Test Bank for Elements of Ecology 8th Edition by Smith

Test Bank for Elements of Ecology 8th Edition by

Smith

To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

https://testbankbell.com/download/test-bank-for-elements-of-ecology-8th-edition-by-s
mith/

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Elements of Ecology, 8e (Smith/Smith)
Chapter 7 Animal Adaptations to the Environment

7.1 Short Answer Questions

1) An organism that obtains its energy and most nutrients from consuming plants or animals is
called a(n) ________.
Answer: heterotroph
Topic: Introduction to Chapter 7

2) The predictable change in morphological and physiological features as a function of body size
is referred to as ________.
Answer: scaling
Topic: Section 7.1

3) Smaller bodies have a larger surface area relative to their ________ than do larger objects of
the same size.
Answer: volume
Topic: Section 7.1

4) Animals that feed exclusively on the tissues of other animals are called ________.
Answer: carnivores
Topic: Section 7.2

5) Herbivores are unable to digest ________ and thus rely on the help of specialized bacteria and
protozoa living in their digestive tracts.
Answer: cellulose
Topic: Section 7.2

6) Some herbivorous mammals have four-chambered stomachs in which fermentation occurs in

the first chamber, known as the ________.
Answer: rumen
Topic: Section 7.2

7) Animals are unable to synthesize about half of the 20 ________ that are required to make
proteins.
Answer: amino acids
Topic: Section 7.3

8) Herbivores typically prefer plants with the highest concentrations of ________, an element
that is probably detected by taste and odor.
Answer: nitrogen
Topic: Section 7.3

9) ________ is often the least available nutrient in terrestrial environments.

Answer: Sodium
Topic: Section 7.4
1
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
10) ________ is required in aerobic respiration, a cellular process that releases energy through
the breakdown of organic compounds.
Answer: Oxygen
Topic: Section 7.5

11) ________ is the maintenance by an animal of a relatively constant internal environment in a

varying external environment.
Answer: Homeostasis
Topic: Section 7.6

12) Thermal ________ is the ability of an organism to transmit heat.

Answer: conductivity
Topic: Section 7.7

13) Animals that generate internal heat metabolically are called ________.
Answer: endotherms
Topic: Section 7.8

14) Animals that generate body heat metabolically at some times and from the environment at
other times are referred to as ________.
Answer: heterotherms
Topic: Section 7.8

15) Some sharks and tunas possess a ________, a blood circulation system that allows them to
keep internal temperatures higher than external temperatures.
Answer: rete
Topic: Section 7.9

16) The ________ zone is a range of environmental temperatures within which homeothermic
metabolic rates are minimal.
Answer: thermoneutral
Topic: Section 7.10

17) When insulation fails, many animals resort to ________, which is a form of involuntary
muscular activity that increases heat production.
Answer: shivering
Topic: Section 7.10

18) The smaller a homeotherm, the ________ the loss of heat to the surrounding environment.
Answer: greater
Topic: Section 7.11

19) The process of temporarily dropping body temperature to the temperature of the environment
for part of the day is called daily ________.
Answer: torpor
Topic: Section 7.13

2
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
20) ________ is a long, seasonal torpor characterized by a cessation of activity.
Answer: Hibernation
Topic: Section 7.13

21) To conserve heat in a cold environment and to cool vital parts of the body under heat stress,
some animals have a ________ heat exchange system.
Answer: countercurrent
Topic: Section 7.14

22) Birds and reptiles have a ________, which is a common receptacle for the digestive, urinary,
and reproductive tracts that reabsorbs water back into the body.
Answer: cloaca
Topic: Section 7.15

23) Many insects undergo ________, a stage of arrested development in their life cycle from
which they emerge when conditions improve.
Answer: diapause
Topic: Section 7.15

24) Aquatic organisms that have a lower salt concentration in their bodies than the surrounding
water are considered ________.
Answer: hypoosmotic
Topic: Section 7.16

25) Most fish control their buoyancy by regulating the amount of gas in their swim ________.
Answer: bladder
Topic: Section 7.17

26) In marine mammals, lipids are typically deposited as a layer of fat just below the skin,
referred to as ________.
Answer: blubber
Topic: Section 7.17

27) The timekeeper of circadian rhythms is usually controlled by ________.

Answer: light
Topic: Section 7.18

28) Reproductive, or seasonal, activity is unaffected by day length in day ________ organisms.
Answer: neutral
Topic: Section 7.19

29) The daily rhythm of many intertidal species is determined by ________ cycles.
Answer: tidal
Topic: Section 7.20

3
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
30) The reliance of organisms on multiple environmental cues to determine circadian rhythms is
known as ________.
Answer: redundancy
Topic: Section 7.20

31) In the Galápagos Islands, sea surface temperatures increase during intervals of three to seven
years, referred to as ________ events.
Answer: El Niño
Topic: Field Studies: Martin Wikelski

32) If the value of Hconduction of the body core is positive, then the direction of heat flow is
________.
Answer: outward
Topic: Quantifying Ecology 7.1: Heat Exchange and Temperature Regulation

7.2 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) The isometric scaling exponent (0.67) represents the interaction of body

A) weight and length.
B) length and volume.
C) surface area and weight.
D) volume and surface area.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 7.1

2) In comparison with a blue whale, a shrew has

A) a larger surface area relative to volume.
B) the same surface area relative to volume.
C) a slightly smaller surface area relative to volume.
D) a much smaller surface area relative to volume.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 7.1

3) Long-distance transport of oxygen to the cells of animals is facilitated by the

A) brain.
B) heart.
C) stomach.
D) mouth.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 7.1

4
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4) Animals that feed on both plant and animal tissues are referred to as
A) herbivores.
B) carnivores.
C) omnivores.
D) detritivores.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 7.2

5) In some species of herbivorous mammals, hindgut fermentation occurs in the

A) rumen.
B) reticulum.
C) colon.
D) caecum.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 7.2

6) The ingestion of fecal material for further extraction of nutrients is referred to as

A) nectarivory.
B) coprophagy.
C) folivory.
D) autophagy.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 7.2

7) Which of the following is an incorrect match of animal nutrient and nutrient role?
A) fluorine: a basic constituent of proteins
B) phosphorus: important for bone and tooth formation
C) calcium: gives rigidity to the skeletons of vertebrates
D) cobalt: required by ruminants for the synthesis of vitamin B12
Answer: A
Topic: Section 7.3

8) The nitrogen content of plant tissues is greatest in the

A) roots.
B) stems.
C) new leaves.
D) seeds.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 7.3

9) All the following minerals are provided to animals at a mineral-lick, except

A) sulfur.
B) sodium.
C) magnesium.
D) calcium.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 7.4
5
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
10) Which of the following animals does not use lungs to acquire oxygen?
A) whale
B) frog
C) bird
D) butterfly
Answer: D
Topic: Section 7.5

11) Water flows over gills in the opposite direction of blood flow in a process known as
A) inhalation.
B) respiration.
C) diffusion.
D) countercurrent exchange.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 7.5

12) Which of the following factors does not influence animal heat exchange?
A) oxygen diffusion rate
B) conductivity of fat
C) movement of blood to the body's surface
D) fat thickness
Answer: A
Topic: Section 7.7

13) The regulation of body temperature exclusively from the external environment is referred to
as
A) endothermy.
B) ectothermy.
C) homeothermy.
D) heterothermy.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 7.8

14) Maintaining a relatively constant body temperature independent of external temperature is

referred to as
A) heterothermy.
B) ectothermy.
C) poikilothermy.
D) homeothermy.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 7.8

6
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
15) For every 10°C rise in temperature, the metabolic rate of poikilotherms
A) stays constant.
B) approximately doubles.
C) approximately triples.
D) approximately quadruples.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 7.9

16) The respiration rate of homeotherms is proportional to

A) air pressure.
B) body temperature.
C) body mass.
D) environmental temperature.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 7.10

17) Many species of small mammals, especially those that hibernate, increase heat production by
A) growing denser fur during winter.
B) burning highly vascular brown fat.
C) panting.
D) sweating.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 7.10

18) The basal metabolic rate per unit of body mass is highest in a
A) large endotherm.
B) small endotherm.
C) large ectotherm.
D) small ectotherm.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 7.11

19) An advantage of homeothermy is

A) requiring a low caloric intake.
B) maximizing allocation of energy to growth.
C) remaining active in a wide range of external temperatures.
D) tolerating wide fluctuations in body temperature.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 7.11

20) Immediately prior to flight in cool temperatures, some insects

A) must consume hundreds of calories.
B) increase heat production by shivering flight muscles of the thorax.
C) seek shade.
D) increase anaerobic respiration.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 7.12
7
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
21) The seasonal cessation of activities accompanied by a reduction in metabolism in response to
cold temperatures during winter is called
A) hibernation.
B) torpor.
C) heterothermy.
D) diapause.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 7.13

22) All of the following characterize a hibernating homeotherm, except

A) low blood pH.
B) high CO2 level in blood.
C) increased heart rate.
D) decrease in body temperature.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 7.13

23) Some species of animals in cold environments lower the freezing point of water in their
tissues by increasing solutes in their body fluids, especially
A) glucose.
B) glycerol.
C) salt.
D) sucrose.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 7.14

24) Which of the following is not a known countercurrent heat exchange mechanism?
A) porpoise fluke
B) beaver tail
C) African desert antelope sinus
D) primate hands
Answer: D
Topic: Section 7.14

25) Many species of insects undergo a state of arrested development in their life cycle to avoid
desiccation or cold, referred to as
A) torpor.
B) hibernation.
C) diapause.
D) metamorphosis.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 7.15

8
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
26) Which of the following is a major problem for animals that live in hyperosmotic
environments?
A) preventing heat loss
B) access to mineral nutrients
C) preventing water loss
D) obtaining enough oxygen
Answer: C
Topic: Section 7.16

27) A marine fish is ________ and tends to ________ water to/from the environment.
A) hyperosmotic; gain
B) hyperosmostic; lose
C) hypoosmotic; gain
D) hypoosmotic; lose
Answer: D
Topic: Section 7.16

28) Which of the following is not a mechanism used by some animals to stay afloat?
A) swim bladder
B) rete
C) lungs
D) lipid deposits
Answer: B
Topic: Section 7.17

29) Secretion of ________ from the pineal gland peaks at night and declines during the day.
A) melatonin
B) melanin
C) carbon dioxide
D) glucose
Answer: A
Topic: Section 7.18

30) Parietal eyes are found in all the following animals, except
A) frogs.
B) lizards.
C) tuna.
D) birds.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 7.18

9
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
31) An organism's response to seasonal change in spring and fall is determined by both critical
day length and
A) increase or decrease in day length.
B) temperature.
C) rainfall.
D) food availability.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 7.19

32) In seasonal breeders (e.g., sheep), an increase in melatonin

A) occurs in the summer.
B) causes the anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone.
C) increases the sensitivity of the pituitary gland to negative feedback.
D) corresponds with a reduction in fertility.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 7.19

33) Researcher Martin Wikelski has found that as ocean temperature decreases along the coast of
several Galápagos Islands, the
A) size and productivity of algae pastures decrease.
B) size and productivity of algae pastures increase.
C) productivity of algae pastures increases but the size decreases.
D) size and productivity of algae pastures do not change.
Answer: B
Topic: Field Studies: Martin Wikelski

34) What unusual adaptation is documented in marine iguanas during El Niño events?
A) improved digestion of brown algae
B) migration to Chile
C) a switch to eating bird eggs
D) body size shrinkage
Answer: D
Topic: Field Studies: Martin Wikelski

35) Which of the following will always decrease an organism's thermal conductivity (k)?
A) fur
B) density
C) fat
D) feathers
Answer: B
Topic: Quantifying Ecology 7.1: Heat Exchange and Temperature Regulation

10
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
36) The transfer of heat energy between a solid and a moving fluid (air or water) is known as
A) conduction.
B) evaporation.
C) convection.
D) radiation.
Answer: C
Topic: Quantifying Ecology 7.1: Heat Exchange and Temperature Regulation

7.3 True/False Questions

1) As the surface area of a body increases, its volume increases at the same rate.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.1

2) A detritivore feeds primarily on dead plant or animal matter.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.1

3) Ruminants are herbivorous reptiles, such as tortoises and iguanas, which regurgitate food to
further break it down into smaller pieces.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.2

4) Coprophagy is common among animals that feed on detritus.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.2

5) All species of fish are carnivorous.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.2

6) During spring, vegetation is higher in calcium and magnesium relative to potassium.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.4

7) Some amphibians can take in oxygen through their skin.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.5

8) Air flow through bird lungs is a continuous circuit, flowing in one direction only.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.5

9) Homeostatic systems work within minimum and maximum values by using positive feedback
to regulate activity above and below a set point.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.6
11
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
10) A living organism must maintain each internal condition (e.g., body temperature) to a fixed
set point.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.6

11) Terrestrial animals are usually subjected to more radical changes in their thermal
environment than aquatic animals.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.7

12) The regulation of body temperature by internal metabolism is called ectothermy.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.8

13) Birds are homeothermic mammals.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.9

14) Some aquatic poikilotherms (e.g., sharks) are able to maintain a higher internal body
temperature than the surrounding water.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.9

15) Endotherms can sustain a higher level of physical activity for longer periods of time than
ectotherms.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.10

16) Only animals with sweat glands can take advantage of evaporative cooling.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.10

17) The smallest animals are ectotherms.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.11

18) An ectotherm requires more calories per gram of body mass than an endotherm of similar
size.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.11

19) Flying insects have a high metabolic rate when flying and can produce as much heat as
endotherms.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.12

12
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
20) Daily torpor is more likely to be used by large mammals than small mammals to conserve
energy when inactive.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.13

21) Liquid water is the sole source of water for terrestrial animals.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.15

22) Freshwater aquatic organisms are faced with the problem of preventing excessive uptake or
retention of water.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.16

23) Many seabirds drink saltwater and excrete the salt through nasal glands.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.16

24) Most fish control their buoyancy by regulating the amount of gas in their gills.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.17

25) Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland at greater levels during the day.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 7.18

26) The reproduction of short-day organisms is stimulated by day lengths shorter than the critical
day length.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.19

27) Many intertidal organisms respond to both daily and tidal cycles.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 7.20

28) Marine iguanas are herbivorous reptiles that feed on algae.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Field Studies: Martin Wikelski

29) Convective heat transfer is the movement of heat through solids or between two solids that
are in direct contact.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Quantifying Ecology 7.1: Heat Exchange and Temperature Regulation

13
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
7.4 Essay Questions

1) With the use of a graph, explain the relationship between the surface area and volume of a
body as it increases in size. How have some animals adapted to the constraints imposed by
cellular respiration and delivery of oxygen?
Topic: Section 7.1

2) Discuss and describe several different strategies that herbivores use to extract nutrients from a
cellulose-rich diet.
Topic: Section 7.2

3) Describe the effects of low mineral content in vegetation during spring and how ruminant
mammals counteract the resulting mineral imbalance in their diet.
Topic: Section 7.4

4) Compare and contrast the mechanisms used by animals for the uptake of oxygen from the
terrestrial and aquatic environments.
Topic: Section 7.5

5) Define homeostasis and explain the importance of negative feedback to the maintenance of
homeostatic plateaus in animals.
Topic: Section 7.6

6) Define ectothermy, endothermy, poikilothermy, homeothermy, and heterothermy, and give

examples of organisms that use each strategy.
Topic: Sections 7.8—7.11

7) Use an example to explain how poikilotherms change behavior and exploit microclimates to
regulate body temperature.
Topic: Section 7.9

8) Discuss several strategies used by animals to maintain body temperatures within the
thermoneutral zone during extreme cold and extreme heat.
Topic: Section 7.10

9) Discuss the trade-offs between ectothermy and endothermy. Under what conditions is each
strategy beneficial and why?
Topic: Section 7.11

10) Use an example to explain the strategy used by a temporal heterotherm.

Topic: Section 7.12

11) Discuss the physiological changes that occur in organisms when they go into daily or
seasonal torpor.
Topic: Section 7.13

14
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Test Bank for Elements of Ecology 8th Edition by Smith

12) Explain the countercurrent heat exchange mechanism. How does this mechanism serve
opposite purposes for animals in cold and hot environments?
Topic: Section 7.14

13) Describe two animal adaptations for conserving water in arid environments.
Topic: Section 7.15

14) Describe and contrast the osmotic challenges faced by marine and freshwater animals.
Topic: Section 7.16

15) Discuss and explain the impact of El Niño events on the success of marine iguanas of the
Galápagos Islands.
Topic: Field Studies: Martin Wikelski

16) Explain the pathway involved in determining an animal's circadian rhythm. Include the
following terms in your explanation: critical day length, light, melatonin, photoperiod,
photoreception, pineal gland, and pituitary gland.
Topic: Sections 7.18 and 7.19

15
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters