveys, such as CMAA Owners survey, 2009; CMAA Industry Report, 2007;
Economist Magazine 2002. They conclude that prior to BIM, 30% of projects did not
meet primary schedule or budget and there was a regular expectation that at least 10%
of orders would increase or change in some significant way. Due to this, and other
factors mentioned in chapter 1 (introduction), the Government Construction strategy
in 2011 intended to challenge the industry's way of practice and business models. It
attempts to replace the adversarial culture with collaborative ones, such as BIM
(CabinetOffice, 2011). In 2012, the Cabinet Office (2012) published a report updating
the Government Construction Strategy Plan. The report demonstrated that cost
reductions, over the period of 2011-2012, amounted to £72m (in-year projects) and
£279m (whole project life) (Cabinet Office, 2012).
13
2.1.2 Education
14
2.2 The quantity surveying profession
Twenty years later, Davis Langdon and Everest (1991) published a report
discussing the future role of the chartered quantity surveyor. The report indicated that
hat lie ts ostl alued as the ua tit su e o s p ag atis a d ealis se se
of logic). This sense of logic is derived from the process of analysing drawn information
necessary for quantification purposes. However, this deep understanding of projects
will be impacted by a decline in the quantification of building work (Davis Langdon and
Everest, 1991). It is clear that targets set for 2016 (covered in section 2.3.1) will have a
prominent influence, on the quantity surveyors profession. This impact will not only
focus on the services offered by the professional, but also the methods and procedures
required for these services (Ashworth et al, 2013).
15
Quantity Surveyors Activities (circa 1960) Quantity Surveyors Activities (circa 2012)
Figure 2.3 Comparison between 1960 and 2012 in regards to the quantity surveyors activities: Traditional
quantity surveying activities (circa 1960) and their activities during more recent times (circa 2012). Adopted
from Ashworth et al (2013).
Throughout its history, the profession has always been characterised as diverse
and developing (see figure 2.3), constantly evolving and undergoing changes in order
to cope with changes in the industry and to address client demands (Kirkham, 2007;
Ashworth et al, 2013; Davis Langdon & Everest, 1991; Seeley, 1999; Cartlidge, 2011).
As identified by Ashworth et al (2013), the main drivers that will influence the
p ofessio s futu e de elop e t are client focus, advancement and integration of
communication technologies, implementation of BIM and the sustainability agenda. As
illustrated by figure 2-3, the quantity surveyors profession has developed and
expanded into a significant number of new services.
16
2.2.1 Taking-off process
Figure 2-4 Quantity take-offs regarding various stages of the project: Quantity take-off throughout different stages of
construction. Information adapted from Monteiro & Martins (2013).
Monteiro & Martins (2013), characterize the orthodox method of quantity take-
off. This orthodox method requires the professional to measure the different drawings
(floor plans, elements, sections, elevations, etc). To measure from drawings, the
quantity surveyor goes through a number of steps. Ashworth et al (2013) demonstrates
17
these steps, beginning with the instant the quantity surveyor receives the drawings
from the architect (illustrated in figure 2.6). Since, it is customary that drawings are not
all prepared at the same time; a timetable is prepared containing the contract bills and
dates of when the rest of the drawings and information are to be expected (Ashworth
et al, 2013). Subsequently, once the taker-off receives the drawings it is necessary that
they be stamped with name recipient and date received. A register of the drawings,
containing details of their reference number, scale and concise particulars (title) should
be completed.
Figure 2-5 Sample of a query sheet: Adopted from Ashworth et al, 2013.
18
Figure 2-6 The use of quantity take-off in regards to various parties: Diagram illustrating the relation of
quantity take-off with the other tasks in the project life-cycle. Adopted from Monteiro & Martins (2013).
Seeley (1999) divides the process of preparing bill of quantities into two main
stages: Taki g-off a d Wo ki g up . Ho e e , T eeds a al ses the process
further and breaks it into four stages. He describes that the first stage is the taking-off
procedure where they quantity surveyor measures from the drawings (mentioned in
the previous paragraph) and enters them on a special ruled dimension paper
(illustrated in chapter 3). The second step the squaring stage; this is when measured
values on the dimension paper are calculated resulting to totalling the lengths, areas
and volumes of the dimensions. This leads to the abstracting stage where all the totals
are collected from the dimension paper and are transferred to an abstract, in order to
19
produce a final total for each particular description. The final stage is the illi g ,
which is the procedure where the taker-off reproduces the items from the abstract and
conveys them in a draft form onto bill paper.
A fundamental aspect of the quantity take-off process, are the standard codes
and methods of measurement. This is a document utilized f o oth the lie t s side
and the contracting side (Cartlidge, 2011). Previously known as the Standard Rules of
Measurement of Building Works (SMM7), it has recently been updated to The New
Rules of Measurement (NRM), with the purpose of (Cartlidge, 2011):
20
New integrations between cost estimating appli atio s su h as Vi o Offi e .
a d Tekla “t u tu es , p o ides fo a ette a u a of ost esti ati g, due to the
applications location-based quantity take-offs (AEC MAGAZINE, 2013). As a result of
the appli atio s odel o ga ise , ost esti ating tools, now have the capacity to
label model content and register them as element types (e.g. walls, beams, columns,
etc) (AEC MAGAZINE, 2013). Furthermore, these elements have the ability to contain
parameters for a specific quantity calculation, resulting in the more accurate quantity
take-off and hence a more precise cost estimation. Another type of cost estimating
tool is alled the DP ofile , used i the Hill ood Co e ial P oje t , lo ated i
America (Eastman et al, 2011). The tool s ualities lay in its association with cost
information, which are integrated with a cost construction database (Eastman et al,
2011).
Level 1:
Stages &
Interrelatins
Level 5: Level 2:
Effectiveness
Criteria of Stages Initial data
Obtained (procedures)
Level 4:
Obtained
Level 3: Actions
Results
& Processes
(including
Taking Place
advantages &
benefits)
Figure 2-7 5D model application and the continues interchange of information: Illustrates the five stages that constitute
a 5D concept model. At stage five the odel s ite ia is e aluated, i o de to ake the best solution. Information
adapted f o Auto atio i Co st u tio Vladi i ,
21
2.3.1 BIM and mandatory regulations
22
The Building Information Modelling (BIM) Working Party Strategy Paper (BSI,
2011, p.16-17) defines the levels as:
23
2.3.1.1 BIM standards (IFC formats)
As addressed in section 1.2, the main intent of BIM is to get all stakeholders
who are involved in the project, to share information. Apart from this, section 1.2.1
interprets that there are a number of assorted applications, accessible to the different
professions involved in the project. In order for this to be attainable, it is essential to
have a common language between these different applications (as seen in figure 1.2).
The buildingSMART program, previously known as the International Alliance for
Interoperability (IAI), has produced a series of Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs), with
the latest version being IFC2.4 produced in 2010 (Crotty, 2011).
24
Figure 2-9 A breakdown of the IFC model: A simple representation of the
overall architecture of the IFC Model.
Eastman et al (2011), discusses that the trends observed, will be a factor for
BIM s pote tial oute a d i pa t upo the i dust . Due to its revolutionary shift away
from drawing production, new and different skills will be required. Taking for instance
the workbench environment, which involves the integration from different BIM tools
(cost estimating, sustainability, fabrication, etc), sequentially requires new types of
specialised roles (Eastman et al, 2011). As mentioned in section 2.1.2, in order to get
BIM effectively implemented into the industry, education and training is one of the key
tools. As mentioned in section 2.1.2, in order to get BIM effectively implemented into
the industry, education and training is one of the key tools. Another trend is that BIM
has introduced entirely new capabilities such as automatically checking the 3D model
against building codes prior to construction, saving both money and time during the
construction stage (Eastman et al, 2011). In addition to this, BIM has encouraged the
use of mobile technologies (i.e. laptops, pads, smart phones, etc) on site (Ashworth,
2013).
25
2.4 BIM & quantity surveyors
The lack of activity by the quantity surveyor to implement BIM into the
profession is due to the barriers mentioned in section 2.4.1.2 (BCIS, 2011). It is a
popular notion that BIM will erode the quantity surveying services; but in reality the
e efits see se tio . . . it offe s, to the p ofessio s se i es, g a ts the the
ability to be more proactive throughout the design phase, when providing design and
value analysis (Ashworth et al 2013). Eastman et al (2011) explains how even though
building models provide ample measurements for quantity take-offs, they are not
capable yet to replace estimating. Due to this, the writer suggests that the quantity
surveyors should use BIM tools to facilitate the laborious tasks of taking-off, allowing
them with more time to focus on other tasks, such as visualizing, analyzing and
assessing the project design (Eastman et al, 2011).
The quantity take-off (QTO) process prior to automatic BIM QTO software,
involved a three-step procedure (Khemlani, 2006):
26
One of BIMs attributes is to allow the users (AEC professionals) to focus on the
information and decision making of the project, instead of the wasting time on
documentation tools and the actual laborious process (Vladimir et al, 2010; Al-Mashta
& Alkass, 2010; Eastman et al, 2011; Ashworth et al, 2013). However when considering
the building information model, the quantity surveyor must bear in mind the types of
quantities he requires from the model. There are two types of quantities to consider
when taking-off (Al-Mashta & Alkass, 2010):
In order to avoid the use of Excel, the quantity surveyor may use the following
two methods; directly linking the BIM components to the estimating software or by
using a quantity take-off tool (Eastman et al, 2011). The first alternative allows BIM
applications now provide a direct linkage with estimating packages, with the use of a
plug-in. These estimating packages are directly linked with databases, which contain
assemblies and recipes. With the incorporation of rules, the quantity surveyor is able
to calculate quantities from the component properties or from data that was manually
entered (Eastman et al, 2011).
27
Lastly, the quantity surveyor may use a quantity take-off tool for their needs.
This method is more adaptable with the OPEN BIM process, where every profession is
able to use their own software, using a common format to transfer from application to
application (see section 2.3.1.1) (Jellings, 2013). This specifically design estimating tool
allows quantity surveyors to use it without having to learn any of the other BIM
applications (as illustrated in figure 2.10). Moreover, similar to directly linking
estimating software with BIM components, the items are directly linked to assemblies
and the quantity surveyor must use both automatic features and manual tools to fully
appreciate what this type of method has to offer (Eastman et al, 2011).
Figure 2-10 Theoretical illustration of a BIM quantity take-off and estimating method: Adopted from Eastman et al (2011).
28
2.4.2 Improvement of cost estimates
Quantity take-off is one of the most useful tasks that can be automated
through BIM (Monteiro & Martins, 2013). Moreover, the majority of literature
discusses how implementing BIM with cost estimating can result in estimates that are
more accurate, faster and better detailed (Monteiro & Martins, 2013; Vladimir et al,
2010; Al-Mashta & Alkass, 2010; Eastman et al, 2011; Ashworth et al, 2013). Taking the
Hill ood Co e ital P oje t fo i stance by using the DProfiler (described in section
2.3), the company was able to reduce the time required, to produce an estimate, by
92% (Eastman el al, 2011). Another project where BIM was used to reduce time and
provide a more accurate cost estimate can be seen i the Ma sku ‘asti p oje t. The
quantity surveyor involved with the project explained that it was much easier to use a
BIM-based solution software than by doing it by hand, leaving less room for human
error. Due to fewer errors, there is less preparation required for errors using margins,
resulting to reducing waste and saving money (The CAD User Guide to BIM, 2012a).
There are a number of barriers affecting the profession from taking-up BIM.
The report conducted by the Building Cost Information Service (BCIS) (2011) indicated
that the chief barriers for quantity surveyors not implementing BIM is due to the lack
of client demand, lack of training, lack of application interfaces and lack of standards.
Another important impediment of implementing BIM with the cost estimating process
is the procedure of filtering BIM data in order to comply with the New Rules of
Measurement (NRM) (Olatunji et al, 2010). The issue emerges when BIM is adopted in
a country where there are multiple standard methods of measurement in use. For
example in the UK, measurement of building works is administered by NRM, where as
civil engineering works is under Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement
(CESMM4) (Olatunji et al, 2010).
However, most of the barriers mentioned where an issue during mid 2011,
when BIM became mainstream in the UK (Charlton, 2012). Since 2011, there have been
29
a number of initiatives (see section 2.1.3 & 2.3.1.1), by universities, professional
institutions, companies, software developers, etc, that attempt to eliminate some
these barriers.
2.5 Summary
This chapter has reviewed the literature on BIM and how it is being
incorporated into the UK construction industry s processes. It highlights how the
implementation of BIM is influencing the quantity surveying profession. The chapter
analyses publications on how BIM is affecting traditional methods of taking-off
quantities and the production of Bill of quantities, which are fundamental functions of
the profession. This chapter has also shown that in 2011 the construction industry
o t i uted % of the UK s GDP. The i dust is ha a te ised as f ag e ted i so e
studies, with poor management and numerous regulations being singled out as key
challenges facing the industry. The use of new technologies such as BIM is some
studies is considered an important step of improving service delivery in the quantity
surveying profession (Monteiro & Martins, 2013; Vladimir et al, 2010; Al-Mashta &
Alkass, 2010; Eastman et al, 2011; Ashworth et al, 2013).
In conclusion, the contents of this chapter confirm that there will be an impact
towards the quantity surveyors profession as a result from these changes. However,
there is a gap in the literature regarding the changes inflicted towards the process of
one of the professio s fu da e tal o pete , ua tifi atio a d osti g. The
chapter also indicated that the implementation of BIM will be the cause of the birth of
new types of specialised roles, without any indication of what this might mean in
relations to the quantity surveyor s p ofessio . Another gap illustrated in the literature
was the issue of how the quantity surveyor will attain a deep understanding of projects
without going through the laborious task of quantifying and costing it.
The next chapter explains the method in which the problem was approached
and the tools used in conducting the investigation.
31
Chapter 3: Methodology
In this chapter, the research design and methodology strategy are discussed in
detail. This study employs a hypothetical case study method to explore the changes
i fli ted to the ua tit su e o s ethod of producing cost estimates (including
taking-off process). The research includes a case study of a 3D model of a residential
house, which is used to illustrate issues surrounding BIM use by the quantity surveying
profession. The foundation element of the 3D model is used for both the manual and
automatic process of taking-off and production of the bill of quantities. The results
from examining both methods helped the researcher with identifying the type of
changes that will influence the profession.
Naoum (2006) defines a research strategy as the method in which the research
objectives can be questioned. In this case, the objectives of the study are presented
into four sections (see figure 3.2). The first objective is to create a model foundation
using Revit, an architectural BIM application. The second and third objectives aim to
assess the manual and automatic method regarding taking-off and cost estimating, by
taking-off the foundation of the residential home manually and then using a cost
estimating tool. The final objective is to compare the two methods in order to help
identify the changes made to the method of taking-off and cost estimating, thus
influencing the profession. In order to satisfy these objectives, the research includes a
mixture of approaches but mainly takes a direction towards the fieldwork approach
with some elements from the experiment case approach and the qualitative research.
As indicated by figure 3.1, the fieldwork research can be linked with three practical
approaches. Between these approaches, the most appropriate choice for answering
32
the hat a d ho questions related to the study, is the case study approach. Given
(2008), explains that the case study approach focuses on one or a few details of a
phenomenon (problem). These details are studied in depth and are not limited to just
one observation. The writer also compares the case study approach with the
experiments approach and reveals that the main difference is that in the experiment
approach, the researcher creates the cases and controls the influencing factors (see
figure 3.3).
Figure 3-1 Methodology research techniques: Diagram adopted from Naoum (2006)
However, the case study used to satisfy the aims and objectives of the study
was more of a hypothetical case study produced by the researcher. A 3D model of a
residential home was used as the hypothetical case study. However, the research was
conducted only in regards to the substructure (foundation) of this residential home.
This method also contained elements of an experimental approach, since the
researcher was able to control and influence the factors (e.g. depth of topsoil,
thickness of cavity, etc). The hypothetical case study was used for both the manual and
automatic processes of taking-off and production of bill of quantities. The information
gathered from the comparison of the two processes assisted in identifying and
analyzing the differences, which subsequently help satisfy the aims and objectives. The
33
method strategy is clearly indicated in figure 3.3, where the objectives (see chapter
3.2), can be correlated with each step of the process diagram.
Automatic process
of cost estimation
of objective 1.
35
Figure 3-3 Research strategy process: A diagram showing the research strategy process.
A number of software and tools were used to help conduct the research
approach. These software tools are as follow:
Software
Autodesk Revit architecture 2014: A BIM process software, mainly used by
architects and engineers to design and structure a building. In addition, Revit
allo s fo a i tual ie i g of the uildi g s desig a d the aptu i g of its data.
Autodesk QTO 2013: A BIM cost estimating software, mainly used by quantity
surveyors to automatically cost estimate a project.
Solibr Model Checker: A BIM software used to check models with a set of rules,
part of the software.
Microsoft Excel: This is an electronic spreadsheet program, used to store,
organise and manipulate date.
Microsoft Word: This is an electronic word processor.
36
Tools
Drawings of the 3D model: A floor plan and detailed section was provided by
the 3D model.
New Rules of Measurement: Used as a guide to produce the cost estimate.
Dimension paper: A ruled paper necessary to take-off quantities.
Spo s A hite ts a d Builde s P i e Book .
Online video tutorials used to assist in the use of the software.
Software manuals used to assist in the use of software.
The procedures for each of these selected tools assisted with conducting the
research approach. Moreover, the various tools all contributed towards the
fulfil e t of the stud s ai s a d o je ti es. The p o edu es fo ea h p o ess a e
as follow:
37
Manual tools offered by QTO were also used for the taking-off process.
Information was manually inputted into the software, for the omitted
elements.
A price rate was inputted manually into the software, to help determine
the cost estimate for the foundation.
4. Manual take-off
The drawings of floor plans and detailed sections were printed out from
Revit.
A take-off list of the items which were to be included in the calculations
of the foundation was prepared analogous to the New Rules of
Measurement (RICS, 2012).
The dimension paper was used for both the taking-off process and for
the squaring stage.
After the taking-off was completed and written down on dimension
paper, Microsoft Excel was used to tabulate the taking-off in a
electronic form.
The quantities were then squared and the values were abstracted from
the dimensions paper and assisted in the billing stage.
Microsoft Word was used to produce the bill of quantities in an
electronic form.
The des iptio s a d p i e ates gathe ed f o “po s Davis Langdon,
2011) helped compose the bill of quantities.
38
3.4 Assumptions
In order for the research to be accurate and practical, some of the factors
o espo di g to the fou datio s taki g-off and cost estimation (both manual and
automatic processes) were assumed. The assumptions are as follows:
It was assumed that there was a number of vegetation on site that needed
removing/clearing.
The water table of the soil was assumed low.
It was assumed that there was no loss when retaining excavation.
It was assumed that no obstructions were located underground.
It is assumed that all excavations and filling up was prepared by the use of a
machine.
The disposal of the soil was assumed to be loaded by hand and at an average
distance of 25m.
The results of a research often depend on its confinements, and thus should be
carefully considered and designed before they are set. The scope of the case study
is defined by the following limitations:
i. The manual and automatic process of taking-off and cost estimating was limited to
just the foundation of the residential home.
ii. Both manual and automatic process of taking-off and cost estimating where
considered to be based on the late design phase of the project.
iii. Due to time restrictions, the automatic process of taking-off and cost estimating
was carried out with the use of just one cost estimating tool (Autodesk QTO).
iv. The researcher that conducted the taking-off and cost estimating procedure also
designed the 3D model of the residential home. The researcher knew the elements
and material used prior to the taking-off process.
39
v. The taking-off and cost estimating process were executed in accordance to NRM2.
However, the researcher alread k e the ite s details prior to this stage.
vi. Due to the study being a hypothetical one, there was no actual site to go visit. In
reality, this would require the quantity surveyor to visit the site to gather all the
necessary information before commencing the taking-off and cost estimation
process.
vii. Autodesk QTO was not solely used as an automatic cost estimating software, since
many of the quantities were taken-off with the use of manual tools provided by
the software.
viii. Autodesk QTO was not connected with a cost database, resulting to an average
price rate to be adapted f o “po s P i e Book .
ix. The resulting cost estimate is only focused on the quantities, and does not
considered any of the labour work or risks incorporated with the project.
The limitations defining the scope of the case study were generally due to the
time, technological and personal restrictions. Nonetheless, the limitations assisted in
o fi i g the s ope of the ase stud , i o de to effe ti el satisf the stud s ai s
and objectives.
This chapter explained the research design and methodology strategy used in
the study, providing a rationale for the choices. It then describes the choice in the
hypothetical case study, offering the selected tools and procedures. Finally, the
chapter also described the delimitations that define the scope of the case study.
40
Chapter 4: Findings (Case Study Results)
This chapter presents the research findings drawn from the manual and
automatic taking-off process conducted on the hypothetical case study, illustrated in
chapter three. The findings for each process are compared with each other to help
demonstrate the changes the quantity surveyors profession will come across on a daily
basis, in regards to the implementation of a cost estimating BIM software (Autodesk
QTO). The changes covered in this chapter are in regards to the process, time taken,
accuracy, item description and knowledge required. The chapter is presented in
respect to the five different variables mentioned above. However, the variables
presented in the following chapter influence one another.
This section demonstrates the changes a quantity surveyor will face in the
variation from the manual process to the automatic process of taking-off and cost
estimating. Revit 2014 was used to create the residential home model and all the
necessary drawings, shown in appendix A. The models and drawings were used for the
automatic taking-off, whereas the traditional take-off required just the 2D drawings.
Firstly, in order to be able to use the model created in Revit 2014, it was
necessary to export the model as a file that would be recognised by Autodesk QTO
2013. Even though, the standard file type used for interoperability between BIM
applications is IFC, Autodesk QTO does not support IFC. As a result, this indicated that
the quantity surveyor will need to have knowledge in the different tools available, and
what each require. It was necessary to export the file into a DWF/DWFx in order for
QTO to recognise, illustrated in figure 4-1. However, it was very important that the
user ensured that the E po t O je t Data utto as selected as illustrated in figure
4.2. Without this selection the exported file, would not include any information
attached to the objects, which is one of the main distinguishes between 3D CAD
models and BIM models. This indicated that it is still plausible for the quantity surveyor
41
to need to communicate with the architect as he would with a drawing, if for instance
the architect did not include all the information. Figure 4.1 indicates the procedure of
selecting the view/sheet to export as a DWF file. Whereas figure 4.2 shows the tab of
what the DWF file should include when converted.
Figure 4-1File exporting in Revit: The steps necessary to convert file into DWF or to standard IFC format.
Figure 4-2 DWF file settings: The DWF e po t setti gs ta o tai s the E po t O je t Data setti g.
This important setting will distinguish whether information is attached to the drawing.
42
One of the changes introduced to the profession is that in contrary to the
manual taking-off process, when using an automated cost estimating tool, the quantity
surveyor can expect to receive all the drawings at the same time. This is possible due to
BIM elements containing both descriptions and parameters, allowing for all of the
information to be intertwined through location parameters, object type and other
information attached to the element. Figure 4.3 illustrates that while the residential
home was being modelled the elevations and plan views were automatically updated.
Thus when the model is complete all the information and drawings are automatically
ready to send to the quantity surveyor. Moreover, in order to create a section, the only
required step was to draw a line as indicated in figure 4.3, for the area required for the
section. This saves time, since the quantity surveyor will not have incomplete
information since all the drawings are received at the same time. Apart, from that
having all the information available at the same time and organised as illustrated in
figure 4.5, the quantity surveyor is able to work both more effectively and more
efficiently.
The properties palette assists the user with modifying and altering any
information associated with the selected item (object, sheet, view etc.). The
Project browser allows the user to switch through the different views,
sheets , plans, elevations, etc. A change made in any part of the model will
automatically be changed throughout the model.
This section includes an overview of how Autodesk QTO 2013 was used in order
to take-off and create a cost estimate for the residential home model. It goes on to
explain the process of taking-off and cost estimating using Autodesk QTO 2013.
Once the DWF files were exported from Revit (2014), they were then imported
into Autodesk QTO (2013) (seen in figure 4.4). This straightforward process that
required the user to enter the name of the project, specify the settings, select the
catalogue (see figure 4.4). This indicates that the quantity surveyor will have to get to
learn the software, in regards to how it operates and what it needs in order to be used
as efficiently as possible. In comparison to the traditional method of taking-off, the
process does not implicate excess requirements of learning how this software
operates. The user will have to keep in mind that the software will be updated on
yearly bases, which will require the user to keep training and learning the software,
unlike the traditional process.
44
The diary filled in during the researchers summer placement in the quantity
surveying industry (shown in appendix G), demonstrates that an important factor
before any taking-off is to create a list of all the elements/items that must be taken-off
in accordance to NRM2. As referred to by both Seeley (1999) and Khemlani (2006) in
regards to both traditional methods and methods prior to BIM (CAD) a taking-off
schedule/list is recommended. Instead of using a taking-off list the automated
software tool provides catalogues during the project process (see figure 4.4). Autodesk
QTO breaks down the model into elements based on the selection of catalogue, as
demonstrated in figure 4.5. Figure 4.5 illustrates the items available from selecting CSI-
16, the number indicating the number of items included in the catalogue. These
catalogues are predetermined as CSI-16, CSI-48 and Uniformat.
However, the real benefit comes when creating your own template, which can
then be used as a template for other projects. The procedure of using a predefined
template for example each projects substructure or superstructure can help reduce a
substantial amount time. Moreover, in comparison to the tradition method of
measurement it can also be used for allocating the items in a way that would benefit
the quantity surveyors working on the project (i.e. substructure or superstructure)
allo i g o e ti e a d e ou ses fo the p ofessio to fo us o p ote ti g alue fo
o e . Even though this can benefit the quantity surveyor, it can also result to human
error. In this case, due to know detailed taking-off list, it resulted to the quantity
surveyor forgetting to include the forming of the cavity, which resulted to wrong cost
estimation.
Figure 4-5 QTO - Document organisation: Illustrates all the documents imported into Autodesk QTO, all
organised in each file accordingly.
46
4.2.2 Automatic taking-off process
Once the files are imported and organised in the cost estimating software (as
illustrated in figure 4.5). The use of these tools will depend on whether the quantity
surveyor is taking-off from a 3D model or a 2D CAD drawing. However, during a
traditional method taking-off the quantity surveyor did not have any concerns
regarding 3D modelling. This process change indicates that the quantity surveyor must
now know how to operate, alter and read the information embedded into the model.
The tools available for taking-off both 2D and 3D models are illustrated in figure 4.6. As
indicated by figures 4.9 – 4.12, a complete automatic take-off is not possible there is
still the need of manual taking-off, thus the manual taking-off tools available by the
cost estimating tool.
Figure 4-6 QTO - Tool palette: Illustrate the tools used for taking-off measurements in Autodesk QTO.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 (Automatic) Model Take-off tool: This is used to extract all the objects from a 3D model and adds it to
the take-off palette.
2 (Automatic) Search Take-off tool: This tool is used to search for and create a taking-off for all the
o je ts that at hes the use s ite ia.
3 (Automatic) Single-Click Auto Takeoff tool: This tool is mostly used to measure geometry or object
found in a rich DWF sheet, with attached attributes.
4 (Manual) Single-Click Linear Take-off tool: This tool is used to measure linear geometry in a rich DWF
sheet. This tool also includes a polyline, rectangle and ellipse linear take-off tool.
5 (Manual) Area Take-off tool: This tool is used to measure the area from a polyline, rectangle or ellipse
area.
6 (Manual) Count take-off tool: This tool is used for counting take-off objects.
7 (Manual) Backout Takeoff tool: This tool is used to remove a take-off measurement from a polyline,
rectangular, elliptical geometries and counts.
Table 1 QTO - Tool description: Illustrate and explain the tools used for taking-off measurements in Autodesk
QTO. Adopted from Autodesk Quantity Takeoff, 2014.
47
Figure 4-7 QTO - GUI: Illustrates the GUI interface of Autodesk QTO 2013. Demonstrating how each section is linked together, illustrating that a change in one sheet will automatically update
in the rest. 48
Colour Code Description
These tabs (known as palettes) include the different windows necessary to take-off and cost
estimate the project, i.e. the project documents, take-off information, models, properties, etc.
The take-off i do is he e all of the p oje t s take-off data is stored and managed.
The items are organised according to the chosen catalogue (in this case CSI-16).
This window shows the model used to take-off. When using a 2D drawing, then this will
change to the drawing used for the taking-off.
The workbook palette displays all the taken-off items, and can be used as a bill of
quantities, indicating the quantities and unit price of each item. The software
automatically multiplies the two columns calculating the total price for each item.
Table 2 QTO – GUI descriptions: Explains figure 4.7, and indicating the purpose of each window. Adopted from
Autodesk Quantity Takeoff, 2014.
The data is managed in each window separately. However, all windows are
linked with each other, just like Revit, 2014 (illustrated in 4.3). While using the
software it was observed that a change in one window would automatically update the
rest of the windows. Looking at figure 4.7 the unite cost of the taking-off item was
entered in the items properties (see figure 4.8), and this automatically updated the
workbook palette.
0.754 m
51
Figure 4-11 QTO - Search take-off for 3D
model: On the left, the search take-off
tool was used to take-off the area of the
75mm cavity wall. The area was then
used alo g ith the a it s idth i
order to calculate the volume. Along
with the change in formula the quantity
unit was modified from m2 to m3.
The formula used to calculate the volume of the 75mm cavity fill,
includes an automatic calculation of the walls area (length x
height a d a a ual i put of the a it s idth .
When using QTO to take-off the topology elements, object information was not
included in the original model. As shown in appendix A drawing 1, this is simply a
representation of the top soil. The information contained in the model was in regards
to a sheet of topology, which was placed there for no more than a simple
representation. Without any detailed information attached to the soil, it was necessary
to use knowledge and experience gained from traditional take-off to quantify the
foundation and manually incorporated in the software (see figure 4.12). It was not
possible for an automatic take-off any of the excavated filling and disposal
measurements from the soil.
The measurements were obtained by using the manual take-off to calculate the
area on a 2D drawing, after the drawings were scaled (see figure 4.12). However, due
to this being a 2D drawing it was only possible to calculate a linear, area, and count
value. It was not possible to use only one of these tools without having the knowledge
52
and experience from both the taking-off and squaring stages. Table 3 explains how
each volume was derived, multiplying each area with the height. This process required
automated tools and experience/knowledge of how to take-off a foundation. The
problem with this is that the software does not recognise these as a volume, but as an
area, which can lead to confusion when read by another quantity surveyor.
On the left, we can see the item take-off list and on the right,
the areas of each item matching its colour.
Figure 4-12 QTO - All the excavation, filling and disposal taking-offs:
53
When using QTO the user is able to round all the calculations instantly. When
calculating the red rustic wall see figure which was 0.150mm high it was necessary to
manually multiply both the result by the height required (0.15) and by multiplying by 2.
Without the use of a manual take-off and the lack of knowledge behind it, it would not
be possible to take-off the whole brick wall accurately. The (Automatic) Search Take-off
tool (illustrated and explained in figure 4.6 and table 1 respectively) was used to
calculate the linear length (centre line) of the wall. This process saved a lot of time,
since with the click of a button the linear length was calculated. It was also necessary
to change the units manually, since the linear type of measurement was calculated,
instead of the ite s area. This indicated that there is still room for human error even
when using the automated method of taking-off.
Figure 4-13 QTO - Using search take-off tool: Using the search take-off tool, and
process of modifying formula to get desired result.
54
4.2.2.1 Creating assemblies
During the automatic quantity take-off process it was very difficult to combine
the different measurements form different taking-offs, and where manually inputted
into the formula tab (see figure 4.12 and 4.13). This required a deep understanding,
experience, and knowledge of each drawing, in order for the various measurements to
be used appropriately. Taking for example the excavation of trench foundation shown
in table 3, the taking-off process included an automatic taking-off of the 0.225 x 0.750
mm foundation. However, the height of the trench had to be thought of and
incorporated into the formula. This indicated that even with the use of automatic take-
off tool there was room for human error.
Whilst using Autodesk QTO 2013 it was possible to create an assembly for the
items. An assembly is a take-off item that is a combination of component items. Taking
for example the floor bed, which in our case was 400mm thick, complied of 150mm of
concrete and 250mm of hardcore. However, as indicated by figure 4.14 this was not
broken down automatically, but had to be manually inputted by the user. In addition,
in order to compile the assembly it was necessary that the individual components were
created and imported into the main component, floor bed (see figure 4.14).
Figure 4-14 QTO - Assembly: Process of QTO did not breakdown the element into individual
creating an assembly. components. In order for the correct volume to be
calculated the volume had to multiplied by the ratio of
hardcore to the floor bed and the concrete to floor bed.
55
After completing the assembly for the hardcore bed, it made no difference
towards the taking-off and bill of quantities. It was not possible to keep the main
component and delete the individual (concrete and hardcore) items. This meant that
the items were included in both the main component and as individuals.
Autodesk QTO 2013 provides a number of functions that are not available while
doing a manual taking-off. These functions help make taking-off even more efficient
and effective. These functions include automatically colour coding the item, being able
to hide a group of items and the availability of locating an item on the 2D drawing or
3D model.
This is the hide/unhide function. This indicates that all other items relevant
to this view are hidden. It also indicates that
the colour code is automatically shown on
the view.
Figure 4.15 QTO – Taking-off functions1: Illustrating the hide/unhide and colour
code functions. 56
The software automatically colour codes each taking-off item, which helps
emphasize the item on the model (see figure 4.12 and 4.15). However even when
duplicating the item, to reuse the measurements, the colour is also duplicated on the
drawing/view. This can tend to get over crowded as illustrated in figure 4.12, but due
to the hide/unhide function it is possible to choose what items to see. By using a
different colour for each item, the drawing became too compacted with different
colours. Although the user has the ability to change the translucence of the colour in
order to make it clearer and less compacted (see figure 4.8).
Moreover, the software also includes a function that can take you directly to
the item found in the drawings. While using the taking-off or workbook palette, the
user can comfortably locate the item on all the drawings and views it is located in. As
indicated by figure 4.16, by selecting the item the user was able to see all the
documents and by selecting the required drawing/view the user was taken to the
drawing highlighting the item (see figure 4.16).
Figure 4-16 QTO – Taking-off functions2: Illustrates all the views the item is located in.
57
4.2.3 Bill of quantities process
When using QTO it was identified that as soon as I did the taking-off
measurements from the items, all the items were automatically updated in the
workbook section. Moreover, using a couple of steps I was able to create a report
showing the bill of quantities (see figure 4.17 – 4.19). Comparing this to the traditional
method, creating a bill of quantities would require considerable amount of time (see
section 4.4). It was noticed that during the use of QTO it was again necessary to be able
to describe the item taken-off according to NRM2. Without the necessary
quantification and costing competencies, the descriptions would not be correct. This is
indicated in figure 4.8, where the user was required to manually input the NRM
descriptions in the properties of the item. There are a number of places were the user
can input the description, without having to worry that they will not update. The user
can input the remarks in the take-off palette, the workbook palette, and the ite s
properties as indicated in figure 4.8. As indicated in sections 4.1 and 4.2.2 the windows
are automatically updated once a field is modified in any of the windows.
58
Figure 4.19 QTO – Preparing the bill of
quantities report3: After selecting the
desired items and columns, the user
hooses the epo t s la out a d de ides
whether it will include any header and
footer.
Once the user goes through the steps shown in figures 4.17-4.19, a report is
created showing all the specified items and columns. The bill of quantities is created in
a matter of seconds, giving the reports preview (previewed in figure 4.20). The report
indicates that the cost of the foundation is £ 15,181.40, showing the total price for
each element (i.e. general requirements, site construction, concrete, etc). This price is
broken down into detail in appendix F. The software then gives the user the option to
export the report in various file formats (such as pdf, xls, doc, etc) (see appendix F).
Figure 4-20 QTO – Summary Report: Shows the report generated by the Autodesk QTO.
59
4.3 Checking Model
Due to the use of 3D BIM models, it is important that the model is checked
before the taking-off process begins. This process is made available through the use of
additional BIM applications (in this case Solibris Model Checker). This was not
necessary during the traditional taking-off process. The change in process is mainly due
to the conversion of 2D to 3D drawings, introducing the tendency for drawings to be
checked.
When using the model it is important for the quantity surveyor to make sure
that models to be used for taking-off are verified and checked, ensuring that all the
information is incorporated in the DWF file. However, this is the reason behind the IFC
standard, which is explained in sections (1.2.1 & 2.3.1.1), the main solution behind
interoperability of BIM applications. One way of checking the model was to open it in
Revit and verify the information attached to each object. Another option was to use a
model checker (Solibris), which provided a check based on quantification and costing
rules (see figure 4.21)
The model is imported into Solibris as an IFC file type (see figure 4.21). Once
opened, the quantity surveyor has the ability to check the model against roles such as
architectural checking, building code, energy analysis, quantity take-off, etc (refer to
figure 4.21). Without the need of extensive knowledge behind the other professions
and roles, the quantity surveyor has the ability to check the model against these.
During the manual take-off the quantity surveyor can only look at the 2D drawings and
not down all the questions directed to the other roles using a query sheet.
60
One of the standards recognised by Solibris
Model Checker is the IFC standard. After
importing the model into Solibris, the
appropriate roles for the check are selected.
Figure 4-21 Solibris Model Checker - File import: Importing a model into Solibris Model Checker and
setting up the model check.
Once the role is selected, the software then compares the roles to the model;
identifying all the errors and categorising them by importance (see figure 4.23). Apart
from providing a preview of all the errors, the quantity surveyor is able to create a
report on this information (see appendix B). This can be used to replace the query
sheets used in the manual process. The quantity surveyor does not need to have a vast
knowledge and experience in regards to using Solibris. Even when used for the first
time the software suggests the best approach towards checking a model (see figure
4.24), and provides a checklist for all the steps that must be covered to provide for an
effective model check. The errors found with the model were ignored since they were
regarding the superstructure.
61
Figure 4-22 Solibris Model Checker – Warning window: A warning
indicating that it would be more effective if the user completed the rule
sets specified before continuing.
The quantity surveyor has the option to check the model by directly opening it
in the design software package (Revit Architecture 2014). Once opened the quantity
surveyor is able to go through the items required for the taking-off, and look at each
items properties and components. However, this would require the quantity surveyor
to have knowledge and experience in using a variety of BIM applications, which can be
costly for training, software licenses, and equipment.
62
4.4 Manual take-off
This section illustrates the findings from the manual procedures necessary to
take-off the items and then create a bill of quantities.
The process commences when the quantity surveyor receives all of the required
drawings (refer to appendix A). The drawings were all analysed for a greater
understanding of the residential home. This was not necessary with the automatic
take-off, si e the ua tit su e o ould g asp the uildi g s desig using the 3D
model. The main drawings used for the taking-off the substructure were the floor plan
and the detailed section of the foundation (refer to appendix A). Before commencing
taking-off of items, a taking-off schedule was created in accordance to NRM2 (see
appendix C). The schedule contained the items necessary for the taking-off process.
The items were taken-off in the order according to the taking-off schedule. The
automatic taking-off process followed a similar order, but depended on the catalogue
selected. This indicates that the usage of automatic taking-off process may be
dissociating from NRM.
Human errors were introduced during the traditional taking-off process, such as
the retained top soil s i o e t ua tit , hi h as due to wrong rounding up. As
indicated in figure 4.24 (refer to appendix D for detail), the value was quantified as 19
m3 instead of 20 m3. In comparison to the automatic taking-off process the quantity
63
surveyor does not have to calculate or thick about rounding up the quantities since
they are rounded up automatically. Moreover, another human error encountered
during the traditional taking-off method was located once the measurements were
completed. This was due the use of wrong dimension of the width of the building.
Instead of 7.006 m, the width of 6.785 m, which was a fundamental measurement used
for other measurements, such as the centre line of the trench, the facing of the
external skins and measurement of the Bed as seen in appendix A. This error was not
verified until the use of QTO where the drawings were all presented together, and
where measured on screen, while verifying the scale. These types of human errors are
still possible during the use of the cost estimating software, but are minimised
significantly.
Figure 4-24 Bill of quantities produced by the manual process: Sample of the bill of quantities indicating
wrong measurement resulting to wrong price.
After the completion of the taking-off process, the taking-off was computerised
by tabulating it using a spreadsheet. This process was an extra procedure used by
companies (refer to appendix G), in order to improve presentation, storage and
communication between different parties. This is automatically made available to the
quantity surveyor when using the automated cost estimating software.
64
quantities. This resulted to less time wasted on producing the bill of quantities and
o e ti e to efle t o alue fo o e .
4.5 Summary
This chapter has illustrated the usage of both a manual and automatic method
of taking-off the foundation of the residential home, subsequently producing a cost
estimate of the foundation. The findings are analysed and discussed, along with the
literature review in the next chapter.
65
Chapter 5: Discussion
This chapter will discuss how the two methods of taking-off and production of
ost esti ates, has ha ged a d ho it ill affe t the ua tit su e o s p ofessio as
a whole. This is achieved by analysing the literature review along with the findings
examined in the previous chapter. The sections of the chapter will examine the
changes established in regards to the variables (process, time taken, accuracy, item
description and knowledge required), and how these will affect the profession.
5.1 Process
Jellings (2013) describes IFC as a common language between the different BIM
applications. However, as deduced by the previous section this is not fully integrated
into the industry yet. The cost estimating software (Autodesk QTO) did not recognise
IFC files, instead another common file type that is used by both software, since they
both provided by the same company (Autodesk). On the other hand, when using
Solibris Model Checker, the IFC file format was used to open the file produced in Revit
2014. Even though the IFC format is not fully integrated with all applications, there is
still evidence of a coherent relationship between the various applications, thus
suppo ti g Chap a s otio of a o p ehe si e a d ohe e t elatio ship
between the stakeholders.
The Cabinet Office (2011) intended to make efforts in replacing the adversarial
culture with collaborative ones. In the duration of using Autodesk QTO, it was evident
that the quantity surveyor would have to learn how to use software diverse from their
profession. This may mean that the quantity surveyor will need an additional
knowledge beyond their line of expertise, supporting the idea that there will be birth of
new services (Cartlidge, 2011; Ashworth et al, 2013). This also supports Davis Langdon
and Everest (1991) foresight of development of new services in order for the
p ofessio s su i al.
66
Cartlidge (2011) discusses that there will be a certain change to the traditional
method of taking-off and cost estimating, indicated through the findings section.
Olatunji et al (2010) and Monteiro & Martins (2013) demonstrate that manual process
of taking-off and measurements is relied on drawings (floor plans, elements, sections,
elevations, etc) which are evident in the findings section. This was not the case during
the automatic taking-off, where both a 3D model and drawings were used. One major
difference regarding the drawings is that the quantity surveyor will receive the
drawings at the same time, which is a customary with the traditional method.
This could be used to verify that the model used for the taking-off is correct.
How does this vary from what a quantity surveyor would get from the architect? Once
looked at the drawings if the quantity surveyor was not sure about some details on the
drawing they would create a query sheet (see section 2.2.1). The quantity surveyor
would send this to the architect and wait for a response, being a time consuming
process (Ashowrth et al, 2013). As seen by the hypothetical case study these process
has changed in a way that allows for instantaneous feedback for any queries regarding
the drawings.
Even though Seeley (1999) breaks down the taking-off and production of bill of
quantities into two sections, Tweeds (1995) breaks the process even further identifying
the process a quantity surveyor faces when taking-off and preparing a bill of quantities.
As illustrated in the findings the all four stages were necessary to produce a cost
estimate. This is not the case when doing an automatic cost estimate. The first stage of
67
taking-off was partially automatic partially manual. However, the other three steps
were automatically derived once the information was inputted. A concept many
authors have (Vladimir et al, 2010; Al-Mashta & Alkass, 2010; Eastman et al, 2011;
Ashworth et al, 2013) this kind of change in the process, eliminating three steps of the
laborious task of taking-off, will allow the quantity surveyor to focus on other tasks
such as visualising (Autodesk Revit), analysing (Solibris Model Checker) and assessing
(Autodesk QTO). These kinds of changes can be a prospect for the profession to expand
into more diverse services.
One of the key changes (covered in section 5.1) that will influence the quantity
su e o s p o ess of taki g-off is the elimination of three of the steps towards taking-
off and producing a bill of quantities. The findings section identified that the quantity
surveyor will not need to waste any time on preparing the cost estimates since it is
automatically calculated and prepared, with a few steps. Thus, the quantity surveyor
can use the extra time
68
assist the quantity surveyor with laborious tasks, allowing them to spend time on more
important services.
It is clear that during the use of the automatic cost estimating software is a
process taken to cut down costs, by minimising mistakes. I Keith Hill s pe spe ti e,
this indicates that the construction industry is no longer welded to the technology of
the past. As explained by AEC MAGAZINE (2013) and illustrated in the findings section,
cost estimates are more precise due to parameters attached to the elements and the
ability to label model content and categorised them into different items (walls, roofs,
windows, floor slabs, etc).
69
though the measurements are automatically taken-off, something they would not
normally do for a manual taking-off.
Olatunji et al (2010) mentions how the process of filtering BIM data in order to
comply with NRM is regarded as a barrier towards its implementation. During the
hypothetical ase stud s e pe i e t it as o se ed that NRM was not relevant
during automatic taking-off, meaning that the person using the software must have
both knowledge and experience of traditional taking-off in order to correlate NRM with
the automatic taking-off process.
This can save much more time since it was noticed that when taking-off a lot of
time was also wasted in the description of the item. Someone that did not have
70
previous experience with NRM would not be able to describe as it is required by NRM
and the order in which it was suppose to be taken-off.
Eastman et at (2011) and BCIS (2011) mentioned that a key bottleneck was the
shortage of trained professionals. The amount of electronic recourses made available
for each BIM application is vast. The user had not experience with BIM applications
before this research. As regards to RICS, there was limited to no recourses or tutorials
available as to how to use cost estimate software, suppo ti g No thu ia U i e sit s
view that RICS is not doing enough.
71
5.6 Summary
This chapter illustrates how the study took a different approach towards the
automatic quantification process. It is lucid that quantification and costing items are
not yet ready to produce a take-off with one click. The chapter has also compared the
literature review along with the findings observed from conducting the manual and
automatic taking-off. The chapter analyses how the difference between the two
processes will have an impact on the quantity surveyors profession.
72
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations
In order to illustrate how the changes inflicted by the change from a manual
process to an automatic process of taking–off and cost estimate, research was carried
out on key authors in this field. Moreover, a hypothetical case study was conducted to
see the type of changes brought up by automatic process, in comparison to the manual
process. These changes were analysed to obtain results into how these will influence
the quantity surveying profession.
73
6.1 Key findings in relation to the thesis objectives
The experience of using a 3D models BIM application tool (Revit 2014), demonstrated
that the architect using this tool will have to consider the information that is attached
to ea h ite . “i e these pa a ete s a e hat the ua tit su e o s ost esti ates
depend upon. This is what it means to collaborate, to thick of how your information
will affect the various professions in the AEC industry. Moreover, this also
demonstrated that the quantity surveyor profession should have both knowledge and
experience in regards to tools other than the BIM cost estimating tools. In order to use
them they will also need equipment, training and licenses that may be costly to a small
company. The information and tutorials available for quantity surveyors, for each BIM
application is vast and can provide a large portion of the required training.
Nevertheless, this may benefit the quantity surveyor in being able to provide more
services for the contractor/client.
To assess the traditional method of taking-off and producing bill of quantities for
pre-contract cost estimates, by manually taking-off the foundation model created
in objective one
74
where all the quantity surveyors are able to follow the same steps, thus providing a
more effective understanding of the cost estimating process.
To examine the method of taking-off and producing bill of quantities again for
pre-contract cost estimates, by using a cost estimating tool (Autodesk Quantity
Takeoff) to take-off the same model used for objective two
To compare the two methods in order to evaluate the differences between the
two, thus identifying the changes made towards the method of practice, and
consequently how these will influence the quantity surveying profession:
As regards to the quantity surveyor this means no more worrying about creating the
bill of quantities, or going through all the measurements to readjust them, or squaring
all the taking-offs. These eliminated steps, will help decrease the time needed for the
process, and increase the accuracy of the cost estimate. Subsequently, this will allow
o e ti e fo the ua tit su e o to spe d o satisf i g alue fo o e fo the
client. Automatic cost estimates are not yet available to provide a fully automated
take-off, and are limited to standards such as NRM. However, the quantity surveying
75
profession must appreciate that it is not just black and white, meaning It is not use BIM
o do t use BIM. The p ofessio ill g eatl enefit when they use BIM along with the
knowledge and expertise to provide the most efficient and effective quality at the ideal
price. It will not be possible to achieve this by having one without the other. When the
quantity surveying profession accepts and embraces BIM, it will see a number of doors
open up for the profession.
A project would include both PPQ and PCQ items; however, the taking-off
process of the hypothetical case study only included PPQ items, which can
have an effect when taking-off automatically.
The BIM tools may have not been used as efficient and effective as possible.
Since all BIM tools used were self-taught, by looking at tutorials and online
manuals of each software.
The cost estimate BIM tool was used only once, meaning the user could not
take advantage of the modified templates of objects, items, catalogues etc.
The same person produced both the design and cost estimate, thus
knowing what information to incorporate prior to the taking-off and cost
estimating process.
Due to time constraints, not only was one cost estimating software used,
but the cost estimating process was only in regards to the substructure
element of the building
76
6.3 Recommendations
For a further study to be conducted in this area, the following are the
recommendations:
To choose a real project, so that the researcher can take full advantage of
technology incorporated with BIM, and to see how the different AEC
professions collaborate with each other.
To use BIM th oughout the p oje t s hole life cycle, thus all of the benefits of
using BIM on a project could be analysed.
To use a number of cost estimating BIM tools to provide a cost estimate for all
of the p oje t s ele e ts. This ill ge e ate a ette u de sta di g of a
automatic cost estimate process.
77
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82
Appendices
83
Appendix A: Drawings
1. 3D view
6. Section
7. Foundation Detail
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
Appendix B: Solibris Model Check Report of Residential
Home
Major
Accepted
Rejected
Normal
Minor
Intersections Between Architectural Components Comment
Intersections - Same Kind of Components OK
Wall - Wall Intersections OK
Slab - Slab Intersections OK
Roof - Roof Intersections OK
Beam - Beam Intersections -
Column - Column Intersections -
Door - Door Intersections OK
Window - Window Intersections OK
Stair - Stair Intersections -
Suspended Ceiling - Suspended Ceiling Intersections -
Railing - Railing Intersections -
Ramp - Ramp Intersections -
Intersections - Different Kind of Components x
Door Intersections OK
Window Intersections OK
Column Intersections -
Beam Intersections -
Stair Intersections -
Railing Intersections -
Suspended Ceiling Intersections -
Wall Intersections x
Slab Intersections OK
Roof Intersections -
Intersections of Furniture and Other Objects -
Object Intersections -
Doors/Windows and Objects -
Objects and Other Components -
92
Major
Accepted
Rejected
Normal
Minor
Quantity Take-off Comment
Deficiency Detection x
Required Components x
Unallocated Areas -
Components Below and Above x
Components Above Columns -
Components Below Columns -
Components Above Beams -
Components Below Beams -
Components Above Walls x
Components Below Walls OK
Required Components in Spaces x
Toilet Seats and Basins Must Be Defined x
Toilet Seats and Basins in Toilets
Closets Must Be Defined x
Closets in Kitchens
Refridgerators Must Be Defined x
Fridge in Kitchens
Construction Types Must Be from Agreed List -
Inconsistent Component Properties OK
Component Thickness Must Be Consistent OK
Component Profiles Must Be Consistent -
Door and Window Dimensions Must Be Consistent OK
Door and Window Top Elevation Must Be
OK
Consistent
Component Height Must Be Consistent OK
Component Elevation Must Be Consistent OK
93
94
95
96
Appendix C: Manual Take-off
Residential House Model
Title: TorrisholmTaking off Foundation
1. Site Preparation
- Trial Pits nr 5.1.2.1
- Removing Trees nr 5.2.1.1
- Site Clearance m2 5.4.1
2. Reduced Level
- Excavation m3 5.6.1.1
- Disposal m3 5.9.2.1
- Retain Top Soil m3 5.10.1.1
3. Trench
- Excavation m3 5.6.2.1
- Backfill m3 5.11.2
4. Concrete Foundation
- Concrete m3 11.2.1.2
- Adjust Backfill m3 5.11.2
- Disposal m3 5.9.2.1
5. Brick/Block Work
- External Skin m2 14.1.1.1 & 14.1.2.1
- Forming Cavity m2 14.14.1.1
- Concrete Filling m3 11.5.1.1
- D.P.C m 14.16.1.3
- Facing m2 14.1.1
- Adjust Backfill m3 5.11.2
- Disposal m3 5.9.2.1
6. Bed
- Concrete m3 11.2.1.1
- Hardcore m3 5.12.2.1
- Damp Proof Membrane m3 5.16.1.1
97
Residential House Model
Fnd - 1
Girth 500mm to
3.00 3.00 1,500mm; filled with clay
98
Residential House Model
Fnd - 2
length width
11.175 6.785
0.453 0.453
11.628 7.238
depth 250
99
Residential House Model
Fnd - 3
3. Trench
℄ Foundation excavation
Centre Line 34.82 not exc 2.00 m depth
girth 0.75
0.88 22.98
length width
11.175 6.785
&
11.175
6.785
2/ 17.96 Filling foundation trench
ext face 35.92 with material from
excavation not exc 500
less ext angles mm; final thicckness
6-2=4 consolidated in layers
4/275 1.1 average 100 mm deep
34.82
Depth
750
225
975
100
Residential House Model
Fnd - 4
4. Concrete Foundation
Brickwalls
Ddt
Filling foundation trenches
with material from Cavity
excavations a.b.
50mm thick 75mm thick
& depth depth
150mm 750mm
Disposal of excavated 150mm
material off site a.b. 900mm
101
Residential House Model
Fnd - 5
Ddt
Filling foundations with
34.82 material from excavation
0.28 a.b.
0.65 6.34 Imported hardcore filling
& 10.63 in bed over 50mm but
6.24 not exceeding 500mm
Disposal of excavated 0.25 16.58 thick; compacted in
material off site a.b. layers average 100mm
Ddt thick
1.80
2.38
0.25 1.07
1.70
1.35
0.25 0.57
14.94
10.63
6.24 66.33 Damp proof membrane
1000 guage polythene
Ddt lapped 150 at joints.
1.80
2.38 4.28 Tanking & damp
1.70 proofing; horizontal laid
1.35 2.30 on blinded hardcore.
59.75
102
Appendix D: Bill of Quantities
FOUNDATION
EARTHWORKS
EXCAVATION, FILLING,
ETC
SITE CLEARANCE /
PREPERATION
EXCAVATIONS
103
5 Top soil excavation for 12 M3 0.90 10.80
(5.10.1.1) preservation average depth
150 mm, in temporary spoil
heaps on average distance
of 25 m.
Trench excavations
Imported filling
Disposal on site
104
IN-SITU CONCRETE
WORKS
IN-SITU CONCRETE
MASONRY
WALLS
105
Lightweight aerated high
strength concrete
blocks (7.00N/mm2);
Thermalite High Strength 7
blocks or other equal and
approved; in cement
mortar (1:3)
CAVITY
WATERPROOFING
106
Damp proof membrane;
3000 grade bituthene
sheeting; lapped joints.
107
Appendix E: Workbook of all taken-off items using
Autodesk QTO
108
Appendix F: Bill of quantities report using Autodesk QTO
01
£10,850.73
£988.15
798.11
348.16
315.02
449.95
42.35
109
Disposal.Filling.Filling from Excavation not
excavation.Filling from exceeding 2.00 m
excavation_1 deep
£1,333.25
03.A-Quality
1,174.61
158.64
£1,355.23
110
N/sqrmm);
Thermalite High
Strength 7 blocks
or other equal and
approved; in
cement mortar
(1:3)
04.Brickwall Red rustic facing 10.579 m² 48.56 513.70 513.70
bricks; in sulphate
resistant cement
mortar (1:3);
stretcher bond;
bucket handle
jointing as work
proceeds
07
£654.04
111
Appendix G: Diary (summer placement experience)
Diary
Date Description
Monday Was introduced to the team and talked about the firms
17/06/13
objectives and goals.
(Week1) Looked at pictures regarding foundations, and details
regarding the type of foundations mostly used in
Cyprus.
Most foundations are constructed with the levelling of
the plane using a slab. A reinforced cage is later placed
on top of the slab and cement and concrete is poured
in.
Was asked to look at Building Quantities Explained by
Ivor H. Seeley .
Tuesday Was shown taking off paper and was explained what
18/06/13 each column should contain.
Began reading Building Quantities Exaplined.
Note for Dissertation: When doing a traditional taking
off we begin with noting down on the top of the 4th
column the project number (code), the date, the initials
of the quantity surveyor and the project name.
Note for Dissertation: The second step concerning
commencing the traditional taking off is to write down
a list of every small part of the section that will be
measured.
Note for Dissertation: Each part that is measured will be
ticked off, thus confirming the measurement of that
material. This is because in many cases a lot of small
parts of the section may be forgotten and therefore
result in wrong measurements.
Wednesday Was asked to attempt example 1 from Building
19/06/13 Quantities Explained (Ivor H. Seeley ).
Question: When I first attempt it I did not understand
why we were subtracting the wall from the foundation,
and what we were actually looking for?
Answer: The reason for subtracting the wall was
because we also include the spread of the foundation.
This helped me understand that when we are
measuring a section, we must first understand the
different parts & materials that the section being
measured consists of.
Thursday
Continued working on example
20/06/13 Note for Dissertation: When looking at the drawings
containing the section that will be measured, we must
make sure that the scale we are supplied with (either by
the contractor, civil engineer or architect) is of the
correct scale. From personal experience when
112
attempting to read from A3 papers given by the
different professionals it was difficult to measure
straight from the original copy due to the bulk of the
papers. It was required to take a copy in order to help
with the measurements.
Note for Dissertation: When attempting my first
measurement, I saw that I had forgotten one of the
measurements while reading off the drawings. I was
told that a good way to help with verifying that I had
measured a section was to colour it in showing all the
sections I had measured on the drawing.
Friday Continued working on example
21/06/13 Note for Dissertation: Question: In what order are the
procedures followed in order to arrive at the price
regarding what is being measured?
Answer: Firstly, in Cyprus as I
was told when preparing for a taking off it should be
done on the basis of Standard Method of Measurement
7 (SMM7). This is unlike England where they are
currently using NRM 1&2 (New Rules of Measurement).
When the taking off complies to SMM7 or NRM2 then
they can then be presented in the Bill of quantities. The
Bill of Quantities will include what was measured and
the unit of measurement which is stated in the SMM7
or NRM2. These are then put along with the rates of
each material in order to arrive at the price of the
materials, sections being measured.
Note for Dissertation: While working at Workteam
management I observed that the measurements were
carried out by the traditional means of manual taking
off, measuring directly off the drawing plans and
displaying them on measuring paper. An additional way
was by using Excel, which is a semi-automatic way of
measuring due to the fact that you still have to measure
through the drawing plans or through CAD. Once these
have been measured they must then be inputted into
excel. This is where excel comes in handy, when
inputted into the cells formulas are used to derive
different calculations such as the volume, area,
perimeter, total surface area etc. The use of excel is not
considered to be the tradition way of measurement,
lacking in description for each part being measured.
However, it is thought to be a faster procedure with the
benefit of minimising calculation errors. This can be
thought of as an intermediate between the traditional
method and an automated BIM method, such as
Vectorworks.
Monday Today we started talking about the contracts used in
24/06/13 Cyprus and how they are used. Cyprus bases most of its
(Week2) contracts on the JCT 68 contract. However, I was told
that most contractors add a lot of variations to their
contracts.
When I started getting a better, idea of taking off I
113
noticed that the use of p e ious ea s i fo atio a d
modules came in hand. Firstly, both the Information &
Communication and the Auto CAD modules helped me
understand how to actually read the drawings and
understand them. Secondly, both construction science
and construction technology helped me appreciate how
each section of the building consists of and where each
member can be found. Finally, another module that was
important towards my understanding of the company
was contract law, helping me understand the terms and
some clause regarding the JCT.
Note for Dissertation: When using the traditional
method it is important that the Quantity Surveyor
understands the logical order of measuring a section,
and this is by following the NRM2. When I started with
the measurement of an elevator shaft I began to
measure whatever my eye caught first on the drawing,
The correct order that I should have followed was
SMM7 (now NRM2). These logical orders are
predetermined in NRM2 (SMM7 is an older version),
which states step by step what to measure and in what
order and the units it will be measured in. Taking for
example SMM7 states that the top soil used be
measured in m2 and not in m3.
Tuesday I tried a different drawing in order to understand the
25/06/13 taking off at a better level. This time keeping in mind all
the notes made on my previous mistakes.
Question: When using measuring paper, how do you
refer to previous calculations?
Answer: You refer to back to other calculations through
the description
The subject of double payment was introduced to me
for the first time due to an incident with a contractor. A
contractor, the firm worked with over a project, double
charged materials even though it was in the contract
that it was the contractors responsibility to supply the
adhesive needed for the cutting of the edges. However,
the contractor charged the client extra for these costs.
In order to find these the firm had to go through all the
invoices and looked through all the materials charged.
Wednesday
Continued on measurements.
26/06/13 Note for Dissertation: When I was attempting a
measurements from a drawing I was informed by a
colleague than I should pay attention to the scale and
the drawings that they are the same drawings and not
older or updated drawings.
Note for Dissertation: Regarding traditional taking-off, it
is very important on which column you are writing on,
regarding the measuring paper. This is because we are
trying to produce a standard template that each person
reading the measurements can comprehend.
Thursday Continued measurements on an elevator shaft.
27/06/13
114
Note for Dissertation: The same materials used for
different purposes should be measured separately. For
example, concrete is used in the foundation and in the
walls; however they must both be measured separately.
Friday Was taught how to measure reinforcement bars found
28/06/13 in the reinforced concrete.
Note for Dissertation: (how to measure reinforcement
bars). To begin, reinforcement bars come as 12 m rods,
(in Cyprus this is custom dimensions). We then have to
find the length of where we are going to insert into the
reinforcement, needed in the foundation. Thereafter,
we look at the type of reinforcement provided to us by
the d a i g fo e a ple Y - this ea s a
circumference of 12mm with a spacing of every 15 cm.
In order to find the number of rods in the concrete, we
divide the length by the spacing and then add 1 to the
number. Finally, we multiply the number by the length
of the foundation. That will indicate the total length
that is then converted to kg using the ration of Kg per
M.
An assumption taken for reinforcements in a foundation
is that wherever there is an edge we automatically add
5 cm to the length. For other types of reinforcements
that consist of different pieces, we find the length for
each different rod and add them together. We then
divide the length of the whole construction divided by
the spacing (+1) to find the number of reinforcements.
Monday Today we started talking about how tendering works in
01/07/13 Cyprus. We talked about how the sum of retention is
(Week3) distributed.
In most contracts, during the handing over period, 25%
of the retention sum is given to the contractor and the
remaining 25% of the retention sum is handed to the
contractor after the handing over period, in order to
ensure that the building is in a good condition.
Tuesday Today I had to get involved with a renovation project.
02/07/13 The firm was given different prices (offers) concerning
the wooden windows. My job was to input all of these
values into excel in order to compare the prices and the
differences from one supplier to the other. First I had to
create a table with all the details concerning each offer,
in order to see the differences found in each offers.
115
Figure: Excel table for comparison of windows.
116
some windows were concealed due to some of the
views provided by the drawings.
Monday Was asked to expand on my previous assignment I was
08/07/13 handed the week before.
(Week 4) I was asked to compare the old drawings with the new
drawings to cross reference which windows were
constructed with aluminium, in order to disregard them
from the cost estimate. Moreover, the windows were
not exactly the same as the offers, so it was necessary
to work out the price per m2. However, this needed to
be done according to which window matched the as
close to the description as possible. When noting the
i do s di e sio s i o de to help ith the o ki g
out of each windows area. After working out how much
each window would cost, they were all added in order
to give a rough total sum. I did not expect the price
total to reach £200,000, but I was reassured that this
was a normal total since the windows were made of
wood and not from aluminium.
Tuesday Continued working on my updated assignment trying to
09/07/13 create the table.
Wednesday Carried on with my assignment tabulating all the details
10/07/13 needed for the assignment. Creating the below table
going to be separated into two different houses.
Our manager pointed out to us that the columns were
of older regulations, which meant that they were of
smaller dimensions. In order for the existing columns to
comply with the new anti-seismic regulations, the
columns had to be reinforced and made with bigger
dimensions. They achieved this by attaching a
reinforced cage to the existing column and then applied
concrete to it.
Thursday The third site we visited was a construction site of a
25/07/13 house. Our manager pointed out to us how the support
walls were holding the main wall. In addition to this, we
saw how the reinforcement cages were filled with
aggregate, which was then filled with in situ concrete.
Moreover, we were also made aware of the cement
that was placed in-between each reinforcement cage,
which helped hold them together.
119
Friday Like any other work, secretarial work is vital not only for
26/07/13 the smooth running of the office but it also helps with
the office being presentable, creating a workable
environment and an organised and composed
atmosphere. It was my duty to put together separate
tendering documents, and compile them into one
document that would be presented to our clients.
1 Κ α άΒ ά α m 2
25.12 28.82 24.55 78.49
2 T ο α ο α Β ά α Κά m2 9.75 8.15 12.05 -
3 T ο α ο αΒ ά α τ α m 9.4 9.3 2.8 -
Κ α ά Κα ο , απ α ία ,
4 m 55.23 28.03 42.83 138.85
Kου ί α Τ Δα ου
T ο α ο α Κα ο ,
5 m2 37.36 19.85 26.55 135.21
απ α ία , Kου ί α Τ Δ α ου
6 Κ α ά Μπά ου Τ W.C m 4.17 3.51 5.08 -
7 Κ α ά γ α ω οίχο Μπά ου Τ W.C m2 26.73 19.03 27.95 73.71
8 Πά π ο ω ά ου m2 30.72 11.65 22.39 64.76
9 T ο α ο α π ο ω ά ου m 37.3 6.5 18.2 62
Figure: Tabulating materials and their measurements.
Wednesday Our firm was asked to provide the health and safety
31/07/13 report for a project that was going to take place up in
the mountains. It was for reinforcing the top layer of
the mountain in order to prevent any rocks or gravels
from falling onto the road.
One of the responsibilities of taking on a health and
safety report is that it is necessary to visit the site to see
what is necessary to wrote in the health and safety
report.
When visiting the site pictures were taken at different
angles.
We discussed with the contractor the method he was
going to use to secure the mountain. He discussed that
he was going to be using a crane where two people and
the net would be lifted up. The net would be hooked to
the mountain and let loose all the way to the ground,
120
where it would be pinned in place at the bottom of the
mountain.
Thursday Today my co-worker was going to write up the health
01/08/13 and safety report.
Before he began, we discussed some of the obvious
issues that needed to be included into the report. We
talked about the need to block the side of the road
close to the mountain, to include the radius of the
rotation of the crane to make sure it does not get into
the other side of the road. Moreover, the box of the
crane would fit the net and two operators comfortably,
all the builders have the appropriate equipment and
that they would be tightly secured to the crane.
Friday Talked about our experiences at the placement and our
02/08/13 plans for the summer and for our future.
121
Appendix H: Elevator Shaft - Section View
122
Appendix I: Elevator Shaft – Plan View
123
Appendix J: Elevator Shaft – Taking-off, p.1
124
Appendix K: Elevator Shaft – Taking-off, p.2
125
Appendix L: Elevator Shaft – Pricing Calculation, p.3
126
Appendix M: Parameter Wall Section
127
Appendix N: Parameter Wall- Taking-off, p.1
128
Appendix O: Parameter Wall- Taking-off, p.2
129
Appendix P: Parameter Wall Reinforcement Weight
(summer placement experience)
130
Appendix Q: Floorings and Skirting Plan View (summer
placement experience)
131
Appendix R: Floorings and Skirting Calculation (summer
placement experience)
132
Appendix S: Bill of Quantities (summer placement
experience)
133