Test Bank For The Molecules of Life: Physical and Chemical Principles, 1 edition: Boyana Kon

Test Bank For The Molecules of Life: Physical and

Chemical Principles, 1 edition: Boyana Konforti

To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

https://testbankbell.com/download/test-bank-for-the-molecules-of-life-physical-and-ch
emical-principles-1-edition-boyana-konforti/

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Chapter 6—Cell Communication

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Quorum sensing would most likely occur when:

a. Dictyostelium senses cyclic AMP.
b. tobacco plants are attacked by insects.
c. bacteria reach a certain critical concentration.
d. predator insects eat herbivorous insects.
e. insulin binds to target cells.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 134 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

2. Which of the following lists the correct sequence of events involved in cell signaling?
a. amplifying, signal transducing, receiving, responding
b. signal transducing, sending, receiving, terminating
c. sending, signal transducing, receiving, amplifying
d. receiving, sending, signal transducing, responding
e. sending, receiving, signal transducing, responding
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 135-136 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

3. Paracrine signaling is different from other types of signaling in that the signaling molecule:
a. is produced by endocrine glands.
b. binds to a receptor.
c. is secreted by neurons.
d. is transported in the blood.
e. acts on nearby cells.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 137 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

4. Which of the following is stored in cells of the immune system and released during an allergic
reaction?
a. nitric oxide
b. a growth factor
c. histamine
d. a prostaglandin
e. a neurotransmitter
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 137 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

5. Which of the following is released by cells lining blood vessels and causes a decrease in blood
pressure?
a. histamine
b. acetylcholine
c. cyclic AMP
d. nitric oxide
e. prostaglandin
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 137 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 80

 6. Which of the following would most likely diffuse across a synapse?
a. insulin
b. NO
c. histamine
d. acetylcholine
e. prostaglandins
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 136-137 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

7. Hormones produced by endocrine glands are typically transported to target cells:

a. across a synapse.
b. in the blood.
c. in interstitial fluid.
d. via direct contact.
e. through the air.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 137 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

8. Which of the following statements concerning receptors is FALSE?

a. They are found inside the cell and on the cell surface.
b. They are proteins or glycoproteins.
c. They are also called ligands.
d. They are highly selective.
e. They are activated by binding to a signaling molecule.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

9. A receptor on the cell surface usually has several domains. The function of the external domain is:
a. transmitting the signal to the inside of the cell.
b. holding the receptor within the membrane.
c. attaching the receptor to the DNA.
d. functioning as an enzyme.
e. binding the signaling molecule.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

10. A receptor in plant cells that responds to red light is:

a. brassinolide.
b. diacylglycerol.
c. rhodopsin.
d. cryptochrome.
e. phytochrome.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

11. Under which of the following situations would receptor down-regulation most likely occur?
a. The concentration of a neurotransmitter is too low.
b. The concentration of a hormone is too high.
c. The number of receptors in the plasma membrane is too low.
d. The number of G proteins is too high.
e. The cell is unable to manufacture cyclic AMP.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: Bloom's: Application

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 81

12. As a result of receptor up-regulation:
a. the number of genes that code for a receptor increases.
b. the sensitivity of a cell to a hormone decreases.
c. the number of receptors decreases.
d. the concentration of hormone molecules in the blood increases.
e. a hormone's signal is amplified.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

13. In contrast to a G protein-linked receptor and an enzyme-linked receptor, a channel-linked receptor:

a. is located on the cell surface.
b. is composed of seven alpha helices.
c. couples signaling molecules to signal transduction pathways.
d. is a ligand-gated channel.
e. functions as a tyrosine kinase.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

14. When acetylcholine binds its receptor on the surface of a muscle cell, which of the following happens
next?
a. G protein is activated.
b. Tyrosine kinase is activated.
c. Tyrosine is phosphorylated.
d. A neurotransmitter crosses the synapse.
e. A sodium gate opens.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: Bloom's: Application

15. The outer part of a G protein receptor binds __________, and its inner part binds __________.
a. the signaling molecule; tyrosine kinase
b. the signaling molecule; a G protein
c. G protein; tyrosine kinase
d. G protein; an ion channel
e. an ion channel; a G protein
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

16. Which of the following is NOT an example of an enzyme-linked receptor?

a. a tyrosine kinase
b. the brassinolide receptor
c. the GABA receptor
d. the ethylene receptor
e. a histidine kinase
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 | p. 141
OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

17. An example of a signaling molecule that binds with a receptor on the cell surface is:
a. insulin.
b. ecdysone.
c. Vitamin D.
d. Vitamin A.
e. nitric oxide.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: Bloom's: Application

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 82

18. Which of the following statements concerning intracellular receptors is FALSE?
a. Their ligands are hydrophobic.
b. Most are transcription factors.
c. Some are located in the cytosol.
d. After binding their ligand, they move out of the cell.
e. Some are bound to DNA.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 141 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

19. One difference between the ion channel-linked receptors for GABA and acetylcholine is that when
GABA binds its receptor:
a. muscle contraction is inhibited.
b. sodium ions enter the cell.
c. muscle contraction is stimulated.
d. neural signaling is inhibited.
e. chloride ions rush out of the neuron.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 141 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

20. An example of a neurotransmitter that opens ligand-gated sodium channels is:

a. GABA.
b. acetylcholine.
c. ecdysone.
d. NO.
e. cortisol.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: Bloom's: Application

21. When a receptor binds to its G protein, which of the following happens next?
a. The signaling molecule binds to the receptor.
b. The G protein activates an enzyme.
c. The three G protein subunits come together.
d. GTP is replaced by GDP.
e. GDP is replaced by GTP.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 142 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

22. Which of the following statements concerning G protein is FALSE?

a. Its subunits can separate.
b. One subunit is a GTPase.
c. One subunit binds GTP.
d. One subunit binds GDP.
e. One subunit binds ATP.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 142 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

23. A molecule that is a first messenger but not a second messenger is:
a. cyclic AMP.
b. G protein.
c. adenylyl cyclase.
d. protein kinase.
e. acetylcholine.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 | p. 143
OBJ: Bloom's: Application

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 83

24. An example of a second messenger is:
a. protein kinase A.
b. an ion channel.
c. cyclic AMP.
d. GABA.
e. insulin.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 143 OBJ: Bloom's: Application

25. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the reaction in which:

a. a protein is phosphorylated.
b. ATP is converted to cAMP.
c. GTP is converted to GDP.
d. PIP2 is split.
e. calcium ions bind calmodulin.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 143 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

26. Adenylyl cyclase is activated directly by:

a. a G protein subunit bound to GTP.
b. a G protein subunit bound to GDP.
c. cAMP.
d. a protein kinase.
e. a hormone.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 143 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

27. In the signal transduction pathway involving cAMP, once cAMP is formed, it then activates:
a. protein kinase A.
b. adenylyl cyclase.
c. G protein.
d. protein kinase C.
e. IP3.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 144 OBJ: Bloom's: Application

28. A protein kinase catalyzes the reaction in which:

a. a protein loses a phosphate group.
b. a protein is phosphorylated.
c. G protein is activated.
d. ATP is converted to cAMP.
e. GTP is converted to GDP.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 144 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

29. In the cAMP signal transduction pathway, once a protein kinase is activated, which of the following
happens next?
a. G protein is activated.
b. Adenylyl cyclase is activated.
c. GDP is replaced by GTP.
d. cAMP is converted to ATP.
e. The protein kinase activates a cellular response.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 144 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 84

30. Phospholipase C catalyzes the reaction in which:
a. IP3 is converted to DAG.
b. PIP2 is split.
c. a protein kinase is activated.
d. calcium ions are released from the ER.
e. DAG is converted to PIP2.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 145 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

31. In the phospholipase C signal transduction pathway, which are second messengers?
a. phospholipase C and G protein
b. PIP2 and IP3
c. cAMP and IP3
d. phospholipase C and protein kinase A
e. IP3 and DAG
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 145 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

32. What activates protein kinase C?

a. IP3
b. DAG
c. cAMP
d. PIP2
e. calcium ions
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 145 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

33. In the IP3 pathway, what is the function of IP3?

a. activate protein kinase C
b. activate phospholipase C
c. phosphorylate a protein
d. bind calcium channels in the ER
e. activate adenylyl cyclase
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 146 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

34. Which of the following statements concerning calcium ions is FALSE?

a. They are involved in fertilization, blood clotting, and microtubule disassembly.
b. Their concentration in the cytosol rises when Ca2+ gates open in the ER.
c. Their concentration in the cytosol is usually higher than in the extracellular fluid.
d. They can act by themselves, without binding to calmodulin.
e. They can exert an effect after binding to calmodulin.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 146 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

35. Calmodulin is a:
a. hormone.
b. calcium-binding protein.
c. phosphatase.
d. protein kinase.
e. phospholipase.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 146 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 85

36. Which of the following statements concerning calmodulin is FALSE?
a. It activates protein kinases.
b. It activates phosphatases.
c. It is a protein.
d. It is found in all eukaryotic cells studied.
e. It binds a maximum of three calcium ions.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 146 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

37. A major group of enzyme-linked receptors are:

a. phospholipases.
b. adenylyl cyclases.
c. tyrosine kinases.
d. G proteins.
e. ion channels.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

38. Which of the following statements concerning Ras proteins is FALSE?

a. They are inactivated when phosphorylated.
b. They are G proteins.
c. They are active when bound to GTP.
d. They are activated by tyrosine kinase receptors.
e. They include MAP kinases.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 148 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

39. The main signaling cascade for cell division and differentiation is the __________ cascade.
a. phospholipase C
b. MAP kinase
c. phosphoinositol
d. cAMP
e. calcium-calmodulin
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 148 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

40. You conduct an experiment in which you inactivate Ras proteins in fibroblast cells. Which of the
following is the most immediate consequence of this procedure?
a. The fibroblasts synthesized excess G protein.
b. The fibroblasts synthesized excess DAG.
c. The fibroblasts no longer responded to calmodulin.
d. The fibroblases no longer synthesized DNA in response to growth factors.
e. The fibroblasts divided uncontrollably.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 148 OBJ: Bloom's: Analysis

41. Which of the following statements concerning intracellular receptors is FALSE?

a. Some bind hydrophobic signaling molecules.
b. Some function as transcription factors.
c. They diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells.
d. The ligand-receptor complex can activate genes.
e. The ligand-receptor complex can inactivate genes.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 | p. 141
OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 86

42. The function of scaffolding proteins is to:
a. phosphorylate proteins in a cascade.
b. dephosphorylate proteins in a cascade.
c. convert ATP and GTP to cAMP and cGMP, respectively.
d. regulate the MAP kinase pathway.
e. stimulate the release of calcium ions from the ER.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 147 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

43. Integrins are unusual in that they:

a. are steroids.
b. are specific transmembrane proteins.
c. respond to information received from inside and outside the cell.
d. stimulate both the Ras pathway as well as the IP3 pathway.
e. are found only in Arabidopsis thaliana.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 147 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

44. Which of the following responses involves the activation of ion channels?
a. Ras pathway activation of microfilament assembly in neutrophils
b. steroid hormone regulation of gene expression
c. Ras pathway activation of genes for cell division
d. peptide-stimulated assembly of microtubule assembly in neutrophils
e. serotonin-stimulated transmission of a neural impulse
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 137 | p. 139
OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

45. Phosphodiesterase catalyzes the conversion of:

a. a protein to a phosphorylated protein.
b. GDP to GTP.
c. cAMP to AMP.
d. IP3 to PIP2.
e. calcium to calcium-calmodulin.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 143 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

