Arm Lab)

ARM BASED/ AURDINO BASED PROGRAMMING (R20)
Expt. No: 1
Date:
Measure Analog signal from Temperature Sensor
AIM: To Measure Analog signal from Temperature Sensor
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Universal Board/Arduino Duemilanove Board

 Arduino Software IDE
 Temperature sensor (LM35)
 12V Adaptor
 Power Jack
 USB Cable
 Jumper Wires
THEORY:
 ARDUINO BOARD:
Arduino platform offers open-source hardware and software that is easy to use and is used widely for
hobby projects and prototyping. Many libraries are provided with the software and a large number of
libraries developed by people from around the world are available for free. The functions implemented
in these libraries can be used for quick development purposes. This allows the user to use certain
interfaces or modules without having in depth knowledge about the internal structure or working.
 LM35 SENSOR:
LM35 is a temperature sensor which can measure temperature in the range of -55°C to 150°C. It is a
3-terminal device that provides analog voltage proportional to the temperature. Higher the
temperature, higher is the output voltage. The output analog voltage can be converted to digital form
using ADC so that a microcontroller can process it.
Measuring the temperature of surroundings using LM35 and displaying it on the serial monitor of Arduino.
Here, LM35 output is given to analog pin A0 of Arduino UNO. This analog voltage is converted to its digital
form and processed to get the temperature reading.
1
CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION:
PROCEDURE:
Hardware Procedure:
 LM35 is connected to Arduino Uno Analog pin A0.

 Power jack is connected to the Arduino.
 USB connector is connected to Arduino Uno to monitor.
 Connect the 12V power supply to development board.
 Check the output from the development board.
Software Procedure:
 Click on Arduino IDE

 Click on file
 Click on New
 Write a Program as per circuit Pin connections
 Click on Save
 Click on Verify
 Click on Upload the code into Arduino Uno by using USB cable
2
Program:
void setup()
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Analog Read Test");
void loop()
int a = analogRead(A0);
Serial.print("Output of ADC = ");
Serial.println(a);
Serial.print("The voltage measured im millivolt = ");
int mv = a * 4.88;
Serial.print(mv);
Serial.println("mv");
delay(1000);
/* LM35 Temp Sensor*/
void setup()
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("LM35 Temperature sensor test");
void loop()
int a = analogRead(A0);
Serial.print("Output of ADC = ");
Serial.println(a);
a = a * 4.88; // convert it to millivolts
int temp = a / 10;
3
Serial.print("Temperature = ");
Serial.println(temp);
delay(1000);
Precautions:
 Take care about given power supply (12V).

 Jumper wires given carefully whenever given circuit connection.
Output:
LM35 sense the surrounding temperature and that temperature shown by serial monitor using Arduino board.
Result:
Signature of the Faculty
4
Expt. No: 2
Date:
Generate PWM output
AIM: To Generate PWM output
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 LED
 12V Adaptor
 Power Jack
 USB Cable
 Jumper Wires
THEORY:
 ARDUINO BOARD:
Arduino Uno has 6 8-bit PWM channels. The pins with symbol ‘~’ represents that it has PWM support.
These PWM pins are shown in below image.
 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

It is a technique by which width of a pulse is varied while keeping the frequency of the wave constant.
It is a method for generating an analog signal using a digital source.
A PWM signal consists of two main components that define its behavior: a duty cycle and a frequency.
a) Duty Cycle of a signal:

A period of a pulse consists of an ON cycle (5V) and an OFF cycle (0V). The fraction for
which the signal is ON over a period is known as a duty cycle.
5
Pulse Width Modulated signals with different duty cycle are shown below
FIG:PWM Duty Cycle
b) Frequency of Signal:
The frequency of a signal determines how fast the PWM completes a cycle which means
how fast it switches between ON (high) and OFF (low) states. By repeating this ON-OFF
pattern at a fast-enough rate, and with a certain duty cycle, the output will appear to
behave like a constant voltage analog signal when providing power to devices.
6
PROCEDURE:
Hardware Procedure:
 LED is connected to Arduino Uno pin 6.

Software Procedure:

 Click on file
 Click on New
 Click on Save
 Click on Verify
7
Program:
int led = 6;
void setup() {
pinMode(led,OUTPUT); // put your setup code here, to run once:
analogWrite(6,50);
int i;
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
for(i = 0; i < 256;i++)
analogWrite(6,i);
delay(20);
delay(1000);
for(i = 255; i >= 0;i--)
analogWrite(6,i);
delay(20);
delay(1000);
8
Precautions:

Output:
Generated PWM wave using Arduino board.
Result:
\
9
Expt. No: 3
Date:
Drive Single Character Generation on Hyper Terminal
AIM: To Drive single character generation on Hyper Terminal
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Hyper terminal
 12V Adaptor
 Power Jack
 USB Cable
 Jumper Wires
THEORY:
 ARDUINO BOARD:
 HYPER TERMINAL:
HyperTerminal is a communications and terminal emulation program that came with the Windows 98
and Windows XP operating systems.
10
PROCEDURE:
Hardware Procedure:

Software Procedure:

 Click on file
 Click on New
 Click on Save
 Click on Verify
Program:
void setup() {
11
Serial.begin(9600); // 9600 - baud rate
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
void loop() {
if(Serial.available()){
char s = Serial.read();
Serial.println(s);
if(s=='2'){
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
Serial.println("LED IS ON");
if(s=='1'){
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
Serial.println("LED IS OFF");
Precautions:
 Take care about given power supply.

Output:
Single character generation on Hyper Terminal /Tera term using Arduino board.
Result:
12
13
Expt. No: 4
Date:
Drive Given String on Hyper Terminal
AIM: To Drive given string on Hyper Terminal
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Hyper terminal
 12V Adaptor
 Power Jack
 USB Cable
 Jumper Wires
THEORY:
 ARDUINO BOARD:
 HYPER TERMINAL:
and Windows XP operating systems.
14
PROCEDURE:
Hardware Procedure:
15

Software Procedure:

 Click on file
 Click on New
 Click on Save
 Click on Verify
Program:
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // 9600 - baud rate
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
void loop() {
if(Serial.available()){
char mystring = Serial.read();
Serial.println(mystring);
if(mystring=='2'){
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
Serial.println("LED IS ON");
if(mystring=='1'){
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
Serial.println("LED IS OFF");
Precautions:
 Take care about given power supply .
16
Output:
String generation on Hyper Terminal using Arduino board.
Result:
17
Expt. No: 5
Date:
Full duplex Link establishment using Hyper terminal
AIM: To establishment Full duplex Link using Hyper terminal
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Universal Board/Arduino Duemilanove Board - 2

 12V Adaptor
 Power Jack
 USB Cable
 Jumper Wires
THEORY:
 ARDUINO BOARD:
One Arduino board act as master and another Arduino board act as slave.
 HYPER TERMINAL:
and Windows XP operating systems
 FULL DUPLEX LINK:

Full duplex is a bidirectional type of communication system where two end nodes send and receive
data signals at the same time, and a single carrier is simultaneously used for dual communication. Full
duplex is also known as double duplex.
18
PROCEDURE:
Hardware Procedure:
 Transmitter pin of one Arduino board is connected to another Arduino Uno pin Receiver.
 Receiver pin of one Arduino board is connected to another Arduino Uno pin Transmitter.
Software Procedure:
 Click on file
 Click on New
 Click on Save
 Click on Verify
19
Program:
Code for Master:
//Sender Arduino Board Code (Master)
char mystring[5] = "hi"; //String data which is to be sent
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Begin the Serial at 9600 Baud rate
void loop() {
Serial.write(mystring,5); //Write the serial data
delay(1000);
Code for Slave:

//Receiver Arduino Board Code
char mystring[5]; //Initialized variable to store receive
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Begin the Serial at 9600 Baud
void loop() {
Serial.readBytes(mystring,5); //Read the serial data
Serial.println(mystring); //Print data on Serial Monitor
Serial.println(" RECEIVER");
delay(1000);
20
Precautions:

Output:
Full duplex link shown by hyper terminal using Arduino board.
Result:
21
Expt. No: 6
Date:
Drive A Given Value on A 8 Bit DAC Consisting Of SPI
AIM: To Drive a given value on a 8 bit DAC consisting of SPI
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 12V Adaptor
 Power Jack
 USB Cable
 Jumper Wires
THEORY:
 ARDUINO BOARD:
 DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER(DAC):

A DAC is a Digital-to-Analog Converter. A DAC [Digital-to-Analog Converter] is a device that
converts digital audio information (comprised of a series of 0s and 1s) into an analog audio signal that
can be sent to a headphone amp.
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) is mostly used to generate analog signals (e.g. sine wave, triangular wave
etc.) from digital values. In Particle Photon there are total 2 On-Board DAC Pins available, ADC6 (DAC1 or
A6) and ADC3 (DAC2 or A3).
analogWrite(DAC_pin, Value)
This function is used to set the analog value between 0-3.3V which corresponds to digital values 0-4095
Circuit Diagram:
22
PROCEDURE:
Hardware Procedure:
 The DAC1 pin of one Arduino board is act as output.

23
Software Procedure:
 Click on file
 Click on New
 Click on Save
 Click on Verify
Program:
#include <SPI.h> //Include the Arduino SPI Library

#include <DAC_MCP49xx.h> //Include the MCP49xx Arduino Library
// The Arduino pin used for the slave select / chip select
#define SS_PIN 10
DAC_MCP49xx dac(DAC_MCP49xx::MCP4911, SS_PIN);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
double u; //Control Signal
int aiPin = 0;
int aiValue;
for (int i=0; i<1023; i++)
{
u = i;
dac.output(u);
aiValue = analogRead(aiPin);
Serial.print("AIValue=");
Serial.println(aiValue);
delay(1000);
}
}
(or)
int value;
void setup() {
pinMode(DAC1, OUTPUT); //use DAC1 pin as a output pin
}
void loop(){
value = 0;
while ( value != 4095 ) //increament value till noe equal to 4095
{
analogWrite(DAC1, value);
value++; //increament value by one
24
while ( value != 0 ) //decreament value till noe equal to 0

{
analogWrite(DAC1, value);
value--; //decreament value by one
}
}
Precautions:

Output:
Connect the circuit (Arduino + MCP4911) on abreadboard. Use a multi-meter so see if you
get the correct output signal.
On the Multimeter you should see the output slowly increasing from ~0V to ~5V with
intervals of 1000ms.
You can also connect the output from the DAC to an Analog Input Pin on the Arduino. Write
the value to the Serial Monitor.
Result:
25
Expt. No: 7
Date:
Drive Stepper motor using Analog GPIOs
AIM: To Drive Stepper motor using Analog GPIOs
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Stepper motor
 12V Adaptor
 Power Jack
 USB Cable
 Jumper Wires
THEORY:
 ARDUINO BOARD:
 STEPPER MOTOR:
Stepper motor is a brushless DC motor that divides the full rotation angle of 360° into a number of
equal steps. The motor is rotated by applying a certain sequence of control signals. The speed of
rotation can be changed by changing the rate at which the control signals are applied.
Rotating stepper motor in clockwise and counter clockwise directions alternately. Here, we are using six wire
unipolar stepper motor. Only four wires are required to control this stepper motor. The two centre tap wires of
the stepper motor are connected to 5V supply.
ULN2003 driver is used to drive the stepper motor.
26
PROCEDURE:
Hardware Procedure:
 Driver module pins of IN1,2,3,4 is connected to Arduino Uno digital pins of 7,6,5,4 respectively.
Software Procedure:

 Click on file
 Click on New
 Click on Save
 Click on Verify
Program:
void setup() {
pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
/* Rotation in one direction */
for(int i = 0; i<12; i++)
{
27
digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
delay(100);
delay(100);
delay(100);
delay(100);
delay(100);
delay(100);
delay(100);
delay(100);
}
delay(100);
/* Rotation in opposite direction */

for(int j = 0; j<12; j++)
{
28
delay(100);
delay(100);
delay(100);
delay(100);
delay(100);
delay(100);
delay(100);
delay(100);
}
delay(100);
}
29
Precautions:

Output:
Control signals given to rotate the stepper motor using Arduino board.
Result:
30
Expt. No: 8
Date:
Drive Accelerometer and Display the readings on Hyper Terminal
AIM: To Drive Accelerometer and Display the readings on Hyper Terminal
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Accelerometer
 Hyper terminal
 12V Adaptor
 Power Jack
 USB Cable
 Jumper Wires
THEORY:
 ARDUINO BOARD:
 ACCELEROMETER:
An accelerometer is a device that measures the vibration, or acceleration of motion of a structure.
There are two types of accelerometers in general: AC-response and DC-response.
Accelerometer is an electromechanical device that measures the force of acceleration due to gravity in
g unit. It can be used in applications requiring tilt sensing.
The ADXL335 measures acceleration along X, Y and Z axes and gives analog voltage output proportional to the
acceleration along these 3 axes. Microcontrollers can process these voltages by converting them to digital
signals using ADC.
31
PROCEDURE:
Hardware Procedure:
 The ADXL335 pins of VCC and GND is connected to Arduino Uno pins of 5V and GND respectively.
 The ADXL335 output pins of X, Y, Z is connected to Arduino Uno analog pins of A1, A2, A3
respectively.
Software Procedure:

 Click on file
 Click on New
 Click on Save
 Click on Verify
32
Program:
#include <math.h>
const int x_out = A1; /* connect x_out of module to A1 of UNO board */
const int y_out = A2; /* connect y_out of module to A2 of UNO board */
const int z_out = A3; /* connect z_out of module to A3 of UNO board */
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
int x_adc_value, y_adc_value, z_adc_value;
double x_g_value, y_g_value, z_g_value;
double roll, pitch, yaw;
x_adc_value = analogRead(x_out); /* Digital value of voltage on x_out pin */
y_adc_value = analogRead(y_out); /* Digital value of voltage on y_out pin */
z_adc_value = analogRead(z_out); /* Digital value of voltage on z_out pin */
Serial.print("x = ");
Serial.print(x_adc_value);
Serial.print("\t\t");
Serial.print("y = ");
Serial.print(y_adc_value);
Serial.print("z = ");
Serial.print(z_adc_value);
//delay(100);
x_g_value = ( ( ( (double)(x_adc_value * 5)/1024) - 1.65 ) / 0.330 ); /* Acceleration in x-direction in g units */

y_g_value = ( ( ( (double)(y_adc_value * 5)/1024) - 1.65 ) / 0.330 ); /* Acceleration in y-direction in g units */
z_g_value = ( ( ( (double)(z_adc_value * 5)/1024) - 1.80 ) / 0.330 ); /* Acceleration in z-direction in g units */
roll = ( ( (atan2(y_g_value,z_g_value) * 180) / 3.14 ) + 180 ); /* Formula for roll */

pitch = ( ( (atan2(z_g_value,x_g_value) * 180) / 3.14 ) + 180 ); /* Formula for pitch */
//yaw = ( ( (atan2(x_g_value,y_g_value) * 180) / 3.14 ) + 180 ); /* Formula for yaw */
/* Not possible to measure yaw using accelerometer. Gyroscope must be used if yaw is also required */
Serial.print("Roll = ");
Serial.print(roll);
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print("Pitch = ");
Serial.print(pitch);
Serial.print("\n\n");
delay(1000);
}
33
Precautions:

Output:
Accelerometer sense the vibrations of structure and that vibration directions shown by serial monitor using
Arduino board.
Result:
34

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ARM BASED/ AURDINO BASED PROGRAMMING (R20)

AIM: To Measure Analog signal from Temperature Sensor

 Universal Board/Arduino Duemilanove Board

 LM35 is connected to Arduino Uno Analog pin A0.

 Click on Arduino IDE

Serial.println("Analog Read Test");

Serial.print("Output of ADC = ");

Serial.print("The voltage measured im millivolt = ");

/* LM35 Temp Sensor*/

Serial.println("LM35 Temperature sensor test");

Serial.print("Output of ADC = ");

a = a * 4.88; // convert it to millivolts

int temp = a / 10;

 Take care about given power supply (12V).

Signature of the Faculty

AIM: To Generate PWM output

 Universal Board/Arduino Duemilanove Board

 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

a) Duty Cycle of a signal:

FIG:PWM Duty Cycle

 LED is connected to Arduino Uno pin 6.

 Click on Arduino IDE

pinMode(led,OUTPUT); // put your setup code here, to run once:

// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

for(i = 0; i < 256;i++)

for(i = 255; i >= 0;i--)

 Take care about given power supply (12V).

AIM: To Drive single character generation on Hyper Terminal

 Universal Board/Arduino Duemilanove Board

 Power jack is connected to the Arduino.

 Click on Arduino IDE

Serial.begin(9600); // 9600 - baud rate

 Take care about given power supply.

Signature of the Faculty

AIM: To Drive given string on Hyper Terminal

 Universal Board/Arduino Duemilanove Board

 Power jack is connected to the Arduino.

 Click on Arduino IDE

Serial.begin(9600); // 9600 - baud rate

char mystring = Serial.read();

 Take care about given power supply .

 Jumper wires given carefully whenever given circuit connection.

Signature of the Faculty

AIM: To establishment Full duplex Link using Hyper terminal

 Universal Board/Arduino Duemilanove Board - 2

 FULL DUPLEX LINK:

//Sender Arduino Board Code (Master)

char mystring[5] = "hi"; //String data which is to be sent

Serial.begin(9600); // Begin the Serial at 9600 Baud rate

Serial.write(mystring,5); //Write the serial data

Code for Slave:

char mystring[5]; //Initialized variable to store receive

Serial.begin(9600); // Begin the Serial at 9600 Baud

Serial.readBytes(mystring,5); //Read the serial data

Serial.println(mystring); //Print data on Serial Monitor

 Take care about given power supply (12V).

Signature of the Faculty

AIM: To Drive a given value on a 8 bit DAC consisting of SPI

 Universal Board/Arduino Duemilanove Board

 DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER(DAC):

 The DAC1 pin of one Arduino board is act as output.

#include <SPI.h> //Include the Arduino SPI Library

while ( value != 0 ) //decreament value till noe equal to 0