Test Bank For Theories of Personality 10th Edition Schultz

Test Bank for Theories of Personality, 10th Edition : Schultz
Test Bank for Theories of Personality, 10th Edition :

Schultz
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Chapter 6—Erik Erikson: Identity Theory
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Erikson placed more emphasis on the ____ than Freud did.

a. id c. superego
b. ego d. unconscious
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Introduction
2. Erikson believed personality develops

a. mostly in early childhood. c. during adolescence.
b. by about age five. d. throughout the entire life span.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Introduction
3. Erik Erikson lived out one of his most famous concepts through
a. his rejection of an important father figure (Freud).
b. the failure to earn an academic degree.
c. several identity crises.
d. his refusal to sign a loyalty oath.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Life of Erikson (1902-1994)
4. Erikson's childhood and youth was characterized by

a. a number of identity crises. c. competition with an older brother.
b. a rejecting mother. d. a strong Oedipus complex.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Life of Erikson (1902-1994)
5. From his early work and analysis with Anna Freud, Erikson was interested in
a. psychoanalytic work with children.
b. feminine psychology.
c. understanding the biological influences of personality development.
d. the unconscious and subconscious thoughts of his patients.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Life of Erikson (1902-1994)
6. Erikson once worked

a. in Germany with schizophrenic patients.
b. with young children in Africa.
c. at a guidance center for emotionally disturbed delinquents.
d. with Sigmund Freud.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Life of Erikson (1902-1994)
7. Erikson studied each of the following groups except

a. delinquents. c. Native American tribes.
b. schizophrenic adults. d. normal children.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Life of Erikson (1902-1994)
8. Erikson noted identity confusion in his study of
a. American Indians in South Dakota. c. himself.
b. World War II veterans. d. all of the answers.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Life of Erikson (1902-1994)
9. Erikson included all of the following in his theory of personality except

a. the eight stages of life. c. personal and situational variables.
b. social and environmental forces. d. the importance of unconscious forces
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development
MSC: WWW
10. According to the epigenetic principle of maturation, the stages of development are
a. subject to change when there are only family conflicts.
b. determined by genetic factors.
c. determined solely by social forces.
d. delayed until maturity.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development
11. Erikson's epigenetic principle of maturation

a. concerns how quickly a child will grow in the maturation process to become an adult.
b. states that personality is determined entirely by genetics.
c. asserts that development is determined by a combination of biological and social factors.
d. suggests only social and environmental factors determine our personality.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development
12. Erikson believed that development is mainly affected by

a. biological forces.
b. social forces.
c. sexual instincts.
d. a combination of biological and social forces.
13. All stages of life involve a series of personal __________. They exist at birth and become prominent
through every stage of a persons’ life.
a. sexual needs c. neglect
b. conflicts d. successes
14. Erikson divided personality growth into

a. eight stages leading to adolescence. c. eight stages from birth to death.
b. four stages of psychosexual development. d. four eras marked by biological changes.
15. Each of Erikson's developmental stages provides a person an opportunity to develop his
a. awareness of the unconscious forces that guide him.
b. understanding of personal archetypes.
c. ability to overcome genetic predispositions.
d. basic strengths.
16. The conflicts in the developmental stages

a. potentially exist at birth. c. are inevitable.
b. are influenced by the social environment. d. all of the answers
17. If a conflict at one stage cannot be resolved, then a person will

a. resolve these conflicts in later stages.
b. be much better equipped for the next stage of development.
c. have much difficulty to continue normal development in the next stage.
d. more likely resolve problems and conflicts sooner and more quickly in later stages.
18. At each stage of psychosocial development,

a. the maladaptive way of coping must be suppressed.
b. adaptive and maladaptive ways of coping are incorporated into the ego identity.
c. we must confront sexual and aggressive needs.
d. the mother is most important in resolving the crisis for the child.
MSC: WWW
19. During the stage when trust or mistrust are the ways of coping, the most important body part is the
a. anus. c. penis.
b. mouth. d. nose.
20. The locomotor-genital conflict (age 3-5) involves

a. initiative versus guilt. c. autonomy versus doubt and shame.
b. identity versus role confusion. d. trust versus mistrust.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development
21. Identity cohesion or role confusion appears at ages

a. 3-5. c. 12-18.
b. 6-11. d. 19-35.
22. Erikson identified the stage of identity cohesion versus role confusion as
a. a time when a person has a strong sense of their own identity.
b. a confusing turmoil of irresolvable conflicts and situations.
c. a moratorium to give a person time and energy to play different roles and live with
different images.
d. a period of consistency, hope, and resolution of conflicts.
23. The basic strength described by Erikson in the identity cohesion versus role confusion stage is
a. purpose. c. hope.
b. wisdom. d. fidelity.
24. According to Erikson, a _________ identity is preferable to no identity in the identity cohesion versus
the role confusion stage.
a. positive c. incongruent
b. confusing d. negative
25. For the adolescent, excessive association with fanatical groups, cults, or obsession with popular
cultural icons
a. could restrict the developing ego.
b. has no lasting effect on later development.
c. provides a reason for adolescents to be in prison as an adult.
d. has no lasting or enduring effect in the future.
26. Fidelity means

a. sincerity, genuineness, and a sense of duty in a person’s relationships.
b. trust, autonomy, initiative, and industriousness.
c. courage to envision and pursue goals.
d. freedom of choice and self-restraint.
27. Adulthood is considered by Erikson to be a _________ stage than the previous stage of identity
cohesion versus role confusion.
a. shorter c. longer
b. faster d. non-committal
28. Which is a positive outcome in the intimacy versus isolation stage?

a. A person establishes positive intimate relationships.
b. A person is not able to commit to a particular career or relationship and becomes quite
independent of his parents.
c. The person establishes a life-long permanent job occupation.
d. The person avoids social contacts until he or she establishes a permanent job or
occupation.
29. A person may prefer to be alone because they fear ___________ as a threat to their ego identity during
the intimacy versus isolation stage.
a. casual social contact c. intimacy
b. unconscious desires d. conflict
30. In the stage of intimacy versus isolation, a person may prefer to

a. live in isolation.
b. avoid social contacts and reject other people.
c. fear intimacy.
d. All the answers.
31. To Erikson, the end of young adulthood may occur at the age of
a. 21. c. 25.
b. 35. d. 30.
32. A person forms some form of productive work, establishes intimate relationships, and has an
opportunity to become independent from his parents in the
a. intimacy versus isolation stage.
b. generativity versus stagnation stage.
c. identity cohesion versus role confusion stage.
d. industriousness versus inferiority stage.
33. The developmental stage of maturity covering the most years is the
a. muscular-anal stage. c. adulthood stage.
b. locomotor-genital stage. d. latency stage.
34. The basic strength associated with the generativity versus stagnation stage is
a. wisdom. c. purpose.
b. love. d. care.
35. According to Erikson, a person in the ________ versus ________ stage needs to be involved in
teaching and guiding the next generation.
a. generativity/stagnation c. intimacy/isolation
b. ego integrity/despair d. industriousness/inferiority
36. Erikson’s depiction of emotional difficulties in middle age is similar to

a. Freud’s description of ego development.
b. Jung’s description of identity crisis.
c. Adler’s description of individual psychology.
d. Horney’s description of basic anxiety.
37. In the generativity versus isolation stage, an individual may
a. revert to repressed unconscious desires.
b. become physical or psychological invalids.
c. deplete their psychic energy.
d. join as many organizations as possible to satisfy their ego-state.
38. The basic strength associated with the final stage of development is
a. hope. c. purpose.
b. faith. d. wisdom.
39. According to Erikson, older people must do more than reflect upon the
a. past.
b. present physical decline of their bodies.
c. various illnesses they are now experiencing.
d. helplessness they feel now that their life is almost finished.
40. Ego integrity involves

a. making unconscious desires conscious.
b. allowing the superego and the id to be more balanced.
c. having a sense of frustration with our past.
d. accepting one’s place and past.
41. Older people should seek

a. vital participation in life. c. stimulation from their environment.
b. new challenges. d. all the answers.
42. Erikson would most likely link ego integrity versus despair to the stage of
a. generativity versus stagnation. c. industriousness versus inferiority.
b. intimacy versus isolation. d. trust versus mistrust.
43. In Erikson's system, the basic weaknesses that can develop at each stage are
a. maladaptive ways of coping.
b. malignant.
c. able to be corrected through psychotherapy.
d. all of the answers.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Basic Weaknesses
44. Malignancies develop when

a. only the maladaptive tendency is present. c. psychoses predominate.
b. only the adaptive tendency is present. d. adulthood is reached.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Basic Weaknesses
MSC: WWW
45. On the free will-determinism dimension, Erikson's image of human nature
a. is only partially deterministic. c. proposes no ultimate life goal.
b. rejects determinism in favor of free will. d. focuses on biological forces.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Questions about Human Nature
46. Erikson believes that basic strengths are

a. goals to strive for but not reach.
b. potentially achievable by everyone.
c. not fully expressed because of id interference.
d. biologically determined and inevitable.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Questions about Human Nature
47. Failure to adapt at one developmental stage

a. dooms the person to failure at later stages.
b. leads to despair instead of ego integrity.
c. can be corrected by success at a later stage.
d. prevents development of the superego.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Questions about Human Nature
MSC: WWW
48. Erikson's most unusual assessment technique is

a. dream analysis. c. free association.
b. psychohistorical analysis. d. analysis of birth order.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Assessment in Erikson’s Theory
49. Erikson's use of psychohistorical analysis included such figures as

a. Hitler and Hannibal. c. Castro and Stalin.
b. Moses and Noah. d. Gandhi and Martin Luther.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Assessment in Erikson’s Theory
50. Erikson's primary assessment technique was

a. psychological testing.
b. free association.
c. dream analysis.
d. Erikson was skeptical of most assessment techniques.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Assessment in Erikson’s Theory
51. Erikson's primary research method was

a. disciplined subjectivity. c. the case study.
b. anthropological study. d. psychohistory.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Research on Erikson’s Theory
52. In his study of play constructions, Erikson believed he saw

a. the symbolic expression of the genitals for both sexes.
b. proof of his first three developmental stages.
c. how sex roles were changing in modern culture.
d. that play of girls was very similar to the play of boys.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Research on Erikson’s Theory
53. Research on psychosocial stages demonstrated
a. little support for the individual stages.
b. a relationship between happiness and successful development in the first six stages.
c. no relationship between the stages and other aspects of personality.
d. support for generativity or stagnation in middle age.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Research on Erikson’s Theory
54. Studies of ego identity show that

a. it is negatively related to maternal identification.
b. there are seven psychosocial criteria.
c. women are more successful than men in achieving ego identity.
d. adolescents high in ego identity develop trust, autonomy, initiative, and industriousness.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Research on Erikson’s Theory
55. Each of the following is a psychological type, or status, in the adolescent stage except
a. identity achievement. c. identity diffusion.
b. identity competence. d. moratorium.
MSC: WWW
56. Adolescents who have not experienced an identity crisis but are committed to an occupation are in the
a. foreclosure status. c. identity competence status.
b. moratorium status. d. identity achievement status.
57. Women college students who are career oriented are likely to
a. marry at a later time in life.
b. marry at a younger age.
c. experience identity achievement.
d. date more in college than those women who are not career oriented.
58. Research on the identity crisis has shown that

a. attending college speeds up its resolution.
b. attending college delays its resolution.
c. most people never experience it.
d. people who do not resolve it well do not go on to the next stage.
59. Generativity in middle age correlates positively with

a. income. c. wisdom.
b. ego integrity. d. power and intimacy motivation.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Research on Erikson’s Theory
60. College may delay the resolution of the ____.

a. generativity crisis. c. identity crisis
b. resolution stage d. formation crisis
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Research on Erikson’s Theory
61. Erikson's theory has been criticized because it is
a. irrelevant to the lives of average persons.
b. unable to generate research.
c. incomplete in its description of the last stage of maturity.
d. of more value in the laboratory than the clinic.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Reflections on Erikson’s Theory
62. In response to charges that his concepts are ambiguous and poorly defined, Erikson cited
a. numerous supporters who refuted these charges.
b. his growing influence and fame.
c. the basic impossibility of ever understanding personality.
d. his artistic temperament and lack of formal training in science.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Reflections on Erikson’s Theory
63. One of Erikson's most important contributions to personality theory is his concept of
a. organ inferiority.
b. traits as the building blocks of personality.
c. archetypes of the unconscious.
d. personality development across the lifespan.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Reflections on Erikson’s Theory
TRUE/FALSE
1. Erikson’s theory of personality development involves a series of personal constructs and

ego-idealizations.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development
2. Erikson argued that we are not entirely governed by innate biological factors at work in the stages of
development, although they are relatively important.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development
3. Personality development is affected by both biological and social factors, or both personal and
situational variables.
4. Basic strengths are interdependent; these strengths cannot develop until the strengths associated with
the previous stages have been confirmed.
5. Autonomy versus shame is associated with the locomotor-genital stage, which occurs between the
ages of three to five.

6. The basic strength called purpose should be realized during the muscular-anal stage, which is
characterized by Autonomy versus Doubt and Shame.
7. According to Erikson, in the latency stage of psychosocial development the child's growing powers of
deductive reasoning and the ability to play by rules lead to the deliberate refinement of the skills
displayed in building things.
8. The stage of maturity indicated by Erikson as Generativity versus Stagnation is usually when a person
might resolve the crisis of his basic ego identity.
9. A person who fails to achieve a cohesive identity will experience a confusion of their roles and thus
will have an identity crisis.
10. The basic strength that emerges from intimacy of the young adult years is love.
11. Erikson believed that all institutions - whether business, government, social service, or
academic-related - provide opportunities for us to express ego integrity.
12. Care is the basic strength that emerges from generativity in adulthood.
13. Rather than just reflecting on the past, Erikson believed older people must remain active, be vital
participants in life, while seeking challenges and stimulation from their environment.
14. The basic strength associated with the final stage of maturity and old age is hope.
15. Erikson's theory allows for optimism and the possibility for a positive outcome in each stage of
personality development.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Questions about Human Nature

ESSAY
1. Erikson is best known for his eight stages of psychosocial development. Choose one stage and (A)
identify when this stage occurs, (B) give a general description of a positive and negative development
of this stage, and (C) describe and give a real-life example of a positive and a negative conclusion by
the end of this stage.
ANS:
Trust versus Autonomy through about the first year. A period marked by the mother-child bond in
which there can be excellent bonding and nurturance or no bonding and little affection between the
child and the mother. This can create life-long bonding issues and acceptance of self-worth issues. If
this phase is not successfully negotiated and resolved, the phase will continue in either a positive or
negative way to relationships in and outside of the family.
PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development
2. To minimize life's confusion, adolescents often idolize and over-identify with a teacher, a television or
motion picture star, an athlete, or even a friend. Was there someone in your adolescent years you
idolized, or at least patterned your life after at that particular time? Why or why not? Was this
over-identification helpful? Harmful? Was this relationship encouraging, sincere, and genuine; which
encompasses the basic strength of fidelity, according to Erikson?
ANS:
This happens during the Identity Cohesion versus Role Confusion phase where models are crucial to
how we identify life models for our own lives. If an adolescent models after a very bizarre and
non-relational person, they may have difficulty forming healthy relationships and personal
commitments with others. If the identification is personable, sociable, and enjoyable, then chances are
that their relationships, in general, will be more complete and healthy.
3. Compare and contrast Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development with Freud's
oral stage of psychosexual development, which both theorists believe occurs during the first year of
life. What are two areas in which these theories are similar and what are two areas in which they
appear to be dissimilar?
ANS:
Obviously, the two stages are very similar in that Erikson believed in Freud's Oral stage of
psychosexual development, but put this into a nurturance perspective rather than a sexual phase.
Erikson also emphasized the trust bond between the mother and child, but non-sexually.

Test Bank for Theories of Personality, 10th Edition : Schultz
4. Explain the differences between the first four stages of psychosocial development and the last four
stages. Give a real-life example for each of these stages.
ANS:
1. The first four stages emphasize nurturance and bonding with parents.
2. The last four stages identify how we use this bonding and nurturance with our parents and with
significant others in our later lives.
3. While the first four stages are crucially tied to physical and mental development, the last four
stages are more concerned with physical and mental faculties.
5. Give a real-life example of a person who is having an identity crisis. What kind of role confusion
would this person have? What would this person need to do to have a positive identity, rather than a
negative identity?
ANS:
Mary is unsure what major she should choose in college. All her life she has excelled in athletics, but
she now has an injury which prevents her from continuing the skills she has learned, physically. In
order to be successful in college, she will need to redirect her energies towards a less physical and
more mentally-focused major or she may feel like she is a failure in life.
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1. Erikson placed more emphasis on the ____ than Freud did.

2. Erikson believed personality develops

4. Erikson's childhood and youth was characterized by

6. Erikson once worked

7. Erikson studied each of the following groups except

9. Erikson included all of the following in his theory of personality except

11. Erikson's epigenetic principle of maturation

12. Erikson believed that development is mainly affected by

14. Erikson divided personality growth into

16. The conflicts in the developmental stages

17. If a conflict at one stage cannot be resolved, then a person will

18. At each stage of psychosocial development,

20. The locomotor-genital conflict (age 3-5) involves

21. Identity cohesion or role confusion appears at ages

26. Fidelity means

28. Which is a positive outcome in the intimacy versus isolation stage?

30. In the stage of intimacy versus isolation, a person may prefer to

36. Erikson’s depiction of emotional difficulties in middle age is similar to

40. Ego integrity involves

41. Older people should seek

44. Malignancies develop when

46. Erikson believes that basic strengths are

47. Failure to adapt at one developmental stage

48. Erikson's most unusual assessment technique is

49. Erikson's use of psychohistorical analysis included such figures as

50. Erikson's primary assessment technique was

51. Erikson's primary research method was

52. In his study of play constructions, Erikson believed he saw

54. Studies of ego identity show that

58. Research on the identity crisis has shown that

59. Generativity in middle age correlates positively with

60. College may delay the resolution of the ____.

1. Erikson’s theory of personality development involves a series of personal constructs and

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Questions about Human Nature

PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

PTS: 1 REF: Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development

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