46. All of the following are examples of signal termination EXCEPT:

a. one cAMP molecule activating many protein kinases.
b. phosphodiesterase converting cGMP to GTP.
c. GTPase converting GTP to GDP.
d. the inactivation of G protein by the cholera toxin.
e. phosphatase removing the phosphate group from a protein.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 149 OBJ: Bloom's: Application

47. The cholera toxin causes a(n) __________ of chloride channels in cells of the intestine and the
resulting __________.
a. closing; loss of blood
b. closing; movement of neutrophils toward the bacterium
c. opening; assembly of microtubules
d. opening; gain of water
e. opening; loss of water
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 150 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 87

 48. Choanoflagellates have been important for the study of cell communication evolution because
choanoflagellates have:
a. signal transduction pathways unlike those in other bacteria.
b. signaling molecules similar to those of other protists.
c. signal transduction pathways that interfere with the cells they infect.
d. protein kinases similar to those in animals.
e. G proteins different from those in prokaryotes.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 151 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

SHORT ANSWER

1. Why is it important for cells to be able to communicate with one another? List the main steps involved
in cell signaling.

ANS:
It is important for cells to communicate in order to grow, develop, and function. Cell signaling
requires four mains steps shown in Figure 6.2.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 135-136 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

2. Compare and contrast local regulators, neurotransmitters, and hormones.

ANS:

Local regulators help cells communicate by cell junctions. Neurotransmitters interact through
neurotransmitters that travel through synapses.Hormones deliver signals by traveling through blood,

PTS: 1 REF: p. 136-137 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

3. In what part of the cell does a polar signaling molecule bind its receptor? A nonpolar signaling
molecule? Explain your reasoning.

ANS:
Polar signaling molecules bind membrane receptors whereas nonpolar bind cytpplasmic
receptors.Polar slgnaling molecules are hydrophilic and cannot cross the plasma membrane. Nonpolar
signal molecules are hydrophobic and able to cross the plasma membrane to bind a cytoplasmic
receptor.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

4. What is the difference between a first messenger and a second messenger? Give an example of each.

ANS:
The first messenger binds the inital receptor. Second messengers relay signals inside the cell and
thereby amplify the signal from the first messenger. An example of a first messenger is prostaglandin
with its second messenger being cAMP.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 138 | p. 143 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 88

 5. What is calmodulin, and what role does it play in signal transduction?

ANS:
Calmodium is an important Ca+2 binding protein. When calcium gates open in the plasma membrane
or the cytoplasm, the Ca+2 concentration rises in the cytosol. When calcium ions bind to a calmodium
molecule, the molecule changes shape and activates certain enzymes including protein kinases and
phosphatases.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 146 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

1. When food is abundant , the cellular slime mold secretes cAMP into the environment to signal the
formation of a multicellular slug-shaped colony.
__________________

ANS: F, scarce

PTS: 1 REF: p.135 OBJ: knowledge

2. Ion channels are found in the plasma membranes of neurons and muscle cells.
__________________

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p.139

OBJ: Bloom's kowledge

3. When a signaling molecule binds to a G protein linked receptor, the ligand-receptor complex
associates with GDP protein and causes GDP to be replaced by GTP.
__________________

ANS: F, G

PTS: 1 REF: p. 140 OBJ: Bloom's comprehension

4. When signal molecules bind to two tyrosine kinase receptors, the receptors move closer to each other
and form a monomer.
__________________

ANS: F, dimer

PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 | p. 140 OBJ: Bloom's knowledge

5. When an enzyme linked receptor is activated, a conformational change activates the extracellular
kinases.
__________________

ANS: F, intracellullar

PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: Bloom's knowledge

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 89

 6. Insulin stimulates cells to take in glucose by facillitated diffusion, so insulin receptor-down regulation
increases the ability of cells to take in glucose.
__________________

