Test Bank For Psychology 4th Canadian Edition Carole Wade

Test Bank for Psychology, 4th Canadian Edition: Carole Wade
Test Bank for Psychology, 4th Canadian Edition:

Carole Wade
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Psychology, Cdn 3e (Wade)
Chapter 8 Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context
Quick Quiz (1)

1) Who conducted an experiment on the effects of punishment on learning that was, in reality,
an experiment on obedience?
A) Solomon Asch
B) Stanley Milgram
C) Philip Zimbardo
D) Muzafer Sherif
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Stanley Milgram conducted an classic study on the effects of obedience
which asked a "teacher" to give a learner increasing increments of shock for
wrong answers.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
2) How many of the subjects in the obedience study gave the highest level of shock?
A) about a third
B) about half
C) about two-thirds
D) about three-fourths
Answer: C
Explanation: C) About two-thirds of the subjects in Milgram's obedience study gave the
highest level of shock, 450 volts.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
3) Which of the following is NOT a reason people obey an authority figure?

A) becoming entrapped
B) allocating responsibility to the authority
C) accepting moral responsibility
D) wanting to be polite
Answer: C
Explanation: C) People who accept moral responsibility do not generally obey authorities
who order them to do something that violates their standards. It is when
responsibility is allocated to the authority that they obey.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Canada
4) What are the two types of causal attributions that people make?
A) dispositional and situational
B) environmental and situational
C) personality traits and dispositional
D) nature and nurture
Answer: A
Explanation: A) When trying to understand the cause of a person's behaviour we either make
dispositional attributions (caused by personality traits) or situational
attributions (caused by the situation).
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
5) Which of the following is NOT a result of diffusion of responsibility?

A) bystander apathy
B) social loafing
C) deindividuation
D) fundamental attribution error
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The fundamental attribution error is an error commonly made in attributing
causes to another's behaviour. It is unrelated to diffusion of responsibility.
Bystander apathy, social loafing, and deindividuation all can result from
diffusion of responsibility.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
6) What is it called when a person experiences conflict between two attitudes or between an
attitude and a behaviour?
A) cognitive consistency
B) behavioural adjustment
C) cognitive dissonance
D) implicit assumption
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The definition of cognitive dissonance is the state of tension that results from
inconsistent attitudes and behaviours.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
7) Which of the following is NOT a technique used in coercive persuasion?

A) use of cognitive dissonance
B) using extreme physical and emotional stress
C) defining problems simplistically
D) use of entrapment
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Cognitive dissonance is not used to try to change beliefs in coercive
persuasion. The other options are, however, commonly used techniques.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
2
8) Which of the following is NOT a way of balancing ethnic identity and acculturation?
A) biculturalism
B) assimilation
C) cognitive-behavioural identification
D) ethnic separatism
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Cognitive-behavioural identification is a made-up term. The four common
ways of balancing ethnic identity and acculturation are biculturalism,
assimilation, ethnic separatism, and marginalism.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
9) Which of the following is a way of measuring implicit prejudice?

A) anonymous surveys of attitudes
B) face-to-face interviews with individuals
C) survey of discriminatory behaviours
D) measurement of unconscious associations
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The other three choices would not reveal implicit prejudice. Since a person is
unaware of implicit prejudice, they could not reveal it in an interview or
survey.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
10) What is the most effective strategy to reduce prejudice and us-them thinking?
A) encouraging social contact between groups
B) having groups work together on a task requiring cooperation to reach a common goal
C) establishing legal equality of all groups
D) education about social issues and diversity
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Working together on a task requiring cooperation to reach a mutually
desired goal is the most effective strategy to reduce prejudice, even though it
alone is not sufficient.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
3
Quick Quiz (2)
1) In the Stanford prison study, what was it that caused the guards to treat the prisoners
harshly?
A) the instructions given to the guards
B) the actions of the prisoners
C) the social context
D) peer pressure from the other guards
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The social situation can have a very powerful effect on a person's behaviour
as in the case of the Stanford prison study.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
2) Which of the following is NOT a type of error that is commonly made in explaining the
causes of our own or other's behaviour?
A) self-serving bias
B) fundamental attribution error
C) blaming the victim
D) diffusion of responsibility
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Diffusion of responsibility is an explanation of bystander apathy, not error in
causal attributions.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
3) The tendency to explain favourably the behaviours of members of groups to which we

belong is known as:
A) self-serving bias.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) group-serving bias.
D) just-world hypothesis.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The group-serving bias refers to the tendency to explain favourably the
behaviours of members of groups to which we belong.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
4
4) Which two effects are common reasons for a change of attitudes?
A) familiarity and validity
B) consistency and validity
C) familiarity and reputation
D) reliability and validity
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Familiarity (the tendency to hold positive attitudes toward familiar people
and things) and the validity effect (where repeated presentation of an
argument makes it seem valid) are two common reasons to change an
attitude.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
5) What is one of the most common but least effective techniques for trying to change
someone's attitude?
A) repetition of an argument
B) using scare tactics
C) using famous people to present an argument
D) playing devil's advocate
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Using scare tactics, while commonly used, is not very effective in changing
an attitude or behaviour, for example, getting someone to quit smoking.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
6) Who conducted an experiment on conformity in which people were asked to judge the
length of lines?
A) Solomon Asch
B) Philip Zimbardo
C) Stanley Milgram
D) Muzafer Sherif
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The well-known conformity study involving the judgment of line length was
conducted by Solomon Asch.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
7) Which of the following is NOT a reason that people conform to social pressure?
A) identification with the group
B) wanting to be liked
C) self-interest
D) belief in critical thinking
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Belief in critical thinking would more likely result in nonconformity.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
5
8) What is the most common explanation of bystander apathy?
A) diffusion of responsibility
B) blaming the victim
C) entrapment
D) acculturation
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Diffusion of responsibility, the idea that the responsibility for action is
divided among the bystanders so that each individual has very little
responsibility, is the most likely explanation for bystander apathy.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
9) Which of the following is NOT a way in which stereotypes distort reality?

A) exaggeration of differences between groups
B) producing selective perception
C) exaggeration of differences within other groups
D) underestimation of differences within other groups
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Stereotypes cause an exaggeration of similarities within other groups, not an
exaggeration of differences.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
10) Which of the following is NOT a type of function served by prejudice?

A) psychological
B) social and cultural
C) cognitive
D) economic
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Prejudice serves psychological, social and cultural, and economic functions.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
6
Test Questions
1) ________ are defined as rules that regulate human life.
A) Norms
B) Routines
C) Stereotypes
D) Roles
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Norms are defined as rules about how we are supposed to act.
Type: MC
Section: Roles and Rules
Skill: Factual
2) The rules that regulate social life are referred to as:

A) social laws.
B) social rules.
C) social etiquette.
D) social norms.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Social norms are defined as rules about how we are supposed to act.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
3) Social conventions, explicit laws, and implicit cultural standards are examples of:
A) routines.
B) roles.
C) stereotypes.
D) norms.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Norms are defined as rules about how we are supposed to act. These are all
examples of those rules.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
4) Which of the following is the definition of "norm?"

A) a program of shared rules that govern the behaviour of members of a society
B) a gradual process in which people escalate their commitment to a course of action
C) rules that regulate human life
D) a given social position that is governed by rules for proper behaviour
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Norms are defined as rules about how we are supposed to act.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
7
5) Doni enters an elevator and she continues facing the back instead of turning around to face
the elevator door. In this example,
A) Doni has violated a role.
B) Doni has violated a stereotype.
C) Doni has violated a norm.
D) Doni has violated her gender role.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is an example of violating an unspoken rule or norm about facing
forward on elevators.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
6) An implicit cultural standard has been violated when:

A) a parent allows a 13-year-old to get behind the wheel for a short drive home.
B) the school library is almost completely empty but a student sits right next to a stranger.
C) the taxes are due on April 30 but a person doesn't file a return.
D) a driver accelerates during a yellow light in order to cross the intersection.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The first three examples involve violation of laws, but sitting next to a
stranger violates an implicit cultural standard.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
7) Research on social roles suggests that:

A) family roles setting tasks for husbands and wives are similar across cultures.
B) certain aspects of every role must be carried out or there will be penalties.
C) people usually follow social roles with conscious deliberation.
D) male gender roles in Western cultures have been resistant to any changes.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) There are almost always penalties for failing to carry out a social role, even if
the penalty may be nothing more than feeling uncomfortable.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
8) Each person has ________ social role(s).

A) one
B) many
C) three
D) two
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Each person has many social roles such as a gender role, an occupational
role, a role in their family, a role with friends, etc.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
8
9) Which of the following is NOT an example of a norm violation?
A) a woman who hums loudly while waiting in line to buy movie tickets
B) students who sit next to strangers in the school cafeteria when other seats are available
C) a man in Canada standing so close to an acquaintance that she can feel his breath
D) individuals in Milgram's study who obeyed the authority and delivered shocks
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Individuals in Milgram's study were following a norm or rule about obeying
authorities. All the other choices are examples of violating a norm.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
10) Which of the following is a violation of an implicit cultural standard?

A) a bartender offers a glass of champagne to an underage 18-year-old bride
B) a driver notices that no other cars are around and drives through a red light
C) a woman on a public bus sings "Summer Loving" from the musical Grease
D) a woman in California tans on the beach without a bathing suit top
Answer: C
Explanation: C) All of the choices are examples of people following implicit cultural
standards except for the woman singing on the public bus. She is violating a
norm.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
11) Culture is defined as a program of shared ________ that govern the behaviour of people in a
society as well as a set of shared values and beliefs.
A) social roles
B) rules or norms
C) cognitions
D) expectations
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Culture includes shared norms, values, and beliefs that are taught to each
successive generation.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
12) Which of the following is the text's definition of "culture?"

A) The social roles that people follow with conscious deliberation
B) Rules that regulate human life, including implicit standards for community living
C) The social conventions and explicit laws followed by members of a community
D) A program of shared rules that govern the behaviour of members of a society
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Culture involves shared rules or norms that govern our behaviour in a
group.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
9
13) Tahir, an Arab, and Jan, a Swede, meet at a dinner for international students. Since the
cultures of the two men differ in regard to ________, both may feel uncomfortable during
their conversation.
A) explicit laws
B) attitudes toward higher education
C) knowledge of North American etiquette
D) conversational distance
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Swedes tend to maintain much greater social distance during conversations,
whereas Arabs in general stand the closest together.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
14) ________ generally have the greatest conversational distance compared to other cultures;
that is, they stand further apart when they converse.
A) Latin Americans
B) English and Swedes
C) Arabs
D) Southern Europeans
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The English and Swedes tend to have the greatest conversational distance,
whereas Arabs and Latin Americans stand the closest together.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
15) In Stanley Milgram's study of obedience,

A) participants were shocked when they made errors in reciting word pairs.
B) participants in the study were randomly assigned to be teachers or learners.
C) an ominous-looking shock machine had voltage markings from zero to 450 volts.
D) a learner and the teacher sat side by side across from the shock machine.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In Milgram's study the learner was always an actor and the subject was
always the teacher, participants were never shocked, and the learner and
teacher were in separate rooms. The shock machine was marked in
increments up to 450 volts.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
10
16) Before Stanley Milgram conducted his study on obedience, he asked a number of
psychiatrists, students, and middle-class adults how many people would go all the way to
the highest voltage under the instructions of the authority. Milgram found that:
A) psychiatrists accurately predicted that about 45 percent of the participants would inflict
what they thought were dangerous amounts of shock.
B) psychiatrists predicted that one person in a thousand would administer the highest
voltage and the nonprofessionals agreed with this statement.
C) students and middle-class adults accurately predicted that about 25 percent of the
participants would inflict what they thought were dangerous amounts of shock.
D) psychiatrists, students, and middle-class adults accurately predicted that about 15
percent of the participants would inflict what they thought were dangerous amounts of
shock.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Almost everyone, both professionals and lay people, predicted that most
people would refuse to go beyond 150 volts and that only one person in a
thousand would administer the highest voltage.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
17) In the Milgram study, ________ predicted that most people would refuse to go beyond 150
volts when administering shock to other people.
A) no one
B) nonprofessionals
C) professionals
D) both professionals and nonprofessionals
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Almost everyone, both professionals and lay people, predicted that most
people would refuse to go beyond 150 volts and that only one person in a
thousand would administer the highest voltage.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
18) About ________ of all participants in Milgram's study administered the highest level of
shock to the learner.
A) a third
B) half
C) a fourth
D) two-thirds
Answer: D
Explanation: D) About two-thirds of the participants gave the highest level of shock, 450
volts.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
11
19) Milgram concluded that obedience in his study was a function of:
A) the responses made by the learner.
B) the situation of the experiment.
C) the religious beliefs of the participant.
D) the personality of the participant.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The only thing that changed the outcome of the experiment was if the basic
situation was changed such as having the experimenter leave the room or
having the teacher in the same room as the learner.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
20) Results of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience showed that:

A) about two-thirds of the subjects stopped delivering shocks when the learner first
demanded to be free.
B) about two-thirds of the subjects, from all ages and from all walks of life, obeyed to the
fullest extent.
C) about 90 percent of the older adults and about 60 percent of the students stopped
administering shocks even though the experimenter said, "The experiment requires
that you continue."
D) almost 90 percent of the women and about 60 percent of the men stopped
administering shocks even though the experimenter said, "The experiment requires
that you continue."
Answer: B
Explanation: B) About two-thirds of the participants gave the highest level of shock, 450
volts.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
21) When Milgram and his team set up several variations of his original study, they found that
people were more likely to disobey under all of the following circumstances EXCEPT:
A) when the subject worked with peers who refused to go further in the procedure.
B) when the victim was in an adjoining room so the "teacher" heard every sound the
victim made.
C) when the person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man, apparently another
volunteer.
D) when two experimenters had conflicting demands about the continuation of the
experiment.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The victim was in an adjoining room in the original experiment and people
still obeyed.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
12
22) Replications of Milgram's study of obedience showed:
A) gender differences in a willingness to obey, because 75 percent of men but only 30
percent of women inflicted what they thought were dangerous levels of shocks to the
"learner."
B) that when the victim said that he had a heart ailment or screamed in agony, 10 percent
of the "teachers" inflicted what they thought were dangerous levels of shocks to the
"learner."
C) that more than 90 percent of the subjects in Spain and in the Netherlands inflicted what
they thought were dangerous levels of shocks to the "learner."
D) occupational differences, because 90 percent of lower-SES individuals and 55 percent of
upper-SES individuals inflicted what they thought were dangerous levels of shocks to
the "learner."
Answer: C
Explanation: C) When Milgram's study was conducted in Spain and the Netherlands,
obedience was much higher than in the U.S.A. Occupation, gender, and
complaints by the learner made no difference.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
23) Which of the following actions by the "learner" reduced the likelihood of being shocked by
the "teacher" in Milgram's study?
A) Complaining of having a heart ailment
B) Screaming in pain
C) Nothing the learner did made a difference.
D) Protesting noisily
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In Milgram's study, nothing the learner did made any difference in the
outcome of the study.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
24) Sebastian is a "learner" in Milgram's study. What can he do to reduce the likelihood of being
shocked by the "teacher?"
A) complain of having a heart ailment
B) scream in pain
C) protest noisily
D) Nothing Sebastian does will make a difference.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Sebastian will not be shocked. The learner is always an actor and is not
shocked. But nothing the actor does causes the teacher to stop administering
what he believes are real shocks.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
13
25) Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Milgram's study?
A) It was not a realistic situation and could not be compared to real-world obedience.
B) It was unethical because subjects were deceived.
C) It was unethical because the personality traits of the subject were not taken into
account.
D) It was unethical because subjects experienced emotional pain.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) There was concern with Milgram's study because subjects were deceived
and experienced psychological pain and because the experiment couldn't be
generalized to real-life situations.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
26) In the prison study, male college students agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to
discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. The
researchers found that:
A) within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, developing emotional
symptoms and physical ailments.
B) the subjects, prisoners and guards, were relieved when the experimenters decided that
the study should be ended early.
C) the guards that tried to be "tough but fair" urged the tyrannical guards to lighten up on
the prisoners because it was only an experiment.
D) about ten percent of the guards became tyrannical, choosing harsh and abusive
methods to maintain order.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In the Stanford prison study, students-prisoners quickly became distressed
and the study had to be ended more quickly than planned.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
27) In the Stanford prison study, male college students agreed to participate in a two-week
experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and
guards. The researchers found that:
A) since the study was conducted in an unused wing of a real prison, the realistic
atmosphere enhanced the role behaviour of prisoners and guards.
B) within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, developing emotional
symptoms and physical ailments.
C) about five percent of the guards became tyrannical, giving the prisoners electric shocks
when they were slow in obeying.
D) 90 percent of the guards tried to be "tough but fair" and demanded that the tyrannical
guards lighten up on the prisoners because it was only an experiment.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In the Stanford prison study, students-prisoners quickly became distressed
and the study had to be ended more quickly than planned.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
14
28) In the Stanford prison study, it was found that
A) since the study was conducted in an unused wing of a real prison, the realistic
atmosphere enhanced the role behaviour of prisoners and guards.
B) about five percent of the guards became tyrannical, giving the prisoners electric shocks
when they were slow in obeying.
C) about one third of the guards became tyrannical and almost always chose to be harsh
and abusive.
D) 90 percent of the guards tried to be "tough but fair" and demanded that the tyrannical
guards lighten up on the prisoners because it was only an experiment.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
29) The Stanford prison study demonstrates how a person's ________ affects behaviour.
A) past experience
B) values
C) role
D) beliefs
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The role we play affects our behaviour by causing us to conform to
expectations for that role.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
30) Critics of the prison study argue that:

A) a make-shift prison in the basement of a university building is not an effective setting
to investigate the factors involved.
B) the participants had watched television shows and movies which provided script
information about how guards and prisoners are supposed to behave.
C) by stopping the study after six days instead of letting it continue for the two-week
experimental period, the researchers had not allowed enough time for dramatic change
to occur.
D) the methodology was flawed because participants were not randomly assigned to
either the prisoner condition or the guard condition.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) It was thought that prisoners and guards acted the way they did because of
expectations learned from television and movies.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
15
31) Despite the criticism over the famous Prison Study, the researchers involved, Haney and
Zimbardo, continued to increase public awareness about:
A) the traumatic effects prison life can have on prisoners.
B) the need for prison guards to learn harsher methods for maintaining control over
prisoners.
C) the power of the situation and how it can outweigh personality in influencing
behaviour.
D) the primary importance of personality traits in determining behaviour.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The researchers stated that the study continues to increase public awareness
of how situations can outweigh personality and private values in influencing
behaviour.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
32) C. P. Snow said that "more hideous crimes have been committed in the name of ________
than in the name of rebellion."
A) religion
B) the law
C) obedience
D) conformity
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Snow implied that people are more likely to do negative things because they
are obeying orders (behaving as expected in a particular situation), than
because they are acting on beliefs and rebelling.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
33) The primary reason why people obey is because:

A) they are deeply convinced of the authority's legitimacy.
B) they are worried about the consequences of disobedience.
C) they don't give thought to the other perspective.
D) they hope to gain a tangible benefit through their obedience.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In Milgram's study as well as in many other situations, people obey because
they perceive the leader as a legitimate authority figure.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
16
34) The primary reason why people obey is because:
A) they are deeply convinced of the authority's legitimacy.
B) they are impulsive and don't think through their actions.
C) they were taught that disobedience is sinful.
D) they don't realize that someone might suffer through their actions.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In Milgram's study as well as in many other situations, people obey because
they perceive the leader as a legitimate authority figure.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
35) Participants in Milgram's obedience study thought they were participating in a study about
the effects of punishment on learning. Of the factors associated with people's willingness to
obey, this aspect of Milgram's study could be related to:
A) wanting to be polite.
B) routinizing the task.
C) becoming entrapped.
D) the allocation of responsibility to an authority.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In the Milgram study, some people became fixated on the "learning task."
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
36) One of the factors that causes people to obey when they would rather not is:
A) that they need time to decide whether this situation is one that meets the criteria they
have been taught to justify disobedience toward an authority they respect.
B) that good manners protect people's feelings and the desire to be polite ensnares people
into further obedience.
C) that after careful evaluation of the situation, the inner voice of conscience dictates
obedience because civilization without obedience becomes chaos.
D) that they focus on the greater good and know that they are morally obligated to follow
institutionalized rules.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) One reason for obedience is fear of the consequences if one is not polite.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
17
37) ________ is defined as a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a
course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort.
A) Commitment
B) Obedience
C) Entrapment
D) Conformity
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Entrapment occurs when each successive act of obedience serves to further
commit a person to a course of action.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
38) Which of the following is an example of entrapment?

A) A friend convinces you that it would be fun to stand backwards in the checkout line of
the grocery store and before you know it, other customers are gawking at you.
B) A friend suggests that in auditioning for the part of James Bond in a local production,
you should emphasize his fears as well as his strengths, and before you know it, you
are laughed off stage.
C) A friend states that just because you are the bride there is no reason that you, rather
than the groom, should write the thank you cards and before you know it, you are
getting the blame.
D) A friend who is moving asks you to bring over a few empty boxes; when you arrive he
asks you to fill the boxes with dishes and before you know it, you've packed his
kitchen.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) In this choice, you are asked to commit to helping your friend a little more at
each stage until you find it hard to refuse. Thus this is an example of
entrapment.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
39) A gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to
justify their investment of time, money, or effort is called:
A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) acculturation.
D) entrapment.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The definition of entrapment involves a gradual or step-wise escalation of
commitment to a course of action.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
18
40) Which of the following is NOT an example of entrapment?
A) A friend who is moving asks you to bring over a few empty boxes; when you arrive he
asks you to fill the boxes with dishes and before you know it, you've packed his
kitchen.
B) You get involved part-time with a charity and within months you are chair of the
fundraising committee.
C) A friend invites you over for a visit and when you get there asks if you wouldn't mind
watching the kids while she pops out to the grocery store and before you know it you
are babysitting all afternoon.
D) Your mom asks you to come over and take a look at a few things she is throwing away
and before you know it you are helping her clean out her attic.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Entrapment refers to a course of action that poses problems.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
41) In Milgram's study, participants were supposed to begin the "punishment" with very small
shocks and gradually increase the voltage. This would be a good example of what is meant
by:
A) becoming entrapped.
B) handing responsibility over to the authority.
C) routinization.
D) wanting to be polite.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Entrapment is a process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a
course of action in order to justify their investment in it.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
42) According to the fundamental attribution error, Bob will explain why Joe lost his job last
week by:
A) suggesting that Joe was a trouble maker.
B) suggesting that the demographics of the company were changing.
C) suggesting that Joe was unable to create enough revenue.
D) suggesting that the company needed to save money.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency in explaining other
people's behaviour to overestimate personality factors and underestimate
the influence of the situation.
Type: MC
Section: Social Influences on Beliefs
Skill: Conceptual
19
43) Social cognition is defined as:
A) an area in social psychology concerned with social influences on thought, memory,
perception, and other cognitive processes.
B) the processes by which children learn the behaviours, attitudes, and expectations
required of them by their society or culture.
C) the part of a person's self-concept that is based on identification with a nation, culture,
or group in society.
D) a psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on human
relationships and behaviours.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Social cognition involves the effects of our social environment on our
thoughts, beliefs, and other cognitive processes.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
44) Social ________ refers to the effect of social influence on thought, memory, perception, and
beliefs.
A) entrapment
B) attribution
C) attitudes
D) cognition
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Social cognition involves the effects of our social environment on our
thoughts, beliefs, and other cognitive processes.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
45) Attribution theory examines:

A) predictions about behaviour of people in particular situations.
B) judgments about the personal attributes of others.
C) the explanations a person makes about the causes of behaviour.
D) the psychological traits or "attributes" that a person possesses.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Attribution theory looks at how a person makes decisions about the causes
of another's behaviour.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
20
46) When we make situational attributions we are:
A) identifying the cause of an action as something with an unconscious motivation.
B) identifying the cause of an action as something that is a biological trait.
C) identifying the cause of an action as something in the person's disposition.
D) identifying the cause of an action as something in the environment.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Situational attributions look at behaviour as being caused by the
environment or situation.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
47) A panhandler approaches you and your friend for some money. When your friend refuses to
give him any money, you attribute your friend's behaviour to her inherently greedy nature.
A social psychologist is likely to say that you have just made a/an:
A) false attribution.
B) external attribution.
C) dispositional attribution.
D) situational attribution.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) A dispositional attribution occurs when we identify the cause of an action as
something in the person.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
48) The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency of people to:
A) overestimate the role of dispositional factors in the behaviour of others.
B) overestimate the role of situational factors in the behaviour of others.
C) overestimate the role of situational factors in their own behaviour.
D) overestimate the role of dispositional factors in their own behaviour.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) It is common to underestimate the role of the situation and overestimate the
role of traits or personality factors in judging other people's behaviour. This
is called the fundamental attribution error.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
21
49) A fan at a baseball game watches the left fielder drop a ball next to the stands. If the fan
responds by making the fundamental attribution error, he is most likely to remark that the
player:
A) is not a good fielder.
B) was affected by the lights.
C) does not receive enough money.
D) is just having a bad game today.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency in explaining other
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
50) Which of the following suggests that the speaker is making the fundamental attribution
error?
A) "People don't conserve energy in this country because it is still relatively inexpensive."
B) "Politics and religion cause more problems than they solve."
C) "The guy at the next table didn't leave a tip for the waitress because he is cheap."
D) "If I hadn't gotten married and had children, I could have had an exciting career."
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency in explaining other
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
51) Janis, an administrative assistant at a London firm, is trying to find reasons for her
supervisor's behaviour. She is likely to:
A) overestimate her supervisor's personality traits and underestimate the influence of the
situation.
B) leap to the attribution that her supervisor's behaviour corresponds to work demands.
C) explore the personality traits and the environmental constraints to derive an
explanation.
D) ignore dispositional attributions in favour of situational attributions.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) It is common to underestimate the role of the situation and overestimate the
role of traits or personality factors in judging other people's behaviour. This
is called the fundamental attribution error.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
22
52) When people in Western nations are trying to find reasons for someone else's behaviour,
they tend to:
A) explore the personality traits and the environmental constraints to derive an
explanation.
B) ignore dispositional attributions in favour of situational attributions.
C) overestimate personality traits and underestimate the influence of the situation.
D) leap to the attribution that people's behaviours correspond to the context.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The fundamental attribution error is more common in Western nations.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
53) The fundamental attribution error is especially prevalent in:

A) Kenya.
B) India.
C) Britain.
D) Japan.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The fundamental attribution error is especially common in Western nations
such as Britain.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
54) An international student reads in her psychology textbook that the fundamental attribution
error is especially prevalent in her home country. She is most likely from:
A) Kenya.
B) India.
C) Japan.
D) Britain.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The fundamental attribution error is especially common in Western nations
such as Britain.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
23
55) ________ occurs when a person chooses attributions for his or her own behaviour that are
favourable.
A) The just-world error
B) Self-serving bias
C) Fundamental attribution error
D) Entrapment
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Self-serving bias is a tendency to explain our own behaviours in a favourable
way.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
56) The tendency, in explaining one's own behaviour, to take credit for one's good actions and
rationalize one's mistakes is called:
A) validity effect.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) self-serving bias.
D) attitude.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Self-serving bias is a tendency to explain our own behaviours in a favourable
way.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
57) Jade has a tendency to take credit for her good actions and to rationalize her mistakes. This is
called:
A) narcissism.
B) self-serving bias.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) the validity effect.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Self-serving bias is a tendency to explain our own behaviours in a favourable
way.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
24
58) Garret has a tendency to take credit for his good actions but he attributes his mistakes to "an
off day." This would be an example of:
A) the just-world hypothesis.
B) the validity effect.
D) the self-serving bias.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Self-serving bias is a tendency to explain our own behaviours in a favourable
way.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
59) Blaming the victim often results when a person strongly believes in the:
A) attribution of responsibility.
B) social identity theory.
C) just-world hypothesis.
D) diffusion of responsibility.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) A person who believes the just-world hypothesis would be likely to blame a
victim for his or her fate because it would not be just for negative events to
happen to innocent people.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
60) According to the just-world hypothesis:

A) people's occupations are just if they involve enjoyment of the task.
B) international cooperation leads to justice.
C) if people work hard for something then they like it more.
D) bad people are punished and good people are rewarded.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A person who believes the just-world hypothesis would be likely to blame a
victim for his or her fate because it would not be just for negative events to
happen to innocent people.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
25
61) When a student is late for class, if the teacher is like most people he is most likely to think:
A) "She was probably delayed by a friend, but I'm sure she will come in any moment
now."
B) "She must have been up all night studying and just slept in."
C) "She seems to be lazy, and it's not surprising that she is late."
D) "She must have had an accident and couldn't make it on time."
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The impulse to explain other people's behaviour in terms of their
personalities is strong.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
62) An implication one can derive from cross-cultural research on the fundamental attribution
error is that:
A) dispositional and situational biases are culturally shaped.
B) situational biases are innate.
C) children respond with a situational bias which become dispositional in adulthood.
D) dispositional biases are innate.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Research suggests that there is considerable cultural influence on many
behaviours, including the fundamental attribution error.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
63) A young actor didn't get the part he wanted in the school play. One might suspect a self-
serving bias if he explained that he didn't get the part because:
A) the part required him to sing, and he doesn't sing well.
B) he just was not a good enough actor.
C) the director wasn't clear in explaining the actor's motivation to him.
D) he hadn't learned the lines as well as others who auditioned for the part.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The self-serving bias refers to the tendency in explaining our own behaviour
to take credit for our good actions and rationalize our mistakes.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
26
64) Henry's occasional lapse is explained by his wife Edith as:
A) "Poor Henry is under so much pressure at work."
B) "Henry just never has been good at that."
C) Edith's response would depend on whether they are a happy or an unhappy couple.
D) "That Henry is a hopeless mama's boy"
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Happy couples typically attribute their partner's occasional thoughtless
lapses to situational factors, whereas unhappy couples do just the reverse.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
65) A belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities is called:

A) an attitude.
B) a norm.
C) a disposition.
D) an attribution.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The definition of an attitude is a belief about people, groups, ideas, or
activities.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
66) Attitudes we are aware of are ________; whereas attitudes we are not aware of are called
________.
A) important; trivial
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) explicit; implicit
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
67) When a person holds an attitude:

A) the person may not be consciously aware of the particular attitude he or she holds.
B) the attitude is usually overt and verifiable by others.
C) the attitude will be unrelated to how the person structures his or her social reality.
D) the person's behaviour is unlikely to be affected by that attitude.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Attitudes are both implicit and explicit.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
27
68) Which of the following statements about attitudes is true?
A) Explicit attitudes are learned, but implicit attitudes stem from innate personality traits.
B) Attitudes are learned beliefs about people, groups, ideas, or activities.
C) Attitudes are generally a result of learning and experience, but may also be a result of
innate personality traits.
D) Religiosity is dependent only on culture and therefore is learned.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) While most attitudes are learned from our parents, associates, and
experiences, there is evidence that some attitudes may result from core
personality traits that are highly heritable.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
69) Cognitive dissonance is:

A) the tendency of members of a group to avoid taking responsibility for their actions
because they assume that others will do so.
B) a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that
are psychologically inconsistent.
C) a belief that a statement is true just because the person has heard it repeated over and
over again.
D) the tendency for members of a close-knit group to think alike for the sake of harmony
and to suppress disagreement.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) When two attitudes held by a person conflict, or when a person's attitudes
and behaviour conflict, the person experiences the uncomfortable tension of
cognitive dissonance.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
70) A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are
psychologically inconsistent is called:
A) routinization.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) the validity effect.
D) the fundamental attribution error.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) When two attitudes held by a person conflict, or when a person's attitudes
and behaviour conflict, the person experiences the uncomfortable tension of
cognitive dissonance.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
28
71) The ages of ________ appear to be critical for the formation of a generational identity.
A) sixteen to twenty-four years
B) four to eight years
C) thirty-four to forty years
D) forty-four years to sixty years
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
72) Older teenagers and young adults between the ages of 16 and 24 are likely to incorporate
recent events such as 9/11 and the resulting "war on terrorism" into their ________.
A) attitudes.
B) generational identity.
C) explicit attitudes.
D) implicit attitudes.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The social and political events that occur during the ages of 16 to 24 years
make deeper impressions and exert more influence than events that happen
later in life.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
73) Marion graduated from high school in 2002. According to our textbook, the ________ of
Marion and her peers is likely to be shaped by the devastating experience of 9/11/01.
A) groupthink
B) conversational distance
C) self-serving bias
D) generational identity
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The social and political events that occur during the ages of 16 to 24 years
make deeper impressions and exert more influence than events that happen
later in life.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
29
74) One way for a person to cope with the unpleasant state of tension associated with cognitive
dissonance is to:
A) engage in groupthink.
B) pretend that the dissonance does not exist.
C) continue the behaviour that led to the dissonance.
D) change his or her attitudes.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) To resolve cognitive dissonance, one of two attitudes has to change.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
75) The validity effect is the tendency of people:

A) to solve problems using the same procedures that lead to valid results on similar
problems.
B) to be unable to distinguish between actual experiences and what they have been told.
C) to overestimate their abilities to have predicted an event once the outcome is known.
D) to believe that a statement is true simply because it has been repeated a number of
times.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) When a person hears an opinion or attitude repeatedly, he or she tends to
believe it is true. This is referred to as the validity effect.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
76) Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda minister, used a technique called "The Big Lie." He
knew that people begin to believe that a statement is true simply because it has been
repeated a number of times. The formal name for this technique is:
A) the familiarity effect.
B) diffusion of responsibility.
C) the validity effect.
D) symbolic racism.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) When a person hears an opinion or attitude repeatedly, he or she tends to
believe it is true. This is referred to as the validity effect.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
30
77) The "Big Lie" results from:
A) the validity effect.
B) innate personality traits.
C) the familiarity effect.
D) cognitive dissonance.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) When a person hears an opinion or attitude repeatedly, he or she tends to
believe it is true. This is referred to as the validity effect. Joseph Goebbels
referred to this technique as the "Big Lie."
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
78) Which of the following is NOT one of the common ways to influence attitudes as described
in our text?
A) friendly persuasion
B) repetition of an idea or assertion
C) make someone feel part of a chosen group
D) offer monetary incentives
Answer: D
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
79) Which of the following is NOT one of the common ways to influence attitudes as described
in our text?
A) repetition of an idea or assertion
B) provide rational support for your argument
C) association of the message with a good feeling
D) endorsement by an admired or attractive person
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The use of reason, surprisingly, does not always result in attitude change.
All of the other choices, however, would tend to make a person change their
attitude to believe what is being presented.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
31
80) Which of the following would be LEAST likely to influence or change a person's attitude?
A) repeating the same argument two or more times
B) presenting an argument over lunch or dinner
C) using fear tactics to try to change a person's attitude
D) having an argument presented by a well-known and respected individual
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The use of fear tactics will usually backfire and cause a person to resist
changing their attitude. All of the other choices, however, would tend to
make a person change their attitude to believe what is being presented.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
81) Edward has smoked cigarettes for twenty years unaware of the side effects involving
impotence. He reads an ad about this side effect. In order for this advertisement to help
Edward decide to stop smoking, the message must:
A) include information about what Edward can do to avoid impotence.
B) escalate his fear to an extreme level so that he must act.
C) document the source of its information and statistics.
D) include an argument from an admirable or knowledgeable person.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Information alone is not enough to cause behaviour to change. A person
must also be given appropriate options to the behaviour in question.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
82) Psychologists prefer the term coercive persuasion over the term brainwashing because:
A) brainwashing sounds like a physical rather than a mental process.
B) brainwashing implies a sudden change of mind.
C) brainwashing implies that the individuals know they are being "cleansed."
D) brainwashing detracts from the mysterious coercion that occurs.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The term "brainwashing" implies a sudden change of mind without being
aware of what is happening. Coercive persuasion, on the other hand, is
designed to suppress an individual's ability to reason and think critically. It
is a gradual process.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
32
83) Coercive persuasion involves all of the following EXCEPT:
A) there is no one simple explanation given for a person's problems.
B) the person is put under physical or emotional stress.
C) the person is subjected to entrapment.
D) the leader offers unconditional love, acceptance, and attention.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Coercive persuasion involves physical or emotional stress, reducing a
person's problems to one simple explanation, offers of unconditional love
and acceptance, a new identity as part of a group, and control of a person's
access to information.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
84) Which of the following is NOT a key process of coercive persuasion?

A) The leader offers unconditional love, acceptance, and attention.
B) The person is put under physical and emotional distress.
C) A new identity based on the group is created.
D) The person's problems are described as too complex for one person to handle.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Coercive persuasion involves physical or emotional stress, reducing a
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
85) Once a person is a committed follower in a cult that relies upon coercive persuasion, the
group is likely to:
A) have created a new identity for the person now that he or she is among the elite.
B) allow the person to make more choices in how he or she wants to pursue group goals.
C) give "love baths" and affection whenever the person feels personal distress.
D) encourage the person to initiate interactions with family members.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Coercive persuasion involves physical or emotional stress, reducing a
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
33
86) Psychologists studying groups that practice coercive persuasion have noted that:
A) individuals are equally vulnerable to the tactics of coercive persuasion.
B) mentally healthy individuals are rarely vulnerable to these tactics.
C) dispelling illusions of invulnerability to these tactics increases resistance to them.
D) well-educated individuals are rarely vulnerable to these tactics.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) For people to resist coercive persuasion, it is important for them to be aware
that they are not invulnerable to such tactics.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
87) You are required to participate in a perception experiment and so you join seven other
students seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that
matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is
interested in studying:
A) conformity.
B) bystander apathy.
C) social loafing.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Solomon Asch studied conformity in this experiment and others like it.
Type: MC
Section: Individuals in Groups
Skill: Applied
88) Angela is a participant in an experiment and joins seven other students seated in a room. She
is shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice
of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is interested in studying:
A) visual perception.
B) depth perception.
C) conformity.
D) absolute threshold.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Solomon Asch studied conformity in this experiment and others like it.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
34
89) Students participated in what they thought was a perception experiment and joined seven
others seated in a room. The group was shown a 10-inch test line and had to choose a line
that matched it in length from a choice of three lines: 8", 10", 12". The experimenter, Solomon
Asch, had the seven confederates choose a line that was obviously wrong. Asch found that:
A) 60 percent of the students remained completely independent on every trial.
B) students who did not conform were confident and pleased that they had done well.
C) 20 percent of the students remained completely independent on every trial.
D) students who conformed expressed certainty that they had made correct decisions.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) While most people conformed their behaviour to the group in Asch's
experiment, about 20 percent were not influenced by the group at all.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
90) Replications of Asch's conformity experiment show that:

A) regardless of culture, people are more likely to conform in groups of people that are
similar.
B) people in individualist cultures are more likely to conform than individuals from
collectivist cultures.
C) Canadians today are more likely to conform in the Asch paradigm than were
Canadians in the 1950s.
D) when people are asked to make these line judgments on their own, about 20 percent
still make mistakes on the task.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In Asch's experiments, conformity was more likely if the others in the group
were similar to the subject in several ways.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
91) Lucas is making his way across a busy campus between classes. He notices smoke coming
from the side of the cafeteria but figures that someone already called the fire department.
What phenomenon does this illustrate?
A) Diffusion of responsibility
C) Deindividuation
D) Just-world hypothesis
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Research has demonstrated that the more people who witness a problem, the
less likely it is that anyone will help. This is called bystander apathy.
Bystander apathy seems to result from dividing the responsibility to help
over the many people who are present, so each individual feels little
personal responsibility.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
35
92) If a person had a sudden appendicitis attack in a public place, she would be more likely to be
helped if:
A) four to five people were in the area.
B) one other person was in the area.
C) one dozen people were in the area.
D) several dozen people were in the area.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Research has demonstrated that the more people who witness a person in
trouble, the less likely it is that anyone will help. This is called bystander
apathy.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
93) Jared doubles up in pain clutching his stomach. He would be more likely to be helped if:
A) one dozen people were in the area.
B) four to five people were in the area.
C) one other person was in the area.
D) several dozen people were in the area.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Research has demonstrated that the more people who witness a person in
trouble, the less likely it is that anyone will help. This is called bystander
apathy.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
94) Bystander apathy results from:

A) social loafing.
B) the familiarity effect.
C) deindividuation.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Bystander apathy seems to result from dividing the responsibility to help
over the many people who are present, so each individual has little personal
responsibility. This is referred to as diffusion of responsibility.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
36
95) Which of the following describes "diffusion of responsibility"?
A) In a group or a crowd, the tendency for each group members to lose awareness of his
or her own individuality
B) In an anonymous group, the tendency of members to avoid taking responsibility for
actions, assuming that others will do so
C) The tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have
worked hard to attain
D) The tendency for members of a close-knit group to think alike for the sake of harmony
and to suppress dissent
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Bystander apathy seems to result from dividing the responsibility to help
over the many people who are present, so each individual has little personal
responsibility. This is referred to as diffusion of responsibility.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
96) In work groups, the diffusion of responsibility sometimes takes the form of social loafing.
Social loafing would be likely to occur in all of the following situations EXCEPT when:
A) there is group accountability rather than individual accountability.
B) members think that working harder duplicates someone else's efforts.
C) the work itself is uninteresting and offers little challenge.
D) each member has a different, but important, job to do.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Social loafing is least likely to occur when each member's contribution is
essential to group success. The other options given here would tend to
increase social loafing.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
97) According to research on the diffusion of responsibility, the best predictor of whether people
would come to the aid of someone who is in need of help is the:
A) sex of the person.
B) personality of the individual.
C) number of people thought to be available to help.
D) physical appearance of the person who needed help.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The more people there are around you, the less likely that one of them will
come to your aid.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
37
98) Social psychologists explain "bystander apathy" in terms of the "diffusion of responsibility"
felt by people. By this they mean that:
A) as children, adults have learned not to meddle in other people's business.
B) the blame for apathetic behaviour is best placed on the shoulders of society in general.
C) when others are available, people will often assume that someone else will help or
should help.
D) in emergency situations, people become emotional and should not be held accountable
for their lack of action.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) When others are near, people fail to call for help or come to the aid of a
person in trouble.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
99) As members of an anonymous crowd,

A) individuals strive to maintain individuality rather than follow the crowd.
B) individuals often fail to take action because they believe that someone else will do so.
C) individuals are apathetic bystanders when someone is in trouble.
D) individuals become uninhibited and likely to engage in combative behaviour.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In large crowds, people tend to lose their sense of personal identity and
behave as the group does, often engaging in behaviour that is counter to
their normal standards. This is referred to as deindividuation and is often
the basis of mob violence.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
100) Research suggests that:

A) a person is more likely to demonstrate mindlessness when feeling deindividuated.
B) a person is likely to feel combative rather than kind when feeling deindividuated.
C) a person is more likely to feel deindividuated when wearing a uniform.
D) a person is more likely to feel deindividuated in a small town.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Deindividuation is more likely in large cities and when people wear
uniforms because they feel more anonymous and less likely to be
recognized.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
38
101) The authors note that studies investigating deindividuation:
A) have found that it has a strong effect on men but very little influence on the behaviour
of women.
B) have found that it is more common in small towns than in large cities.
C) have found that it increases a person's willingness to harm a stranger.
D) have found that it makes people more combative and aggressive, and inhibits
kindness.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Studies of deindividuation show that it is more likely that a person will
conform his or her behaviour to the group, often engaging in negative
behaviours, though sometimes deindividuation results in more friendly
behaviours.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
102) What really seems to be happening when people are in large crowds and anonymous
situations is that:
A) they become mindless and no longer conform to any social norms.
B) they become combative and their aggressiveness is released.
C) they become uninhibited and their sexual urges are released.
D) they conform to the situation's specific norms.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Studies of deindividuation show that a person is more likely conform their
behaviour to the norms of the specific situation.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
103) Adora and Yvette, and twelve of their closest friends from college, are planning to go to
Florida during reading week. As members of the anonymous crowd of college students,
Adora and Yvette will most likely:
A) become combative because aggressiveness is released in the large group.
B) conform to the local norms of the city of Key West.
C) become uninhibited because mindlessness is increased in a large group.
D) conform to the situation's specific norms and say, "Let's party!"
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Studies of deindividuation show that a person is more likely conform their
behaviour to the norms of the specific situation.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
39
104) In order to study the power of the situation, researchers promoted deindividuation by
having their subjects wear disguises. They found that:
A) the clothing worn by the subjects in the study did not seem to influence their decisions
to give apparent electric shocks.
B) women who wore nurses' uniforms delivered the same levels of apparent shock as
women who wore Ku Klux Klan-like disguises.
C) regardless of disguise, the men delivered twice as much apparent electric shock as did
the women.
D) women who wore Ku Klux Klan-like disguises delivered twice as much apparent
electric shock as undisguised women.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Deindividuation is increased when uniforms or disguises that make a person
more anonymous are worn.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
105) Eduardo is walking across campus on his way to the school's costume party. He is wearing a
silly gorilla suit. Eduardo sees one of his friends and plays a practical joke on him! What
phenomenon does this illustrate?
A) deindividuation
B) diffusion of responsibility
C) just-world hypothesis
D) self-serving bias.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Deindividuation is increased when uniforms or disguises that make a person
more anonymous are worn.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
106) Which of the following is NOT a situational factor that will encourage a person to "rock the
boat" and be a nonconformist?
A) You know that you are right and despite the potential consequences, you feel
compelled to do something.
B) You have an ally.
C) You perceive the need for intervention.
D) You become entrapped.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
40
107) Which of the following is NOT a situational factor that will encourage a person to "rock the
boat" and be a nonconformist?
A) The knowledge that if you protest a company policy you will be able to find another
job.
B) The cost-benefit ratio supports your decision to get involved.
C) The realization that intervention or help is needed.
D) The knowledge that you are the only dissenting person and so it is up to you to take
action.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Dissent or "rocking the boat" is more likely if you perceive a need for
intervention, are encouraged by cultural norms to take action, the cost-
benefit ratio supports your decision to get involved, the situation increases
the likelihood that you will take responsibility, you have an ally, and you are
entrapped. Knowing that you are the only dissenter does not encourage
action.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
108) Which of the following is a sign of groupthink?

A) An illusion of vulnerability
B) An illusion of anonymity
C) Unbiased information seeking
D) Self-censorship
Answer: D
Explanation: D) An illusion of invulnerability, biased information seeking, self-censorship,
and an illusion of unanimity are common signs of groupthink.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
109) Which of the following is NOT a sign of groupthink?

A) An illusion of invulnerability
B) Weak leadership within the group
C) Self-censorship
D) An illusion of unanimity
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Groupthink is more likely to occur in groups with strong leadership.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
41
110) ________ is a tendency for all people on a team or a mission together to agree with each
other and suppress any dissension among their ranks.
A) Groupthink
B) Conformity
C) Consensus
D) Deindividuation
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The definition of groupthink is a tendency for all members of a group to
think alike and for disagreement to be suppressed.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
111) Carlos and his work associates form a close, friendly group and they usually work well
together. However, they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity
called:
A) fundamental attribution error.
B) generational identity.
C) groupthink.
D) self-serving bias,
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Groupthink, a tendency for all members of a group to think alike and for
disagreement to be suppressed, is more likely in close, friendly groups.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
112) When close-knit group members experience groupthink, it means that:

A) they tend to overestimate the personality factors of others and underestimate the
situation.
B) they tend to use problem-solving procedures that have been effective in the group’s
past.
C) they tend to take individual credit for good decisions and blame the group for others.
D) they tend to think alike and to suppress disagreement for the sake of harmony.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Groupthink, a tendency for all members of a group to think alike and for
disagreement to be suppressed, is more likely in close, friendly groups.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
42
113) When the leader of a close-knit group humiliates dissenters, then it is most likely that
________ is occurring.
A) the self-serving bias
B) a fundamental attribution error
C) groupthink
D) diffusion of responsibility
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Groupthink is a tendency for all members of a group to think alike and for
disagreement to be suppressed.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
114) The members of Ike’s fraternity think blindfolding the initiates and covering them with
molasses is a great idea for pledging. Ike does not think this is a good idea but he decides to
keep quiet rather than offend his fraternity brothers and risk being ridiculed. This illustrates
a symptom of:
A) groupthink.
B) deindividuation.
C) diffusion of responsibility.
D) self-serving bias.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Groupthink is a tendency for all members of a group to think alike and for
disagreement to be suppressed.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
115) A group of officers fighting in Afghanistan must make an important military decision.
Under what circumstances would groupthink be most likely to occur?
A) There is consensus leadership among the officers rather than one directive leader.
B) The officers are concerned that their group is not functioning as a tight-knit team.
C) The officers are aware that it is difficult to make a correct decision.
D) The group members feel under pressure by outside forces.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Groupthink is more likely to occur when members are part of a tightly-knit
team and feel threatened by outside forces.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
43
116) Groupthink can be counteracted by creating conditions that:
A) foster strong, directive leadership.
B) base decisions on unanimity instead of majority rule.
C) explicitly encourage doubt and dissent.
D) help members focus on being team players.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Groupthink can be counteracted by encouraging group members to think for
themselves and be open-minded.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
117) Lucas is making his way across a busy campus between classes. He notices smoke coming
from the side of the cafeteria but figures that someone already called the fire department.
What phenomenon does this illustrate?
A) Just-world hypothesis
B) Diffusion of responsibility
C) Deindividuation
D) Groupthink
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Research has demonstrated that the more people who witness a problem, the
less likely it is that anyone will help. This is called the bystander effect. The
bystander effect seems to result from dividing the responsibility to help over
the many people who are present, so each individual feels little personal
responsibility.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
118) The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation,
culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called:
A) ethnocentrism.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) self-serving bias.
D) social identity.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A person's social identity results from his or her group membership.
Type: MC
Section: Us versus Them: Group Identity and Conflict
Skill: Factual
44
119) The part of a person's self-concept that is based on identification with a nation, culture,
group or gender is called:
A) social concept.
B) social stereotype.
C) tacit identity.
D) social identity.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A person's social identity results from his or her membership in particular
groups, such as gender, religious, or ethnic groups.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
120) The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others is called:
B) ethnocentrism.
D) entrapment.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own culture or nation is superior to all
others.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
121) Ethnocentrism can be reduced by:

A) acculturation and accommodation.
B) interdependence in reaching mutual goals.
C) education and awareness.
D) an us-them mentality.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Ethnocentrism is reduced when two groups must work together to reach
mutual goals.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
122) The belief that your own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others is called:
A) acculturation.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) stereotyping.
D) ethnic separatism.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own culture or nation is superior to all
others.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
45
123) Research on fundamental aspects of ethnocentrism shows that:
A) it occurs in individualist countries but not in collectivist countries, such as China.
B) the "us" category is based on dominant characteristics, such as gender or ethnicity.
C) it almost doesn't matter what the "us" category is based on.
D) it hinders human survival because it fosters competition.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Ethnocentrism rests on a fundamental social identity: us. It doesn't really
matter why the group formed, just that the group exists.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
124) The Robbers Cave experiment showed that:

A) watching movies together, and similar quiet interactions, reduces us-them hostility.
B) interdependence in reaching mutual goals reduces us-them hostility.
C) engaging in mutually-exciting activities, such as tug or war, reduces us-them hostility.
D) playing athletic games, such as football and baseball, reduces us-them hostility.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Hostility between groups, such as results from ethnocentrism and
stereotypes, can be reduced when two groups must work together to reach
mutual goals.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
125) The belief that your own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others appears to be:
A) unique to collectivist cultures.
B) universal.
C) occurs primarily in Western cultures.
D) an example of groupthink.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Ethnocentrism is universal.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
46
126) Imagine that you have been asked to diffuse the tension and conflict between two rival
neighbourhood groups. If you were to apply Muzafer Sherif's findings in the Robbers Cave
study to your situation, you would:
A) promise the group leaders monetary rewards if they can keep the conflict down
between the rival groups.
B) engage the groups in cooperative action in pursuit of shared goals.
C) encourage the spread of positive rumours about the opposing groups.
D) establish an all-night basketball league and have the groups compete against one
another.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The Robbers Cave study illustrated how working together toward a
common goal can be successful in reducing hostility.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
127) John knows and likes the Chinese minority in town, but he privately believes that Anglo
culture is superior. This example illustrates:
A) ethnocentrism.
C) prejudice.
D) stereotyping.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own ethnic group is superior to all
others.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
128) Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE?

A) Stereotypes are useful tools allowing for efficient decisions, information processing,
and retrieval of memories.
B) Stereotypes are summary impressions of a group in which all members of the group
are seen as sharing a common trait or traits.
C) Stereotypes may be positive, neutral, or negative.
D) Stereotypes overestimate differences within other groups and underestimate
differences between groups.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Stereotypes tend to overestimate similarities within groups and differences
between groups.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
47
129) We have all sorts of personalities and lots of little quirks, whereas they all act alike and react
the same." This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called:
A) a stereotype.
B) mindlessness.
C) a fundamental attribution error.
D) mental set.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Stereotypes are beliefs about a group that tend to overestimate similarities
within groups and differences between groups.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
130) The statement "All academics are socially inept" provides an example of the summary
impression called:
A) fundamental attribution error.
B) mental set.
C) mindlessness.
D) stereotype.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
131) Jane believes that Honda owners are thrifty and practical whereas June believes that Honda
owners are stingy and dull. This example illustrates:
B) prejudice.
C) stereotyping.
D) ethnocentrism.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) A stereotype is a summary impression of a group, in which a person believes
that all members of the group share a common trait or traits.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
48
132) Juan believes that all Anglos are uptight and cold, and he won't listen to any evidence that
contradicts his belief. This example illustrates:
A) stereotyping.
C) prejudice.
D) ethnocentrism.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Prejudice is a strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group, based on a
negative stereotype, that is typically immune to evidence.
Type: MC
Section: Group Conflict and Prejudice
Skill: Applied
133) The origins of prejudice suggest that:

A) it is a universal human experience.
B) prejudice is the primary cause of war.
C) all prejudices have deep-seated psychological roots.
D) it cannot be explained by evolutionary theories.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Prejudice is not a characteristic that applies only to the mentally ill. Rather it
seems to be an almost universal human experience.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
134) One fact about prejudice is that:

A) it commonly causes conflict between groups.
B) it often remains immune to evidence.
C) it increases feelings of doubt, fear, and insecurity.
D) it is currently regarded as a form of mental illness.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Prejudice is typically immune to evidence, decreases feelings of fear and
insecurity, and is a result of rather than a cause of intergroup conflict. It has
been thought of as a form of mental illness in the past, but now seems to be
an almost universal human experience.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
49
135) A psychological function of prejudice is to:
A) to increase conformity to social norms.
B) to make official forms of discrimination seem legitimate.
C) to increase self-esteem.
D) help people bond to their own ethnic group.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) One result of prejudice is that it increases self-esteem in the prejudiced
person because they see themselves as better than others. This is a
psychological factor that helps to explain prejudice.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
136) A social function of prejudice is to:

A) help people bond to their own ethnic group.
B) to increase conformity to social norms.
C) to make official forms of discrimination seem legitimate.
D) to increase self-esteem.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Prejudice tends to cause people to conform to social norms, a social function
of prejudice.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
137) A cultural function of prejudice is to:

A) help people bond to their own ethnic group.
C) to make official forms of discrimination seem legitimate.
D) to increase self-esteem.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) A cultural factor in prejudice is that it helps people to bond to their own
ethnic group.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
138) An economic function of prejudice is to:

A) to make official forms of discrimination seem legitimate.
C) to increase self-esteem.
D) help people bond to their own ethnic group.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) An economic function of prejudice is that it makes official forms of
discrimination seem legitimate, by justifying the majority group's
dominance, status, or greater wealth.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
50
139) Those who investigate prejudice suggest that:
A) confronting prejudiced people with evidence contradicting their beliefs reduces
prejudice.
B) it is the flip side of ethnocentrism: we are good and kind but they are bad and evil.
C) prejudiced people usually have intense pride and strong self-esteem.
D) only psychologically disturbed and unhealthy people become prejudiced.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Prejudice serves some of the same functions as ethnocentrism, increasing a
sense of identity with an ethnic group. With ethnocentrism the belief is that
"we" are good and kind, whereas with prejudice the belief is that "they" are
bad and evil.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
140) In research with 15,000 men and women in 19 countries, psychologists found that:
A) sexism is sexism – whether it is hostile or benevolent.
B) benevolent sexism is a particularly insidious form of prejudice.
C) women seldom endorse benevolent sexism but men often do.
D) healthy societies put women on a pedestal.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Benevolent sexism, because it lacks a tone of hostility and is often not
recognized as sexism, seems to legitimize discrimination against women.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
141) Research on prejudice:

A) shows that female sexism is increasing.
B) concludes that prejudice in Canada has dropped sharply over the last four decades.
C) concludes that prejudice in Canada has remained steady for four decades.
D) shows that male sexism is increasing.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) It is very difficult to accurately define and measure prejudice; however, on
surveys in Canada, prejudice of all kinds has been dropping sharply.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
51
142) Gordon Allport would be most likely to agree that:
A) defeated intellectually, prejudice lingers emotionally.
B) prejudice is rarely unintentional.
C) defeating explicit prejudice leads to the defeat of implicit prejudice.
D) the last century showed a real decline in prejudiced feelings.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) People may lose their explicit prejudice toward a group but retain an
implicit, unconscious prejudice and negative emotional feelings.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
143) Researchers have developed three different ways to measure implicit prejudices. Which of
the following is NOT one of these three ways?
A) Investigate behaviours to determine aggression.
B) Tap into people's unconscious associations toward a target group.
C) Measure physiological changes in the brain.
D) Have subjects complete prejudice questionnaires in group sessions, rather than
individual testing sessions.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Three ways to measure implicit prejudices are measures of symbolic racism,
measures of behaviour, and measures of physiological responses and
unconscious associations.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
144) In a series of experiments, participants responded to black or white faces and to positive or
negative words. When the words "white + bad" were on one computer key and the words
"white + good" were on another key, these participants:
A) took longer to respond to the "white + good" condition than to the "white + bad"
condition.
B) took the same amount of time for the "white + bad" and the "white + good" condition.
C) took longer to respond to the "white + bad" condition than to the "white + good"
condition.
D) made more errors regarding the words in the "white + good" condition.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This describes a research method that is designed to tap people's
associations between a stimulus and unconscious feelings of pleasantness or
unpleasantness. It attempts to measure unconscious prejudice.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
52
145) Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions that is necessary before prejudice and
conflict between groups can be lessened?
A) Both sides must have the chance to work and socialize together.
B) Both sides must work together for a common goal.
C) Both sides must have equal legal status and power.
D) Both sides must initiate moral conversions among their members.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Social psychologists have identified four external conditions that must be
met for prejudice and intergroup conflict to be reduced: 1) Both sides must
have equal legal status, economic opportunities, and power, 2) Authorities
and community institutions must endorse egalitarian norms, 3) Both sides
must have opportunities to socialize together, formally and informally, and
4) Both sides must cooperate, working together for a common goal.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
146) In the context of group conflict and prejudice, the "contact hypothesis" states that:
A) cooperation and contact are both required to reduce conflict and prejudice.
B) direct contact between different groups results in reduced prejudice.
C) contact is not enough to reduce prejudice.
D) indirect contact between different group is enough to reduce prejudice.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The "contact hypothesis" suggests that prejudice will decline when people
have a chance to spend time with and get used to one another.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
147) Which of the following is NOT a condition that must be met before prejudice will be
decreased?
A) Both sides must cooperate, working together for a common goal.
B) Both sides must have equal social status in the community.
C) Both sides must have opportunity to work and socialize together, formally and
informally.
D) Both sides must have equal legal status, economic opportunity, and power.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Almost by definition, if prejudice exists, groups have unequal social status in
the community.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
53
148) Which of the following is NOT an accurate finding regarding conditions that reduce
prejudice?
A) Community institutions must endorse egalitarian norms and provide moral support
and legitimacy for both sides.
B) Harmony between groups at multiethnic schools demonstrates that contact and
friendship are enough to reduce prejudice.
C) Cooperation often reduces us-them thinking and prejudice by creating an
encompassing social identity.
D) The contact hypothesis has been supported by studies in the laboratory and the real
world.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Contact between groups is important, but it is not enough to reduce
prejudice.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
149) From the standpoint of social and cultural psychologists:

A) outbreaks of horrifying violence are usually the result of inner aggressive drives and
the sheer evilness of the enemy.
B) all humans beings and all cultures contain the potential for good and for evil.
C) healthy people rarely commit terribly disturbing or violent acts.
D) few societies have changed from warlike to peaceful and vice versa.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Social and cultural psychologists believe that all cultures contain the
potential for good and for evil. Violence results from the normal processes
such as ethnocentrism, prejudice, deindividuation, and stereotyping and is
more likely to occur when government is weak.
Type: MC
Section: The Question of Human Nature
Skill: Conceptual
150) The "banality of evil" means that:

A) weak governments become stronger by emphasizing the evilness of other nations.
B) evil acts are committed by evil people.
C) evil is commonplace, occurring in most societies and nations.
D) all people possess inner aggressive drives.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Social and cultural psychologists believe that all cultures contain the
potential for good and for evil. Violence results from the normal processes
such as ethnocentrism, prejudice, deindividuation, and stereotyping.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
54
151) The authors note that even if you don't plan to conduct business abroad, it is beneficial to be
aware of cultural rules. They point out that:
A) it is best to focus on general cultural differences before trying to understand individual
variations.
B) it is easy to attribute another person's behaviour to personality rather than a cultural
norm.
C) most of us feel comfortable following another culture's rules once we understand them.
D) most of the basic things that you really need to know will be stressed in guidebooks.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) It is easy to misunderstand others if we don't understand the cultural norms
that influence their behaviour.
Type: MC
Section: Taking Psychology with You
Skill: Conceptual
152) When travelling to another country it is important to do all of the following EXCEPT:
A) be sure to understand the other culture's rules and customs.
B) remember that every human being is an individual.
C) avoid adopting the behaviours of the culture because it will seem insincere.
D) avoid stereotyping people who belong to different cultural groups.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) When travelling in another country, it is important to understand and follow
their cultural norms, even if it makes you uncomfortable. It is also important
to avoid stereotyping.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
153) Becca is planning to study for a semester overseas and she knows that it is beneficial to be
aware of another culture's customs. In her research of different customs she learns that:
A) in Latin America it would be insulting to suggest to someone that they lower a price.
B) a prolonged gaze would be a sign of confrontation to men in the Middle East.
C) most Japanese will be uncomfortable unless direct eye contact is maintained.
D) Koreans typically do not shake hands when greeting strangers.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This choice, that Koreans do not typically shake hands, is the only correct
choice. The other options are the opposite of what would be true for those
countries.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
55
154) The need to avoid stereotyping was illustrated in the story of social psychologist Roger
Brown's vacation in the Bahamas. When he first arrived, Brown noticed that the people he
met from the Bahamas were rude, sullen, and unfriendly. After talking to a cab driver about
this observation, Brown realized that:
A) the majority of the residents who interact with tourists on a regular basis have become
ethnic separatists tied to the tourism industry for economic reasons.
B) the people that he met had to deal with so many demanding tourists that it was
difficult for them to remain friendly.
C) ethnocentrism is strong in the Bahamas, creating an us-them barrier between residents
and tourists.
D) the expression on his own face had been wintry and unrelaxed and so assuming that he
was not interested in them, they acted in a noncommittal manner.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Social psychologist Roger Brown realized that his own facial expression was
contributing to the reaction people of the Bahamas had to him.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
155) Rules that regulate human life (including social conventions, explicit laws, and implicit
cultural standards) are called norms.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Statement of fact.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
156) Rules that regulate human life (including social conventions, explicit laws, and implicit
cultural standards) are called situational attributions.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Rules that regulate human life are called norms.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
157) Norms may be compared to a spider's web because they are invisible, yet strong.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Conceptual
158) A norm is a given social position that is governed by a set of rules for proper behaviour.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: A role is a given social position governed by a set of rules.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
56
159) A role is a given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behaviour.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
160) Individuals are generally conscious of the social rules that they follow in their own society.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Individuals are often unaware of the norms that govern their behaviour; the
norms are often invisible.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
161) You learn most of your culture's rules and values the way you learn your culture's language
- without thinking about it.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
162) The purpose of Milgram's study on obedience was to find out how many people would obey
an authority figure when directly ordered to violate their own ethical standards.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
163) The participants in Milgram's study thought they were part of an experiment on the effects
of punishment on learning.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
164) The "learners" in Milgram's study were confederates of Milgram and did not receive any
shocks.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
57
165) In Stanley Milgram's study on obedience, the "learners" actually received only very mild
shocks.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The learners did not receive any shock.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
166) Before Milgram's study on obedience began, psychiatrists predicted that only one person in
a thousand would administer the highest voltage.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
167) Before Milgram's study on obedience began, psychiatrists predicted that one person in ten
would administer the highest voltage.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Psychiatrists predicted that one person in a thousand would administer the
highest voltage.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
168) Individuals who made predictions about Milgram's study on obedience before it began, all
said they would disobey the authority figure early in the procedure.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
169) The teachers in Milgram's experiment would sweat and stutter, groan and dig their
fingernails into their flesh, but, they still obeyed.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
170) When Milgram's study was replicated with female subjects almost none of the women
would inflict what they thought were dangerous amounts of shock to another person.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The women behaved just like the men in Milgram's study.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
58
171) In Milgram's obedience study, 15 percent of the subjects refused to administer any shocks to
the "learner."
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Every single person administered some shock to the "learner."
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
172) In Milgram's study on obedience, every single subject administered some shock to the
"learner."
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
173) In Milgram's study on obedience only one person obeyed to the fullest extent.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: About two-thirds of all participants obeyed to the fullest extent.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
174) In Stanley Milgram's study on obedience, once the "learner" cried out in pain, 85 percent of
the participants refused to deliver any more shocks.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The learner's cries had no effect on the participants.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
175) In variations of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience, people were more likely to disobey
when the experimenter left the room.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
176) In variations of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience, even when the experimenter left the
room the participants felt obligated to continue increasing the shock levels as they were told.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Many participants would disobey when the experimenter left the room.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
59
when two experimenters issued conflicting demands.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
178) In variations of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience, people's behaviours were not
influenced by whether the person giving orders looked "ordinary" or looked like "an
experimenter."
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Participants were less likely to obey when the person giving orders did not look
like an authority figure.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
when they worked with peers who refused to go any further in the procedure.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
180) According to Stanley Milgram, obedience is tied to the personalities of the participants
rather than being tied to situational factors.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Milgram thought that obedience was tied to situational factors, not the
personalities of the participants.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
181) The social psychologists who conducted the prison study found dramatic results within a
short period of time.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
182) The social psychologists who conducted the prison study noted that in only a few days, half
of the "prisoners" were begging to be let out.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
60
183) In the prison study, some guards tried to convince other guards not to be so cruel to the
prisoners.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
184) The social psychologists who designed the two-week prison study asked the participants to
extend the study by an extra week because results weren't evident yet.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The study was actually cut short, ending after only six days.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
185) In the prison study, almost all the guards became tyrannical, using harsh and abusive
methods to interact with prisoners.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: About a third of the guards became punitive and harsh.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
186) When the social psychologists who designed the two-week prison study decided to end it
after six days most of the guards were disappointed.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
187) People might obey, when they really want to disobey, if they have a strong respect for
authority.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
188) People might obey, when they really want to disobey, if they define their task in terms of
routine jobs and duties.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
61
189) Routinization is the process of defining an activity in terms of routine duties and roles so
that the behaviour becomes normalized with little opportunity to ask ethical questions.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
190) Most people lack the words to justify disobedience and rudeness toward an authority that
they respect.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
191) Entrapment occurs when someone in authority asks you to do something, and you want to
disobey, but instead you agree to do it.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Entrapment is a process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a
course of action in order to justify their investment in it.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
192) Entrapment is a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course
of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
193) Social cognition is an area in social psychology concerned with social influences on thought,
memory, perception, and other cognitive processes.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
194) The fundamental attribution error is sometimes called correspondence bias because of the
underlying assumption that people's dispositions correspond to their behaviours.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
62
195) The fundamental attribution error is especially prevalent in collectivist cultures, such as
India or Japan.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The fundamental attribution is more prevalent in Western nations where people
tend to believe that individuals are responsible for their own actions.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
196) The fundamental attribution error is less prevalent in collectivist cultures since people are
more group oriented and likely to be aware of situational constraints on behaviour.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
197) The fundamental attribution error is especially prevalent in Western cultures, where middle-
class people tend to believe that individuals are responsible for their own actions.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
198) The tendency to take credit for one's own good actions, and to let the situation account for
one's bad actions, is called the self-serving bias.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
199) The tendency to take credit for one's good actions and to let the situation account for one's
bad actions is called the fundamental attribution error.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The tendency to choose attributions that make a person look good is called the
self-serving bias.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
200) According to the just-world hypothesis, attributions are affected by the need to believe that
the world is fair, that justice prevails, and that good people are rewarded and bad guys
punished.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
63
201) The tendency to explain favourably the behaviours of members of groups to which we
belong is known as ethnocentrism.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: This is the definition of group-serving bias.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
202) The just-world hypothesis is especially prevalent in collectivist countries, such as India and
Korea.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
203) The just-world hypothesis is especially prevalent in North America.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
204) The just-world hypothesis leads to a dispositional attribution called "blaming the victim."
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
205) An attitude is a belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
206) Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds
two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
64
207) Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person's belief is incongruent
with his or her behaviour.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
208) Routinization is a state of tension that occurs when a person's belief is incongruent with his
or her behaviour.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person's belief is
incongruent with his or her behaviour.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
209) Mere repetition of a statement or opinion increases the perception that it is true.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
210) The validity effect is the tendency of people to believe that a statement is true simply
because it has been repeated many times.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
211) The validity effect was called the "Big Lie" by Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda minister.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
212) An effective way to influence attitudes is to have the argument or product endorsed by
someone who is admired or attractive.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
65
213) Psychologists use the terms "brainwashing" and "coercive persuasion" interchangeably.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Brainwashing implies that a person has a sudden change of mind without being
aware of what is happening. Coercive persuasion is designed to suppress an
individual's ability to reason, think critically, and make choices.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
214) Solomon Asch designed his famous conformity studies in order to see what people would
do when a group unanimously contradicted an obvious fact.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
215) Replications of Asch's conformity studies have shown that conformity reflects social norms.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
216) People from individualist countries are more likely than people from collectivist countries to
conform to the group response in Asch's studies.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: People from individualist countries are less likely to conform than people from
collectivist cultures.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
217) If you were being mugged in a public place, you would be more likely to get help if there
were five people in the area rather than only one person.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: You would be more like to get help if there was only one other person in the area.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
218) Social loafing occurs when each member of a team slows down, letting others work harder.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
66
219) Bystander apathy occurs when members of a group lose awareness of their own
individuality.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Deindividuation, not bystander apathy, occurs when members of a group lose
awareness of their own individuality.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
220) Deindividuation occurs when members of a group lose awareness of their own
individuality.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
221) One way in which organizations actively promote the deindividuation of their members, in
order to enhance allegiance to the group, is through the use of uniforms.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
222) Deindividuation eliminates gender differences in aggression.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
223) Research shows that females do not differ from males under conditions of deindividuation,
in terms of aggressive behaviour when they play a competitive war video game.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
224) Altruism is the willingness to take selfless or dangerous action on behalf of others.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
67
225) In Asch's conformity experiment, the presence of one other person who gave the correct
answer was enough to overcome agreement with the majority.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
226) The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others is called
ethnocentrism.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
227) The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others is called
self-serving bias.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others
is called ethnocentrism, not self-serving bias.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
228) Ethnocentrism rests on a fundamental social identity: "us" as compared to "not-us."

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
229) Us-them social identities are strengthened when two groups compete with one another.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
230) Stereotypes are useful tools in the mental toolbox, energy-saving devices that allow us to
make efficient decisions.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
68
231) Stereotypes overestimate the differences within other groups.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Stereotypes underestimate the differences within other groups.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
232) Stereotypes underestimate the differences within other groups.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
233) A prejudice consists of a negative stereotype and a strong, unreasonable dislike of a group.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
234) Benevolent sexism is affectionate, but patronizing.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
235) In the social-psychological view, the horrifying violence of one group against another is due
to processes such as ethnocentrism, obedience to authority, conformity, deindividuation,
and prejudice.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
236) The contact and friendship opportunities at multiethnic schools lead to harmony and
cooperation between different ethnic groups.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: At many multiethnic high schools, ethnic groups often form cliques and gangs,
fighting one another and defending their own ways.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
69
237) Contact and friendship alone are not enough to reduce prejudice and achieve harmony
groups.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
238) From the standpoint of social and cultural psychology, some cultures and individuals are
just inherently good or evil.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: From the standpoint of social and cultural psychology, all human beings and all
cultures contain the potential for both good and evil.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
239) In the social-psychological view, the horrifying violence of one group against another is due
to inner aggressive drives that are part of human nature.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The social-psychological view is that outbreaks of violence between groups results
from common processes such as ethnocentrism, obedience to authority,
stereotyping.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
Match these definitions with the terms they define.
240) An area in social psychology A) Social identity

concerned with social
influences on thought,
memory, perception, and
belief.
B) Social roles
C) Social cognition
Type: MA D) Social norms
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual E) Culture
241) A group of rules, values, and
beliefs shared by most
members of a society and
passed from one generation
to another.
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
70
242) Rules that regulate social life,
including explicit laws and
implicit cultural conventions.
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
243) A given social position that is

governed by a set of norms
for proper behaviour.
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
244) The part of a person's self-

concept that is based on his
or her identification with a
nation, ethnic group, gender,
or other social affiliation.
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
Answers: 240) C 241) E 242) D 243) B 244) A
Match these studies with the researchers who completed them.
245) Obedience studies A) Solomon Asch

Type: MA B) Stanley Milgram
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual C) Muzafer Sherif
246) Conformity studies D) Phillip Zimbardo
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
247) Robbers Cave study

Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
248) Stanford prison study

Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
Answers: 245) B 246) A 247) C 248) D
71
249) The notion that many people A) Fundamental attribution error

need to believe that the
world is fair and that justice
is served, that bad people are
punished and good people
are rewarded.
C) Just-world hypothesis
Type: MA D) Cognitive dissonance

Section: Roles and Rules; Social E) Entrapment
Influences on Beliefs
Skill: Factual
250) The tendency, in explaining

other people's behaviour, to
overestimate personality
factors and underestimate the
influence of the situation.
Type: MA
Section: Roles and Rules; Social
Skill: Factual
251) A gradual process in which

individuals escalate their
commitment to a course of
action to justify their
investment of time, money,
or effort.
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
252) A state of tension that occurs

when a person
simultaneously holds two
cognitions that are
psychologically inconsistent,
or when a person's belief is
incongruent with his or her
behaviour.
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
72
253) The tendency, in explaining
one's own behaviour, to take
credit for one's good actions
and rationalize one's
mistakes.
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
Answers: 249) C 250) A 251) E 252) D 253) B
254) In groups, the tendency of A) Diffusion of responsibility

members to avoid taking
action because they assume
that others will.
B) Deindividuation
Type: MA C) Familiarity effect

Section: Social Influences on D) Group-serving bias
Beliefs; Individuals in
Groups
Skill: Factual
255) The tendency of people to E) Validity effect

feel more positive toward a
person, item, product, or
other stimulus the more
familiar they are with it.
Type: MA
Section: Social Influences on
Groups
Skill: Factual
256) The tendency to explain

favourably the behaviours of
members of groups to which
we belong.
Type: MA
Groups
Skill: Factual
73
257) In groups or crowds, the loss
of awareness of one's own
individuality.
Type: MA
Groups
Skill: Factual
258) The tendency of people to

believe that a statement is
true or valid simply because
it has been repeated many
times.
Type: MA
Groups
Skill: Factual
Answers: 254) A 255) C 256) D 257) B 258) E
259) A summary impression of a A) Stereotype

group, in which a person
believes that all members of
the group share a common
trait or traits (positive,
negative, or neutral).
B) Ethnic identity
C) Acculturation
Type: MA D) Prejudice
Section: Us versus Them: Group E) Ethnocentrism
Identity and Conflict;
Group Conflict and
Prejudice
Skill: Factual
74
260) The belief that one's own
ethnic group, nation, or
religion is superior to all
others.
Type: MA
Section: Us versus Them: Group
Group Conflict and
Prejudice
Skill: Factual
261) A person's identification with

a racial, religious, or ethnic
group.
Type: MA
Group Conflict and
Prejudice
Skill: Factual
262) A strong, unreasonable

dislike or hatred of a group
based on a negative
stereotype.
Type: MA
Group Conflict and
Prejudice
Skill: Factual
263) The process by which

members of minority groups
come to identify with and
feel part of the mainstream
culture.
Type: MA
Group Conflict and
Prejudice
Skill: Factual
Answers: 259) A 260) E 261) B 262) D 263) C
75
264) In Rwanda in 1994, members of the Hutu tribe killed thousands of Tutsis, a rival tribe.
Thousands of Tutsis took refuge at the convent of two Hutu nuns, Sister Maria Kisito and
Sister Gertrude. But the nuns reported them to the Hutu militia and assisted in the ensuing
massacre of those who had fled to them for shelter. What social-psychological reasons are
there for this prejudice and hatred between groups?
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
* Their behaviour was a result of the powerful influence of the environment.
* Prejudice is a universal human experience.
It serves psychological, social, and cultural functions.
* It is the flip side of ethnocentrism: Not only are "we" all good (ethnocentrism), but
"they" are all bad (prejudice).
Type: SA
Section: Chapter 8 Introduction
Skill: Conceptual
265) Adolf Eichmann supervised the death of millions of Jews during WWII. Shortly before his
execution, Eichmann said, "I am the victim of a fallacy." What did he mean by this? What
was the fallacy?
* The fallacy was the widespread belief that a person who does monstrous deeds must
be a monster.
* Eichmann meant that he was not an evil person.
* His evil behaviour was the result of the situation, not his personality.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
266) Name and describe an implicit cultural standard from your cultural background. How
would you feel if you violated this norm?
* Examples: An individual should not sing loudly on a public bus. A person should
not sit on the floor in the elevator.
* A person violating these implicit standards generally would feel uncomfortable or
anxious.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
76
267) Our text suggests an exercise, "Dare to be Different," to see what happens when an
individual violates a norm. If you tried this exercise, explain what norm you violated and
how you felt when you did it. Explain the reactions of onlookers. If you didn't try this
exercise, then describe your hypothetical reaction to seeing the person ahead of you in the
grocery-store checkout line facing the wrong direction. Would you say anything to the
person?
* It makes other people uncomfortable to see someone violating a social norm.
* People will generally try to ignore someone who violates a social norm if they are a
stranger.
* If the person is someone you know, you will probably try to get them to change their
behaviour.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
268) Before conducting his study on obedience, Stanley Milgram asked a number of psychiatrists,
students, and middle-class adults to predict how many people they thought would deliver
shocks at the highest levels. What predictions did they make?
* The psychiatrists predicted that most people would refuse to give shocks greater
than 150 volts.
* They also predicted that only one in a thousand people would administer the
highest level of shock.
* The predictions of the nonprofessionals were similar to those of the psychiatrists.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
269) What criticisms have been raised regarding Milgram's comparison of his study with the
brutality of the Nazis in World War II?
* The people in Milgram's study obeyed only when the researcher was right there and
even then they felt very uncomfortable.
* The Nazis acted without direct supervision by authorities, without external pressure,
and without feelings of anguish.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
77
270) When students were held as "prisoners," how did they respond during the first days of the
experiment? Why did the researchers end the study at Day 6, instead of Day 14 as initially
planned?
* Most of the "prisoners" became distressed and helpless. Some developed emotional
symptoms and physical ailments. One panicked and broke down.
* The "guards" began to enjoy their power. About a third became punitive and harsh.
* The study was ended after six days because of the alarming changes in the students'
behaviour.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
271) Describe the story of entrapment told by the 25 men who had served in the Greek military
during the authoritarian regime that ended in 1974.
* First the men were ordered to stand guard outside the interrogation and torture
cells.
* Then they stood guard inside the detention rooms and observed the torture of
prisoners.
* Then they helped beat up prisoners.
* Finally they became actively involved in the torture.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
272) What cultural differences have been found in regard to the fundamental attribution error?
* The fundamental attribution error refers to overestimating the role of dispositional
factors and underestimating the role of situational factors in other people.
* The fundamental attribution error is more prevalent in Western nations where
people tend to believe that individuals are responsible for their own actions.
* The fundamental attribution error is less common in East Asian countries where
people are more group oriented and more likely to be aware of situational constraints
on behaviour.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
273) Wynn is distracted and preoccupied when he sees Aurelia behaving in an unusual way.
What attributions is Wynn, a high school student in Canada, likely to make about her
behaviour?
Answer: A good answer will include the following key point.
* Wynn is likely to assume that Aurelia's behaviour is due to a personality trait, rather
than the situation.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
78
274) Tadako is distracted by the unusual behaviour of a classmate at her high school in Japan.
What attributions is Tadako likely to make about her classmate?
* Tadako is likely to assume that her classmate's behaviour is due to an unusual
situation.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
275) What is an attitude? Give an example of an attitude that would be considered explicit and
one that would be considered implicit.
* An attitude is a belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities.
* An explicit attitude is one we are aware of, such as a belief that modern culture
causes violence.
* An implicit attitude is one we are unaware of but that may still influence our
behaviour, such as a subtle prejudice against foreigners.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
276) What is cognitive dissonance? List one example of this state of tension.
* Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person holds two
incongruent beliefs or when a person's behaviour is incongruent with his or her stated
attitude.
* An example is the discomfort that occurs when a person who professes that smoking
is bad for your health nevertheless continues to smoke.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
277) Describe the technique that Joseph Goebbels called, "The Big Lie."
* The "Big Lie" refers to the validity effect.
* If something is repeated often enough, even an outright lie, people will begin to
believe it is true.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
79
278) Describe the experimental design of the conformity studies conducted by Solomon Asch.
* Eight students are seated around a table. All act like subjects, but only one is an
actual subject.
* The students are shown a standard line and three comparison lines. Their task is to
choose the comparison line that matches the standard in length. The correct answer is
obvious.
* The first seven students give the same incorrect answer.
* The question is whether the actual subject will give the correct answer or a
conforming answer.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
279) List three reasons why people conform.

Answer: A good answer will include the three following key points.
* Some people conform because they identify with group members and want to be like
them.
* Conformity sometimes occurs out of self-interest such as wanting to get promoted or
win votes.
* Some conform because they want to be liked.
* Sometimes people conform because they believe that the group has knowledge that
is superior to their own.
* Some conform because of cultural norms that stress social harmony.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
280) Londoners were stunned when a 10-year-old boy was stabbed to death by four teenagers.
There were at least 10 witnesses, but no one called the police nor aided the boy. Based on
your reading, what reasons could explain this bystander apathy?
* Diffusion of responsibility is responsible for bystander apathy.
* The responsibility for taking action is divided among so many people that no one
person feels much personal responsibility.
* Everyone assumes that someone else will help.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
80
281) Explain the role played by deindividuation in the wild behaviours of fans in Calgary during
the Stanley Cup Playoffs on the "Red Mile."
* Deindividuation occurs when people feel anonymous in a large crowd and lose
awareness of their individuality.
* In such situations, people tend to conform to the norms of the specific situation.
* Students on spring break conform to the "Let's party!" norm of fellow students.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
282) Describe the features of groups that are vulnerable to groupthink.

* Groupthink is more likely to occur in close-knit groups when there is an illusion of
invulnerability, biased information seeking, self-censorship, pressure on dissenters to
conform, and an illusion of unanimity.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
283) Define ethnic identity and acculturation. Describe the four ways of balancing ethnic identity
and acculturation, using Canada as an example.
* Ethnic identity is defined as a close association with a religious or ethnic group.
* Acculturation refers to one's identification with the dominant culture.
* The four ways of balancing ethnic identity and acculturation depend on the strength
of each.
* People who are bicultural have strong ties to their ethnicity and larger culture.
* People who choose assimilation have weak feelings of ethnicity but a strong sense of
acculturation.
* Ethnic separatists have a strong sense of ethnic identity but weak feelings of
acculturation.
* Some people feel marginal, connected to neither their ethnicity nor the dominant
culture.
* Many Canadians refuse to be pigeonholed into any category.
* In the 2001 Census, 11 million people listed their ethnicity as Canadian, compared
with 5.3 million in the 1996 Census.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
81
284) What is meant by the term ethnocentrism? Give one example to illustrate this term.
* Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own culture or nation is superior to all others.
* Examples: Ethnocentrism is embedded in some languages. Even Canadians are
ethnocentric.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
285) What important positive role do stereotypes play in human thinking?

* Stereotypes can be useful tools to help us make efficient decisions.
* They can help us quickly process new information and retrieve memories.
* They allow us to organize experience, make sense of differences among individuals
and groups, and predict how people will behave.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
286) List the procedures used by researchers to measure implicit prejudice.

* Measures of behaviour
* Measures of physiological responses in the brain
* Measures of unconscious associations
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
287) One problem in studying prejudice is that not all prejudiced people are prejudiced in the
same way. What varieties of prejudice are discussed in the textbook? Describe the two
types of male “sexism.”
* Prejudice may be either explicit or implicit.
* Prejudice may result in either intentional or unintentional discrimination toward
others.
* Unintentional discrimination often results from ignorance, rather than active dislike
or hatred.
* “Hostile sexism” involves an active dislike of women.
* “Benevolent sexism” is superficially positive, but nonetheless patronizing and
discriminatory.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
82
288) The philosopher Hannah Arendt, when covering the trial of Adolf Eichmann, used the
phrase, "the banality of evil," to explain how this Nazi officer supervised the deportation and
death of millions of Jews. What does she mean by this phrase?
* She means that evil is commonplace.
* All people and all cultures contain the potential for both good and evil.
* Evil deeds can be done by otherwise good people who are caught in situations
where normal processes like ethnocentrism, obedience to authority, conformity, etc.,
occur.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
289) Wise travellers use their knowledge of cultural differences to expand their understanding of
human behaviour, while avoiding the trap of stereotyping. What wisdom have you acquired
about cultural differences from our chapter on social and cultural psychology?
* It is important to try to understand other culture's rules, manners, and customs.
* When visiting in another culture, a person should try to follow the norms of that
culture.
* It is important to be aware that individual variability occurs and that not everyone in
a particular culture is the same. In other words, avoid stereotyping people.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
290) At the beginning of the book, we read about the critical thinking principle, "Examine the
Evidence." How does this guideline relate to social psychology in regard to deindividuation?
Does the evidence suggest that, because a mob is engaged in a criminal act, an individual
perpetrator is not responsible for her or his actions? How mindless are mindless crowds?
* The evidence suggests that people in large mobs are not "mindless."
* Interviews with some of the six men convicted of murder in South Africa revealed
that some were tremendously upset, were well aware of their actions, had debated the
female murder victim's guilt, had thought about running away, and had consciously
tried to rationalize their behaviour. Thus they were not "mindless."
* In almost every incident of mob violence there are some individuals who do not
participate, who remain mindful of their own values.
Type: ES
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Conceptual
83
291) One common form of oversimplification is argument by anecdote. Anecdotes are often a
source of stereotyping as well. Explain how an anecdote might be a source of stereotyping.
Illustrate your explanation with an example which could show how a stereotype of a
different generation could develop.
* Anecdotes are stories of a personal experience.
* An anecdote can give us information about a member of a particular group and we
might then assume that all members of the group are like that one individual.
* Example – You might read a story in the newspaper about a group of irresponsible
teenagers who vandalize a school and decide that all teenagers are irresponsible and
engage in malicious mischief.
Type: ES
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Conceptual
292) In our textbook's first chapter we read about the critical thinking principles, "Don't
Oversimplify" and "Consider Other Interpretations." How do these guidelines relate to social
psychology in regard to attribution, especially when encounters occur with those from other
cultures?
* Using a dispositional attribution to explain another's behaviour may be an
oversimplified explanation.
* Considering other interpretations means that we should look at situational and
cultural factors that may influence a person's behaviour before rushing to judgment.
* Behaviour often has more than one cause. To make a single attribution, whether
dispositional or situational, may be oversimplifying the situation.
Type: ES
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Conceptual
293) Chapter 8 opens with a quote from Erich Fromm, "Even the most sadistic and destructive
man is human, as human as the saint." Your textbook describes two Hutu nuns, Sister
Gertrude and Maria Kisito, who behaved in ways descriptive of Fromm's quote. Explain
how.
* Both sisters, living in a Benedictine convent, reported the presence of 7000 Tutsis
seeking shelter. All were massacred. When tried, the nuns said they did it because "we
were all going to perish."
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
84
294) In every society, family roles set tasks for parent and child, husband and wife. Relying on
your own observations and on media portrayals, assess the family roles that are evident in
the majority culture of Canada. Then examine how these family roles were enacted in your
own family. Do you anticipate changes in norms for family roles as you move through
adulthood?
* Parents are responsible for taking care of their children and modeling responsible
behaviour.
* Historically, mothers are responsible for care of young children and of the home,
and fathers are responsible for financial support of the family.
* Children should listen to and obey their parents.
* Family roles have changed over the years and probably will continue to change.
* For example, fathers are becoming more involved in child care and mothers often
contribute to financial support.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
295) The obedience study conducted by Stanley Milgram has become world famous. More than
1,000 people went through replications of the study. In addition, researchers in other
countries, such as Spain and the Netherlands, have used Milgram's procedures. Explain, in
detail, the procedures that Milgram used in his study and then analyze his results and those
results found by other researchers. What conclusions did Milgram reach? How have critics
reacted to his research?
* Each subject was assigned the role of "teacher" and was to use punishment in the
form of electric shock when the "learner" (actually a confederate of the researcher)
made an error.
* Shock level was increased by 15 volts after each error up to a maximum of 450 volts.
* Every subject administered some shock and about two-thirds went all the way to 450
volts.
* There was no difference between males and females, between different age groups,
or people from different walks of life.
* Many protested, but continued after the researcher encouraged them to continue.
* Researchers in other countries had similar results, some with as much as 90 percent
compliance.
* Milgram concluded that obedience was a function of the situation rather than of the
personalities of the subjects.
* Critics consider the study unethical because subjects were deceived, many subjects
suffered emotional pain, and the situation was not realistic.
* Critics also objected to the parallel Milgram drew between his subjects and the
Nazis.
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
85
296) After a subject in his obedience experiment repeatedly protested and questioned the
experimenter, Milgram commented that, "He thinks he is killing someone, yet he uses the
language of the tea table." What four factors help explain why an individual, such as this
man, could become morally disengaged from the consequences of his actions?
* Responsibility was allocated to the authority.
* The task was defined in terms of routine duties and roles.
* The subjects wanted to use good manners and be polite.
* The subjects were entrapped by the gradually increasing demands of the
experiment.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
297) According to attribution theory, the explanations we create of our behaviour and the
behaviour of others generally fall into two categories. Describe these two categories. In your
essay, discuss key concepts in attribution theory, such as the fundamental attribution error,
self-serving bias, group-serving bias, and the just-world hypothesis.
* Attributions are either situational or dispositional.
* An example of a situational attribution is, "Joe stole the money because his family is
starving."
* An example of a dispositional attribution is, "Joe stole the money because he is a
born thief."
* Two common errors in attribution are the fundamental attribution error and the self-
serving bias.
* The fundamental attribution error involves overestimating dispositional attributions
for the behaviour of others.
* The self-serving bias and group-serving bias involve making favourable attributions
for our own actions. If we have done something good, we use a dispositional
attribution; if we have done something wrong, we use a situational attribution.
* Attributions are also affected by the need to believe that the world is fair and justice
prevails (just-world hypothesis); the good are rewarded and the bad are punished.
* The just-world hypothesis leads to blaming the victim by using a dispositional
attribution.
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
86
298) What "weapons" are used as advertisers, politicians, and friends try to influence attitudes?
Analyze the role that the validity effect plays in friendly persuasion.
* Familiarity – we tend to hold positive attitudes toward familiar people or things.
* The validity effect (the "Big Lie") – even a lie, repeated often enough, comes to be
believed.
* Repetition will, therefore, result in not only familiarity with, but belief in arguments
that have been repeatedly presented.
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
299) Solomon Asch, in his experiments testing conformity, wanted to know what people would
do when a group unanimously contradicted an obvious fact. What was found in Asch's
studies and in the many replications of his work?
* Asch found that only 20 percent of the students remained independent on all trials,
one-third conformed to the group's incorrect answer more than half the time, and the
rest conformed at least some of the time.
* Whether they conformed or not, the students felt uncertain and uncomfortable.
* Replications in the Western world have shown that conformity has decreased since
the 1950s.
* Replications in other countries revealed that conformity varies with cultural norms.
* In individualist cultures, such as those of many Western nations, people are
somewhat less likely to conform.
* In cultures that value social harmony, like many East Asian countries, the tendency
to conform is higher.
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
300) Dissent and altruism are a matter of personal conviction, but situational factors are involved,
also. Analyze five situational factors that are involved when a person decides to "rock the
boat" and choose conscience over conformity.
Answer: A good answer will include five of the following key points.
* A person perceives the need for intervention or help.
* Cultural norms encourage taking action.
* The situation increases the likelihood that a person will take responsibility.
* The cost-benefit ratio supports a person's decision to get involved.
* A person has an ally who is also willing to get involved.
* Entrapment has occurred.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
87
301) People form a summary impression of a group, believing that all members of a group share
a common trait. The traits may be positive, negative, or neutral, but in each case they help
organize experience. The problem is that sometimes this process can distort reality. Analyze
three different ways that reality is distorted through stereotypes. How do cultural values
play a role in affecting how people evaluate a particular action?
* Differences between groups are exaggerated. ("We are a lot different than them.")
* Differences within other groups are underestimated. ("They're all alike.")
* Perception is selective. That is, only the evidence that is consistent with the
stereotype is attended to.
* Cultural values cause us to perceive people whose actions are different as inferior in
some way.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
302) It is widely believed that prejudice is the primary cause of conflict and war between groups.
According to our text, is prejudice more likely to be a cause of war or a result of war?
Explain your answer, illustrating your response by noting the rise and fall of attitudes
toward Chinese immigrants in the nineteenth century in North America.
* Prejudice is more likely to be a result rather than a cause of war.
* When the Chinese were working in the gold mines and potentially taking jobs from
white laborers, whites described them as depraved, vicious, and bloodthirsty.
* A decade later, when the Chinese began working at difficult and dangerous jobs on
the transcontinental railroad that few white men wanted, prejudice against them
declined. They were described as hardworking, industrious, and law-abiding.
* When the railroad was finished and the Chinese competed for scarce jobs during the
Depression, prejudice increased again. They were viewed as criminal, crafty,
conniving, and stupid.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
303) One problem in studying prejudice is that not all prejudiced people are prejudiced in the
same way. What varieties of prejudice are discussed in the textbook? Describe the two types
of male "sexism."
* Prejudice may be either explicit or implicit.
* Prejudice may result in either intentional or unintentional discrimination toward
others.
* Unintentional discrimination often results from ignorance, rather than active dislike
or hatred.
* "Hostile sexism" involves an active dislike of women.
* "Benevolent sexism" is superficially positive, but nonetheless patronizing and
discriminatory.
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
88
Test Bank for Psychology, 4th Canadian Edition: Carole Wade
304) Describe in detail the procedures used by researchers measuring prejudice through implicit
measures rather than through attitude questionnaires.
* Measures of behaviour - observing how people behave when they are with a
possible object of prejudice.
* Measures of physiological responses and unconscious associations- for example
measuring activity in the amygdala when viewing pictures of possible objects of
prejudice, or using a research method designed to measure a person's feelings of
pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with a particular stimulus
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
305) Sociocultural research suggests four conditions that must be met before conflict and
prejudice between groups can be lessened. Describe each of these conditions in detail.
* Both sides must have equal legal status, economic opportunities, and power.
* Authorities and community institutions must endorse egalitarian norms and thereby
provide moral support and legitimacy for both sides.
* Both sides must have opportunities to work and socialize together, formally and
informally.
* Both sides must cooperate, working together for a common goal.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
306) Our authors explain the benefits of reviewing the psychological research on culture when
traveling to a different country. What advice do they give? What examples help illustrate the
need for this advice?
* Be sure you understand the other culture's rules, manners, and customs.
* When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
* Avoid stereotyping.
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
89
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Quick Quiz (1)

3) Which of the following is NOT a reason people obey an authority figure?

5) Which of the following is NOT a result of diffusion of responsibility?

7) Which of the following is NOT a technique used in coercive persuasion?

9) Which of the following is a way of measuring implicit prejudice?

3) The tendency to explain favourably the behaviours of members of groups to which we

9) Which of the following is NOT a way in which stereotypes distort reality?

10) Which of the following is NOT a type of function served by prejudice?

2) The rules that regulate social life are referred to as:

4) Which of the following is the definition of "norm?"

6) An implicit cultural standard has been violated when:

7) Research on social roles suggests that:

8) Each person has ________ social role(s).

10) Which of the following is a violation of an implicit cultural standard?

12) Which of the following is the text's definition of "culture?"

15) In Stanley Milgram's study of obedience,

20) Results of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience showed that:

30) Critics of the prison study argue that:

33) The primary reason why people obey is because:

38) Which of the following is an example of entrapment?

45) Attribution theory examines:

53) The fundamental attribution error is especially prevalent in:

60) According to the just-world hypothesis:

65) A belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities is called:

67) When a person holds an attitude:

69) Cognitive dissonance is:

75) The validity effect is the tendency of people:

84) Which of the following is NOT a key process of coercive persuasion?

90) Replications of Asch's conformity experiment show that:

94) Bystander apathy results from:

99) As members of an anonymous crowd,

100) Research suggests that:

108) Which of the following is a sign of groupthink?

109) Which of the following is NOT a sign of groupthink?

112) When close-knit group members experience groupthink, it means that:

121) Ethnocentrism can be reduced by:

124) The Robbers Cave experiment showed that:

128) Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE?

133) The origins of prejudice suggest that:

134) One fact about prejudice is that:

136) A social function of prejudice is to:

137) A cultural function of prejudice is to:

138) An economic function of prejudice is to:

141) Research on prejudice:

149) From the standpoint of social and cultural psychologists:

150) The "banality of evil" means that:

203) The just-world hypothesis is especially prevalent in North America.

205) An attitude is a belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities.

222) Deindividuation eliminates gender differences in aggression.

228) Ethnocentrism rests on a fundamental social identity: "us" as compared to "not-us."

232) Stereotypes underestimate the differences within other groups.

234) Benevolent sexism is affectionate, but patronizing.

Match these definitions with the terms they define.

240) An area in social psychology A) Social identity

243) A given social position that is

244) The part of a person's self-

Answers: 240) C 241) E 242) D 243) B 244) A

Match these studies with the researchers who completed them.

245) Obedience studies A) Solomon Asch