Test Bank For Prescotts Microbiology 11th Edition Joanne Willey Kathleen Sandman Dorothy Wood

Test Bank for Prescottâ€™s Microbiology, 11th Edition, Joanne Willey, Kathleen Sandman, Doro
Test Bank for Prescottâ€™s Microbiology, 11th

Edition, Joanne Willey, Kathleen Sandman, Dorothy
Wood
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Prescott's Microbiology, 11e (Willey)
Chapter 6 Viruses and Other Acellular Infectious Agents
1) Viruses have typical cellular structure like other living organisms.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Viral Structure
Bloom's/Accessibility: 2. Understand / Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic: Module 02 Cell Structure and Function
ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the
use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron).
Learning Outcome: 06.02b Identify the parts of a virion and describe their function
2) Viruses in the extracellular state possess few, if any, active enzymes.
Answer: TRUE
ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among
viruses and are determined by their unique structures and genomes.
3) Which is not true of viruses?

A) They can exist in an intracellular or extracellular phase.
B) They infect animal and plant cells only.
C) They can be observed with an electron microscope.
D) They are acellular.
E) They replicate only inside host cells.
Answer: B
Topic: General Viral Properties
Learning Outcome: 06.01a Define the terms virology, bacteriophages, and phages
1
Copyright 2020 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4) Which of the following is true of viruses in the extracellular phase?
A) They possess many different enzymes.
B) They can reproduce independently of living cells but only at a slow rate.
C) They behave as a macromolecular complex and are no more alive than are ribosomes.
D) They possess many different enzymes and they can reproduce independently of living cells
but only at a slow rate.
Answer: C
Topic: Viruses
5) A complete virus particle is called a ________.

A) capsid
B) nucleocapsid
C) virion
D) cell
Answer: C
6) The nucleic acids carried by viruses usually consist of ________.

A) DNA
B) RNA
C) either DNA or RNA
D) both DNA and RNA simultaneously
Answer: C
Bloom's/Accessibility: 1. Remember / Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics
ASM Objective: 04.04 The synthesis of viral genetic material and proteins is dependent on host
cells.
2
7) Which of the following is not true of viruses?
A) Viruses are acellular.
B) Viruses consist of one or more molecules of DNA or RNA enclosed in a coat of protein and
sometimes in other more complex layers.
C) Viruses can exist in two phases: intracellular and extracellular.
D) Viruses replicate by binary fission.
Answer: D
Topic: Viral Replication
Learning Outcome: 06.03a Describe the five steps common to the life cycles of viruses
8) Viruses infecting protists, including algae, have never been detected.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Viruses
ASM Topic: Module 05 Microbial Systems
ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and
nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 06.01b List organisms that are hosts to viruses
9) One way in which small viruses package more information into a very small genome is to use
overlapping genes so that the same base sequence is read in more than one reading frame.
Answer: TRUE
10) Almost all known plant viruses are RNA viruses.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Viral Infections
Learning Outcome: 06.01b List organisms that are hosts to viruses
11) Virus morphology does not include which of the following characteristics?
3
A) Size
B) Shape
C) Presence or absence of an envelope
D) Host range
Answer: D
12) ________ are glycoprotein spikes that protrude from the outer surface of the viral envelope.
Answer: Peplomers
Learning Outcome: 06.03b Discuss the role of receptors, capsid proteins, and envelope proteins
in the life cycles of viruses
13) Icosahedral viruses are constructed from ring- or knob-shaped units called ________.
Answer: capsomers
14) Viruses that are polyhedrons with 20 sides are said to have ________ symmetry.
Answer: icosahedral
Learning Outcome: 06.02d Describe the types of capsid symmetry
15) The most common capsid morphologies are icosahedral and helical.
4
Answer: TRUE
16) The largest of the viruses are similar in size to some small bacteria and are large enough to
be seen with a light microscope.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Microbial World
Learning Outcome: 06.02a State the size range of virions
17) The presence or absence of an envelope is not useful in classifying viruses because any given
virus may at one time have an envelope and at another time not have an envelope.
Answer: FALSE
Bloom's/Accessibility: 3. Apply / Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome: 06.02c Distinguish enveloped viruses from nonenveloped viruses
18) Viruses such as MS2 and Qß pack additional information into their genomes through the use
of overlapping genes.
Answer: TRUE
5
19) The simplest viruses consist of ________.
A) RNA only
B) protein only
C) RNA or DNA in a protein coat
D) RNA or DNA in a protein coat covered with lipid envelope
E) RNA, DNA, and enzymes in a protein coat with a lipid envelope
Answer: C
20) Viral capsid protein subunits are called ________.

A) auxomers
B) elastomers
C) protomers
D) viromers
Answer: C
21) In an enveloped virus, the part of the virus including the nucleic acid genome and the
surrounding protein coat but not the envelope is called the ________.
A) capsid
B) nucleocapsid
C) matrix
D) virion
Answer: B
6
22) Some complex viruses have icosahedral symmetry in the head region and helical symmetry
in the tail. Overall, these viruses are said to have ________ symmetry.
A) bilateral
B) binal
C) complex
D) radial
Answer: B
23) Glycoprotein spikes protruding from the outer surface of viral envelopes function as
________.
A) toxins
B) factors that bind to host cells
C) cell lysis factors
D) factors needed for site specific recombination
Answer: B
24) A ________ genome exists as several separate, nonidentical molecules that may be packaged
together or separately.
A) diploid
B) segmented
C) polyploid
D) fractionated
Answer: B
25) Many of the enzymes found in virus particles are ________.

7
A) required for viral attachment to host cells
B) involved in viral entry into host cells
C) involved in the replication of viral nucleic acid
D) All of the choices are correct.
Answer: C
ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways
ASM Objective: 03.03 The survival and growth of any microorganism in a given environment
depends on its metabolic characteristics.
26) Which of the following is/are not true about viral envelopes?
A) The envelope proteins are virus specific.
B) The envelope lipids and carbohydrates are derived from the host.
C) They are typical lipid monolayers with embedded viral proteins.
D) The envelope proteins are virus specific and the envelope lipids and carbohydrates are
derived from the host.
Answer: C
27) Viral envelopes are composed of ________.

A) proteins
B) lipids
C) carbohydrates
Answer: D
8
28) Two major types of symmetry found in viruses include ________.
A) icosahedral and radial
B) icosahedral and helical
C) helical and radial
D) radial and bilateral
Answer: B
29) The function of the viral protein coat is to ________.

A) protect the viral genetic material
B) aid in the transfer of the viral genetic material between host cells
C) elicit the production of protective antibodies
D) protect the viral genetic material and aid in the transfer of the viral genetic material between
host cells
Answer: D
30) The protein coat surrounding the viral genome is called the ________.
A) capsule
B) capsid
C) matrix
D) envelope
Answer: B
9
31) Which of the following is true of a viral DNA genome?
A) It uses the same four nitrogenous bases found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA.
B) It may have the normal bases found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA, or it may have one
or more unusual bases.
C) It is usually composed of unusual bases unique to viruses.
D) Viruses use only RNA for their genome.
Answer: A
32) Virion size ranges from ________.

A) 1–40 nm
B) 10–400 nm
C) 600–1,000 nm
D) 1,000–10,000 nm
Answer: B
Topic: General Viral Properties
Learning Outcome: 06.02a State the size range of virions
33) Viral capsids are generally constructed without any outside aid once the subunits have been
synthesized. This process is called ________.
A) facilitated assembly
B) self-assembly
C) spontaneous maturation
D) self-maturation
Answer: B
10
34) In which of the following stages of the viral infectious cycle do enveloped viruses usually
acquire their envelopes?
A) Penetration
B) Component biosynthesis
C) Assembly
D) Release
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 06.03c Describe the two most common methods for virion release from a
host cell
35) Most enveloped viruses use the host ________ membrane as their envelope source.
A) plasma
B) nuclear
C) mitochondrial
D) None of these choices are correct.
Answer: A
36) Poliovirus receptors are found ________.

A) in cells of all tissues
B) in spinal cord anterior horn cells only
C) in nasopharynx, gut, and spinal cord anterior horn cells
D) in gut cells only
Answer: C
11
37) Nonenveloped viruses most often gain access to eukaryotic host cells by ________.
A) fusion with the host cell plasma membrane followed by entrance of the nucleocapsid into the
cytoplasm
B) endocytosis
C) pinocytosis
D) nucleic acid injection through the plasma membrane
Answer: B
38) Which of the following represent(s) the way(s) in which enveloped viruses acquire their
envelopes?
A) Budding through the plasma membrane.
B) Budding through internal cellular membranes.
C) Viral enzymes are responsible for production of the envelope.
D) Some viruses bud through the plasma membrane while other bud through internal cellular
membranes.
Answer: D
host cell
39) Virus receptors are often not distributed uniformly over the surface of host cells, but are
instead concentrated in lipid rafts.
Answer: TRUE
12
40) Enveloped viruses may enter their host cells by fusion of their envelope with the cytoplasmic
membrane, thereby depositing their nucleocapsid within the cell.
Answer: TRUE
41) Enveloped viruses may enter their host cells by engulfment within coated vesicles
(endocytosis).
Answer: TRUE
42) Some viruses cause abnormal growth of cells rather than destruction. This is called
________.
Answer: transformation
Learning Outcome: 06.04c Differentiate among the types of viral infections of eukaryotic cells
13
43) Human cancer-causing viruses most often have a ________ genome.
A) ssDNA
B) dsDNA
C) ssRNA
D) dsRNA
Answer: B
Learning Outcome: 06.04d Summarize the current understanding of how oncoviruses cause
cancer
44) Adult T-cell leukemia is thought to be caused by ________.

A) herpesviruses
B) retroviruses
C) parvoviruses
D) picornaviruses
Answer: B
cancer
45) Genes whose expression (or abnormal expression) cause cancer are called ________.
A) cancer genes
B) progenes
C) oncogenes
D) carcinogens
Answer: C
cancer
14
46) Which of the following has been associated with a form of liver cancer?
A) Human papilloma virus
B) Hepatitis B virus
C) Human T-cell lymphotropic virus
D) Hepatitis A virus
Answer: B
cancer
47) Microscopic or macroscopic degenerative changes or abnormalities in infected host cells and
tissues are called ________ ________.
Answer: cytopathic effects

48) In a plaque assay, the number of infectious virions is usually identical to the number of virus
particles present.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Bacteriophage Cycles
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Laboratory Skills
ASM Objective: 08.04 Estimate the number of microorganisms in a sample (using, for
example, direct count, viable plate count and spectrophotometric methods).
Learning Outcome: 06.05b Describe three direct counting methods and two indirect counting
methods used to enumerate viruses
15
49) Animal viruses have been cultivated in ________.
A) suitable host animals
B) embryonated eggs
C) tissue cultures (monolayers of animal cells)
Answer: D
Topic: Viruses
ASM Objective: 08.02 Use pure culture and selective techniques to enrich for and isolate
microorganisms.
Learning Outcome: 06.05a List the approaches used to cultivate viruses, noting which types of
viruses are cultivated by each method
50) Which of the following can be used to cultivate plant viruses?

A) Cultures of separated plant cells
B) Whole plants
C) Plant protoplast cultures
Answer: D
Topic: Viruses
microorganisms.
51) 0.2 mls of a 10-4 dilution of a virus preparation yields 90 plaques. What is the number of
PFU per ml in the undiluted virus preparation?
A) 9.0 × 105
B) 4.5 × 106
C) 4.5 × 107
D) 9.0 × 108
Answer: B
Topic: Viruses
Bloom's/Accessibility: 4. Analyze / Keyboard Navigation
16
52) A ________ assay is most useful for determining the viability of a viral preparation.
A) direct (electron microscopic) count
B) hemagglutination
C) plaque
D) PCR
Answer: C
53) Hemagglutination is ________.

A) the clumping together of red blood cells in the presence of a viral suspension
B) the binding of iron in the process of a viral suspension
C) the clumping together of infected cells in the presence of a viral suspension
D) None of the choices are correct.
Answer: A
Topic: Viruses
54) Like bacteria and eukaryotic microorganisms, most viruses can be cultured using artificial
media.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Viruses
microorganisms.
17
55) Bacterial viruses are so named because they have prokaryotic cell structures similar to their
bacterial hosts.
Answer: FALSE
56) Localized areas of destruction occurring on plants that have been infected by a virus are
referred to as ________ lesions.
Answer: necrotic
57) Which of the following is not a mechanism by which viruses cause cancer?
A) They carry a cancer-causing gene into the cell.
B) They encode proteins that bind to and inactivate host cell proteins known as tumor suppressor
proteins.
C) They produce defective interfering particles.
D) An expression of viral proteins results in abnormal expression of genes that regulate cell
growth and reproduction.
Answer: C
cancer
18
58) Which of the following is not true of viroids?
A) Viroids are small circular ssRNA molecules.
B) Viroids have no protein capsids.
C) Viroid RNA does not serve as mRNA nor does it direct the synthesis of mRNA.
D) Extracellular viroids have a lipid bilayer envelope.
Answer: D
Topic: Viral Classification
Learning Outcome: 06.06a Describe the structure of a viroid and discuss the practical
importance of viroids
59) Viroids are of economic significance because they cause disease in ________.
A) plants
B) animals
C) humans
Answer: A
Topic: Viruses
60) Viroids are ________.

A) proteins that may infect man and other animals causing spongiform encephalopathy
B) a class of so-called slow viruses
C) a new class of small single stranded DNA viruses that infect some animals
D) short infectious single stranded RNAs that can infect some plants
Answer: D
Topic: Viral Classification
19
61) Prions are of significance because they cause infections of ________.
A) domestic animals and humans
B) plants
C) fungi
D) prokaryotes
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 06.07b List characteristics common to all animal diseases caused by prions
62) Which of the following diseases is (are) caused by prions?

A) Scrapie
B) Mad cow disease
C) Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Answer: D
Topic: Prions
Learning Outcome: 06.07c Name at least two human diseases caused by prions
63) Prions consist of proteins and have no apparent nucleic acid genome.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Prions
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
ASM Objective: 06.02 Microorganisms provide essential models that give us fundamental
knowledge about life processes.
Learning Outcome: 06.07a Describe prion structure and how prions are thought to replicate
20
64) Available evidence is consistent with the proposal that prion diseases are caused by
infectious proteins.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Prions
65) The mechanism of pathogenesis by prions may involve a conformational change in the prion
protein (PrP) to an abnormal form.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Prions
66) There are no known human diseases that have been linked to prions.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Prions
67) Which virion release process is most often used by enveloped viruses?
A) Lysis
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Budding
D) Diffusion through channel protein
Answer: C
host cell
21
68) Which type of virus is most likely to be released by lysis of the host cell?
A) Enveloped virus
B) Nonenveloped virus
Answer: B
host cell
69) A temperate phage always lyses its host cell.
Answer: FALSE
Learning Outcome: 06.04a Compare and contrast the major steps of the life cycles of virulent
phages and temperate phages
70) For a temperate phage to produce more phage, which of the following must happen?
A) Lysogeny
B) Induction
C) Lysogenic conversion
D) Prophage formation
Answer: B
22
71) The production of cholera toxin by virulent strains of Vibrio cholera is dependent upon
genes in a bacteriophage. This is an example of ________.
A) lysogenic conversion
B) induction
C) bacterial transformation
D) transduction
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 06.04b List examples of lysogenic conversion
72) Diphtheria toxin is produced only by strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae that are
infected with a particular bacteriophage. This is an example of ________.
A) conjugation
B) induction
C) lysis
D) lysogenic conversion
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 06.04b List examples of lysogenic conversion
73) Which type of phage always lyses its host cell?

A) Temperate
B) Virulent
C) Lysogenic
D) Prophage
Answer: B
23
74) Place the following steps in the correct order to reflect how a plaque assay is done.
1. Several dilutions of sample to be assayed are prepared.

2. Dilutions are mixed with the appropriate bacterial host.
3. Bacterial/sample dilution mixtures are plated on agar plates.
4. Plates are incubated to allow for plaque development.
5. Plates from different dilutions are examined and plaques are counted.
Answer: 4, 1, 5, 2, 3
Learning Outcome: 06.05c Outline the events that lead to formation of a plaque in a lawn of
bacterial cells
75) Laboratory animals must be used to determine lethal and infectious doses of viruses.
Answer: FALSE
Learning Outcome: 06.05d Distinguish lethal dose from infectious dose
76) Place the steps in the correct order to reflect how a lethal dose may be determined.
1. Dilutions of virus are made to represent a range of concentrations.

2. Dilutions are inoculated into susceptible tissue cultures (or susceptible host organisms).
3. Inoculated host cells are observed and the number of dead cells are counted.
4. The dilution which killed 50% of the tissue culture cells is identified.
Answer: 1, 3, 2, 4
ASM Topic: Module 07 Scientific Thinking
ASM Objective: 07.01a Ability to apply the process of science: Demonstrate an ability to
formulate hypotheses and design experiments based on the scientific method.
Learning Outcome: 06.05d Distinguish lethal dose from infectious dose
24
77) Which of the following encodes its own capsid proteins?
A) Satellite virus
B) Satellite DNA
C) Satellite RNA
D) Prion
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 06.06b Distinguish satellite viruses from satellite nucleic acids
78) Which of the following is/are necessary for the replication of a satellite virus?
A) Host cell only
B) Helper virus only
C) Prion only
D) Host cell and helper virus
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 06.06b Distinguish satellite viruses from satellite nucleic acids
79) The most notable difference between PrPC (normal protein) and PrPSc (prion protein) is
________.
A) PrPC is a much longer polypeptide chain, compared to PrPSc
B) PrPC causes a cell to undergo rapid apoptosis
C) PrPc folds appropriately whereas PrPSc does not fold correctly
D) PrPc is a functional glycolytic enzyme whereas PrPSc is nonfunctional
Answer: C
Topic: Prions
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics
ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal
molecular cues and/or signals.
Learning Outcome: 06.07d Describe the mechanisms by which a prion protein might first
appear in a brain cell
25
80) All of the following are methods of prion disease transmission EXCEPT ________.
A) ingestion of infected tissue
B) inheritance (genetic)
C) organ or tissue transplantation
D) contamination through use of inadequately processed surgical instruments
E) inhalation (airborne)
Answer: E
Topic: Prions
81) A PrPc protein can convert a PrPSc to a PrPc.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Prions
ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each
other.
82) What is the minimum number of phage that can initiate the development of a plaque in a
bacterial lawn?
A) 1
B) 5
C) 10
D) 25
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 06.05c Outline the events that lead to formation of a plaque in a lawn of
bacterial cells
26
83) Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is known to have been transmitted by surgical instruments and
transplanted nerve tissue.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Prions
84) Viruses can infect all known cell types. Specifically, the viruses that infect bacterial cells
are called ________.
Answer: bacteriophages
phages
85) Place the steps of viral replication in the correct order.
1. Attachment to host cell

2. Entry into host cell
3. Synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins
4. Self-assembly of nucleocapsids
5. Release from host cell
Answer: 2, 4, 5, 1, 3
27
Test Bank for Prescottâ€™s Microbiology, 11th Edition, Joanne Willey, Kathleen Sandman, Doro
86) Virulent and temperate phages differ in that ________.

A) virulent phages always result in the lysis of the host cell, whereas temperate phages may lyse
the host cell, or they can enter a lysogenic cycle whereby they integrate their genome into the
genome of the host cell
B) temperate phages always result in the lysis of the host cell, whereas virulent phages may lyse
the host cell, or they can enter a lysogenic cycle whereby they integrate their genome into the
genome of the host cell
C) temperate phages integrate their genome into that of the host cell, causing uncontrolled
growth and ultimately lysis of the cell, whereas virulent phages remain in the lysogenic phase
indefinitely
D) virulent phages cause mutations in the host cell genome, whereas temperate phages have no
genetic effect on the host cell
Answer: A
Bloom's/Accessibility: 5. Evaluate / Keyboard Navigation
87) Diseases caused by prions that are seen in domesticated animals and humans have which of
the following manifestations in common?
A) All diseases cause neurodegeneration
B) All diseases cause gastrointestinal upset
C) All diseases affect the cardiovascular system
D) All diseases affect the musculoskeletal system
E) All diseases cause skin lesions
Answer: A
Topic: Prions
Learning Outcome: 06.07b List characteristics common to all animal diseases caused by prions
28
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1) Viruses have typical cellular structure like other living organisms.

2) Viruses in the extracellular state possess few, if any, active enzymes.

3) Which is not true of viruses?

5) A complete virus particle is called a ________.

6) The nucleic acids carried by viruses usually consist of ________.

8) Viruses infecting protists, including algae, have never been detected.

10) Almost all known plant viruses are RNA viruses.

20) Viral capsid protein subunits are called ________.

25) Many of the enzymes found in virus particles are ________.

27) Viral envelopes are composed of ________.

29) The function of the viral protein coat is to ________.

32) Virion size ranges from ________.

36) Poliovirus receptors are found ________.

44) Adult T-cell leukemia is thought to be caused by ________.

Answer: cytopathic effects

50) Which of the following can be used to cultivate plant viruses?

53) Hemagglutination is ________.

60) Viroids are ________.

62) Which of the following diseases is (are) caused by prions?

69) A temperate phage always lyses its host cell.

73) Which type of phage always lyses its host cell?

1. Several dilutions of sample to be assayed are prepared.

1. Dilutions of virus are made to represent a range of concentrations.

81) A PrPc protein can convert a PrPSc to a PrPc.

85) Place the steps of viral replication in the correct order.

1. Attachment to host cell

86) Virulent and temperate phages differ in that ________.

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