ANS: F, decreases

PTS: 1 REF: p. 138-139 OBJ: Bloom'a comprehension

7. The outer part of the enzyme linked receptor has a binding site for a signaling molecule, and the part of
the receptor that extends into the cytosol has a binding site for a specific G protein.
__________________

ANS: F, G protein

PTS: 1 REF: p. 139 OBJ: Bloom's kmowlege

8. Barbituates and benzodiazpine drugs bind to GABA receptors to open chloride channels, inhibit neural
impulse, and induce tranquility.
__________________

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 141

OBJ: Bloom's knowledge

9. Injecting fibroblasts with anti-Ras antibodies that inactivate Ras proteins increases cell division
response to growth factors.
__________________

ANS: F, decreases

PTS: 1 REF: p. 148 OBJ: Bloom's comprehension

10. Scaffold proteins organize groups of intracellular signaling kinases into signaling complexes.
__________________

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p.147

OBJ: Bloom's knowledge

MATCHING

Match receptor with activated state. Answers should be used more than once.
a. Ion channel linked receptor c. Enzyme linked receptor
b. G protein linked receptor
1. Phosphate comes from ATP.
2. Protein kinase sites are active.
3. Sodium ions enter the cell.
4. GDP is replaced with GTP.
5. DAG is the second messenger.

1. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 140 OBJ: Bloom's kowledge

2. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 140 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge
3. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 140 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge
4. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 140 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 90

 5. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 145 OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

ESSAY

1. Explain the differences between receptor up-regulation and down-regulation including the conditions
under which a cell would use one rather than the other.

ANS:
Concepts to Consider: Receptor synthesis versus degradation; target cell sensitivity versus
insensitivity; the insulin receptor

PTS: 1 REF: p. 138-139 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

TOP: Discussion or Thought Questions

2. Compare and contrast the structure and function of ion channel-linked receptors, G protein-linked
receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors. In general, how do they differ from intracellular receptors?

ANS:
Concepts to Consider: Ligand-gated channels; alpha helices in G proteins and GDP/GTP
replacement; domains of enzyme-linked receptors; transcription factors

PTS: 1 REF: p. 138-140 OBJ: Bloom's: Analysis

TOP: Discussion or Thought Questions

3. Compare and contrast the signal transduction pathway involving cAMP with that involving
phospholipids.

ANS:
Concepts to Consider: Role of G proteins; adenylyl cyclase versus phospholipase C; DAG and IP3 as
second messengers; protein kinases and calcium channels.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 142-145 OBJ: Bloom's: Analysis

TOP: Discussion or Thought Questions

4. Give some examples showing how cells respond to signals. How are signals terminated?

ANS:
Concepts to Consider: Regulation of ion channels in neurons; assembly of microtubules and
microfilaments in neutrophils; alteration of gene activity in Arabidopsis; termination via GTPase,
phosphodiesterase, and phosphatase.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 147-150 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

TOP: Discussion or Thought Questions

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 91

Test Bank For The Molecules of Life: Physical and Chemical Principles, 1 edition: Boyana Kon

5. What is meant by signal amplification? Give two examples.

ANS:
Signal amplification occurs when a signaling molecule bound to a receptor produces changes in
millions of molecules in a cascade of reactions within the cell.. This observation explains how just a
few signal molecules, ie. neurotransmitters, ions or hormones molecules can lead to a major
response by a cell.

Epinephrine binding to a G- protein - receptor activates adenyl cyclase which catalyzes the production
of many cAMP molecules . Then each cAMP activates many protein kinases down the cascade of
reactions. .

The Ras/MAP kinase is stimulated by epidermal growth factor binding to tyrosine kinase receptor.
This binding leads to actvation of th G small protein. Ras then activates MAP-kinase signaling
pathway . A series of MAP kinases in the pathway are then activated by phosphorylation.

PTS: 1 REF: p.148-149 OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

Chapter 6—Cell Communication 92

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters