SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

ADITYA VIMAL KUMAR

RICHARD JOSE
GOUTHAM GOKUL
Metal is a material that is characterized by its high conductivity,
strength. It is a type of material that is commonly used in
manufacturing, construction, and a variety of other industries.
There are many different types of metal, each with their own
unique properties and uses.

1. Steel: Steel is a common alloy of iron and carbon, with other

elements such as chromium, and nickel added for additional
strength and resistance. It is used in a wide range of
applications, from construction to automotive manufacturing.
2. Aluminum: Aluminum is a lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal
that is used in a variety of industries, including aerospace,
transportation, and construction. It is often used in applications
where weight is a critical factor.
3. Copper: Copper is a highly conductive metal that is used in a
variety of electrical and electronic applications. It is also used in
plumbing and roofing due to its corrosion resistance.
1. Brass: Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc
that is commonly used in decorative and
architectural applications due to its
attractive gold-like appearance.
2. Bronze: Bronze is an alloy of copper and
tin that is used in a variety of
applications, including sculpture, musical
instruments, and bearings.
3. Iron: Iron is a common metal that is used
in construction and manufacturing. It is
also used in the production of steel and
other alloys.
1. Gold: Gold is a precious metal that is
valued for its beauty and rarity. It is used
in jewelry, coinage, and decorative
applications.
2. Silver: Silver is a precious metal that is
also used in jewelry and decorative
applications. It is also used in electrical
and electronic applications due to its
high conductivity.
3. Titanium: Titanium is a lightweight,
strong metal that is used in a variety of
applications, including aerospace,
medical implants, and sporting
equipment.
 Smelting

How are metal

extracted from
ores
• Metal is extracted from crushed ore by two
major methods : Smelting or Electrolysis

• Smelting : Uses heat to separate the valuable Electrolysis

metal from the ore, smelting usually requires a
reduction agent(Carbon monoxide, It is easily
produced during the heating process, and as a gas
comes into intimate contact with the ore) or a
chemical to separate the metal from the ore.

• Electrolysis : Separates metal from ore by using

acid and electricity
 PROCESS (SMELTING)

1. Mining: The first step in metal extraction is mining, which involves the removal of the ore from the ground.
This is typically done using large machinery such as excavators, bulldozers, and drilling equipment.
2. Crushing and Grinding: The ore is then crushed and ground into small particles to increase the surface area
available for the next step.
3. Concentration: The crushed ore is then separated from the waste rock through a process called
concentration. This is typically done using flotation, which involves adding chemicals that bind to the metal
and float it to the top of the solution.
4. Smelting: The concentrated metal is then extracted through smelting, which involves heating the ore to high
temperatures to melt the metal. This creates a molten metal that can be separated from the other
components of the ore.
5. Refining: The molten metal is then refined to remove impurities and produce a high-quality product. This is
typically done through a process called electrolysis, which involves passing an electric current through the
molten metal.
6. Casting: The final step in the process is casting, where the refined metal is shaped into the desired form,
such as ingots, bars, or sheets.
 Stainless Steel
To make stainless steel, the raw
materials like iron ore, chromium,
silicon, nickel, etc. are melted
together in an electric furnace. This
step usually involves 8 to 12 hours
of intense heat. Next, the mixture is
cast into one of several shapes,
including blooms, billets, and slabs.

1. Melting and casting

2. Forming
3. Heat treatment
4. Descaling
5. Cutting
6. Finishing
 Process for making stainless steel
1. Melting and Refining: The first step in making stainless steel is to melt iron ore and other metals, such as
nickel, chromium, and manganese, in a furnace. The mixture is then refined to remove impurities.
2. Adding Chromium: Once the iron has been refined, chromium is added to the mixture. The amount of
chromium added can vary depending on the desired properties of the final product. The chromium reacts
with the iron to create a layer of chromium oxide on the surface of the metal, which protects it from rust
and corrosion.
3. Forming: The molten mixture is then formed into the desired shape, such as a flat sheet, bar, or pipe. This
can be done through various methods, such as hot rolling or casting.
4. Heat Treatment: Heating the metal to a high temperature and then allowing it to cool slowly. This process
helps to relieve stress and improve the material's ductility and toughness.
5. Finishing: The final step in the process is finishing, which involves cutting, grinding, and polishing the
stainless steel to achieve the desired surface finish. This can range from a rough matte finish to a mirror-like
polish.
Stainless steel is a versatile material with a wide range of
uses across various industries.

1. Construction and architecture: Stainless steel is

commonly used in building construction, particularly for
structures like bridges, tall buildings, and industrial
facilities. It is also used for decorative features like
handrails, balustrades, and cladding.
2. Medical and pharmaceutical equipment: Stainless steel is
used in a wide range of medical and pharmaceutical
equipment because it is hygienic, durable, and easy to
sterilize. It is also used for implants and prosthetics
because of its biocompatibility.
3. Transportation: Stainless steel is used in the
manufacturing of automobiles, airplanes, and ships
because of its high strength, durability, and resistance to
corrosion.
4. Energy and utilities: Stainless steel is used in the oil and
gas industry, as well as in renewable energy systems like
wind turbines and solar panels. It is also used for
pipelines and storage tanks.
5. Sports equipment: Stainless steel is used in a variety of
sports equipment, including golf clubs, tennis rackets,
and bicycle frames.
Stainless steel is a highly recyclable material, which means it can be
repurposed into new products rather than being discarded after use. Here are
the steps involved in the recycling process for stainless steel:
1. Collection: Stainless steel scrap is collected from various sources, including
industrial manufacturing facilities, construction sites, and households.
2. Sorting: The collected stainless steel scrap is sorted based on its grade,
type, and size. This helps ensure that the recycled material is of a
consistent quality.
3. Shredding: The sorted stainless steel scrap is then shredded into small
pieces, which can be easily melted down.
4. Melting: The shredded stainless steel is then melted in a furnace to create
molten metal. During the melting process, any impurities and
contaminants are removed from the metal.
5. Casting: The molten stainless steel is then poured into molds to create new
products, such as cutlery, kitchenware, and construction materials.
6. Finishing: Once the new products have been cast, they are polished and
finished to ensure that they meet the required standards and
specifications.
Stainless steel can be repurposed into new products
rather than being discarded after use. Here are 5
recycled stainless steel products:
1. Cutlery: Recycled stainless steel can be used to
produce cutlery, which is highly durable and
resistant to rust and staining.
2. Jewelry: Recycled stainless steel can also be used
to create jewelry, including bracelets, necklaces,
and earrings. Stainless steel jewelry is a popular
and affordable alternative to more expensive
precious metals.
3. Water bottles: Recycled stainless steel can be
used to make reusable water bottles, which are a
sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to
disposable plastic bottles.
4. Kitchen utensils: Recycled stainless steel can be
used to create a variety of kitchen utensils,
including cooking spoons, ladles, and spatulas.
5. Building materials: Recycled stainless steel can
be used in a variety of building and construction
applications, including roofing, cladding, and
structural supports. Using recycled stainless steel
in construction can help reduce the
environmental impact of building projects.