Test Bank for Western Civilization, 9th Edition

Test Bank for Western Civilization, 9th Edition

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CHAPTER 8—EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, 750-
1000

ESSAY

1. To what extent was the Carolingian world a continuation of the past, and to what extent did it represent
change and innovation?

ANS:

2. Of what significance was the Carolingian intellectual renaissance to western European civilization?

ANS:

3. To what extent did the Catholic Church alter Germanic practices in regard to family, sexuality, and
children?

ANS:

4. How did Viking raids and settlements impact the development of medieval Europe?

ANS:

5. What conditions led to the development of feudalism in the Middle Ages, and in what ways did
feudalism give stability and order to the medieval West?

ANS:

6. Does the phrase "Middle Ages" overlook that which was unique about this phase of Western
Civilization, treating these centuries only as an interlude between other times of greater significance
and originality?

ANS:

7. In what ways is Byzantine civilization during the ninth and tenth centuries worthy of the title "zenith
of Byzantine civilization"?

ANS:

8. Describe the conversion to Christianity of the various peoples of Eastern Europe, including a
discussion about the responsibilities of Rome and of Constantinople in that process.

ANS:
 9. Discuss the changing relations between Islam and the Byzantine Empire between 750 and 1000.

ANS:

10. Compare and contrast Islamic civilization with the civilization of Western Europe in the ninth and
tenth centuries. How did they mutually affect one another?

ANS:

11. Was European civilization from 750 to 1000 characterized more by continuity or change?

ANS:

IDENTIFICATIONS

1. Pepin

ANS:

2. Charlemagne

ANS:

3. Einhard

ANS:

4. margraves and counts

ANS:

5. missi dominici

ANS:

6. scriptoria

ANS:

7. clerical celibacy
 ANS:

8. monogamy

ANS:

9. nuclear family

ANS:

10. Carolingian Renaissance

ANS:

11. Alcuin of York

ANS:

12. Carolingian minuscule

ANS:

13. mandrake, henbane, and bleeding

ANS:

14. Louis the Pious

ANS:

15. Treaty of Verdun

ANS:

16. Magyars

ANS:

17. the Battle of Lechfeld

ANS:
 18. Vikings

ANS:

19. Danelaw

ANS:

20. Normandy

ANS:

210. feudalism

ANS:

22. lords, vassals, and vassalage

ANS:

23. the stirrup

ANS:

24. knights

ANS:

25. fief

ANS:

26. subinfeudation

ANS:

27. dux

ANS:
28. Otto I

ANS:

29. Hugh Capet

ANS:

30. Alfred the Great

ANS:

31. manorialism

ANS:

32. serfs

ANS:

33. demesne

ANS:

34. tithe

ANS:

35. Photian schism

ANS:

36. Macedonian emperors

ANS:

37. Slavs

ANS:

38. Orthodox Christianity

 ANS:

39. Cyril and Methodius

ANS:

40. Slavonic/Cyrillic alphabet

ANS:

41. Varangians

ANS:

42. Rurik

ANS:

43. the Rus

ANS:

44. Kiev

ANS:

45. Vladimir

ANS:

46. Umayyad

ANS:

47. Abbasids

ANS:

48. Baghdad

ANS:
 49. Harun al-Rashid

ANS:

50. Cordoba

ANS:

51. algebra and the astrolabe

ANS:

52. Avicenna

ANS:

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The percentage of European land cultivated in the Early Middle Ages is estimated at
a. less than 10 percent.
b. slightly more than 20 percent.
c. 35 percent.
d. 50 percent.
e. slightly more than 75 percent.
ANS: A REF: p. 210

2. In the Early Middle Ages, the cultivation of new land was hard for all of the following reasons except
a. the heavy soils of northern Europe were difficult to plow.
b. climatic changes, including colder temperatures, shortened growing seasons.
c. crude tools of the era made land clearing arduous.
d. German tribes traditionally considered trees sacred and resisted cutting them down.
e. a and c
ANS: B REF: p. 210

3. In the early Middle Ages,

a. a large population was sustained by a thriving trading economy.
b. a small population subsisted on a limited agricultural economy.
c. a large population relied on an expanding agricultural economy.
d. a small population lived primary in cities.
e. a large population experienced economic surplus and high life expectancy.
ANS: B REF: p. 210

4. The first Frankish king to be anointed in holy ceremony by an agent of the pope was
a. Zacharias.
b. Charlemagne.
 c. Charles Martel.
d. Pepin.
e. Louis the Pious.
ANS: D REF: p. 210

5. Who wrote The Life of Charlemagne, an account of Charlemagne’s achievements?

a. Notker the Stammerer.
b. Alcuin of York.
c. Einhard.
d. Charlemagne.
e. Seutonius.
ANS: C REF: p. 211

6. Charlemagne's most disappointing military campaign came against the

a. Basques.
b. Avars.
c. Saxons.
d. Lombards.
e. Ostrogoths.
ANS: A REF: p. 211-212

7. The expansion of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne

a. was carried out with the largest army in history up to its time.
b. was most successful against the German tribes to the east.
c. resulted in the quick destruction of the Saxons.
d. resulted in the conquest of all of Europe except for Italy.
e. succeeded in capturing most of Spain from the Moors.
ANS: B REF: p. 211-212

8. The missi dominici were officials that Charlemagne used to

a. administer the palace school at Aachen.
b. review the liturgy for errors.
c. ensure his counts were following his wishes.
d. kill prisoners of war not deemed fit for redemption.
e. patrol dangerous border districts.
ANS: C REF: p. 212

9. The coronation of Charlemagne in 800 as emperor of the Romans

a. was performed by Pope Zacharias I.
b. was defended by the Donation of Constantine.
c. symbolized the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures.
d. greatly pleased the new emperor who had long coveted this office.
e. was approved beforehand by the Byzantine Emperor.
ANS: C REF: p. 213-214

10. The Carolingian monks

a. were known for the production of scriptoria, a type of paper.
b. preserved the works of Classical Latin authors through their copying of manuscripts.
c. were best known for their hospitality to travelers.
d. rejected education in favor of a life of contemplation and prayer.
 e. fought in the armies of Charlemagne and his successors.
ANS: B REF: p. 215

11. Charlemagne's Carolingian Renaissance was characterized by

a. outstanding creativity and original thought.
b. illuminated manuscripts written in Merovingian cursive script.
c. the works of Alcuin, who rejected all Classical educational ideals.
d. a preference for Greek over German.
e. looking to Italy for inspiration and keeping the Classical heritage alive.
ANS: E REF: p. 214-215

12. The Carolingian scholar Alcuin is best noted for

a. helping to lay the foundation for medieval education.
b. his influential views on the "indissoluble nature" of marriage.
c. his emphasis on Frankish languages over classical Latin.
d. preaching against the lazy monastic orders.
e. his opposition to celibacy.
ANS: A REF: p. 215

13. Initially, the greatest effect of the church on Frankish marriage

a. was to make it one of the sacraments.
b. was to limit sexual license and concubinage.
c. emphasized the indissolubility of marriage.
d. prohibited the marriage of priests.
e. encouraged warriors, but not peasants, to have multiple wives.
ANS: B REF: p. 215-16

14. Regarding sexuality, the Catholic Church in the Early Middle Ages
a. was unable to enforce clerical celibacy.
b. accepted the practice of homosexuality, but only between adults.
c. accepted sex for the purpose of pleasure within marriage only.
d. endorsed the practice of abortion to limit the number of children.
e. discouraged marriage because it weakened the spiritual practices of Christians.
ANS: A REF: p. 215

15. Socially and culturally, the church's advocacy of indissoluble marriage resulted in
a. more bachelors who never married.
b. the development of the nuclear family at the expense of the extended family.
c. a great proportion of widows in communities.
d. the birth of fewer children in medieval times.
e. an rapid increase in Europe's population.
ANS: B REF: p. 215

16. In the Middle Ages, monastic hospitality to travelers was

a. forbidden because monks were to be secluded from any contact with the outside world.
b. offered occasionally, but only with royal permission.
c. offered occasionally, but only with the permission of the abbot.
d. offered to men but not to women, as the latter were potentially too sexually threatening to
the celibate monks.
e. a sacred duty.
 ANS: E REF: p. 217

17. The staple food in the Carolingian diet was

a. bread.
b. fish.
c. beef.
d. pork.
e. vegetables.
ANS: A REF: p. 217

18. Which of the following was a similarity between Christian and pagan medical practices in the Early
Middle Ages?
a. Both relied heavily on primitive surgery.
b. In both periods, magical rites, charms, and amulets were used.
c. Anesthesia was unknown in both eras.
d. Medical training was unknown in both periods.
e. Neither believed in divine intervention in healing.
ANS: B REF: p. 218-219

19. Carolingian society was marked by all of the following except

a. the use of bleeding to cure illness.
b. a total disinterest in bodily cleanliness.
c. different patterns of consumption of foodstuffs among rich and poor.
d. the vices of gluttony and drunkenness.
e. considerable violence.
ANS: B REF: p.218

20. The Treaty of Verdun in 843

a. established peace with the Spanish caliphate.
b. divided the Carolingian empire.
c. reunited the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
d. created the Papal States.
e. ceded land to a party of Vikings.
ANS: B REF: p. 219

21. After the death of Louis the Pious

a. Muslim forces captured eastern German lands.
b. an incessant struggle between Louis the German, Charles the Bald, and their heirs over
disputed territories weakened the Carolingian word.
c. two centuries of relative calm began.
d. Lothar eventually emerged as the ruler of a united Europe.
e. the papacy gained political control over German lands.
ANS: B REF: p. 220

22. The most successful Muslim raids in the ninth century occurred in
a. northern Italy.
b. the western Frankish territories.
c. Sicily.
d. central Europe.
e. the Isle de France.
 ANS: C REF: p. 220

23. The Magyars

a. helped end Muslim expansion in northern Spain.
b. were originally from western Asia.
c. won their most successful victory at the battle of Lechfeld against German troops.
d. were wiped out as a people in the tenth century for their rejection of Christianity.
e. became Muslims.
ANS: B REF: p. 220-221

24. The Swedish Vikings tended to concentrate on conquests and trade in

a. Spain
b. Russia
c. Scotland
d. France
e. Ireland
ANS: B REF: p. 222

25. One of the most famous Vikings, who discovered Greenland, was
a. Leif Erikson.
b. Erik the Red.
c. Olaf the Bald.
d. Wilbur the Swede.
e. Ivar the Boneless.
ANS: B REF: p. 223

26. In Western Europe, the chief political repercussion of frequent Viking raids was
a. the strengthening of centralized royal authority.
b. an increase in the power of the church.
c. an increase in the power of local aristocrats to whom threatened populations turned for
effective protection.
d. a decline in the power of local aristocrats whose inability to stop the raids drove ordinary
people into royal cities.
e. an increase in monasticism.
ANS: C REF: p. 223-224

27. In feudal Europe, a vassal was a man who

a. was in the Church as a monk, priest, or bishop.
b. farmed his own land and lived his own life.
c. served another as a warrior.
d. wandered the roads begging for his bread.
e. had been banned from a territory for life.
ANS: C REF: p. 224

28. In feudal Europe, a serf was a man who

a. farmed his own land and possessed a wide range of personal freedoms.
b. wandered the roads begging for his living.
c. was a slave owned by a priest.
d. owed military service to a lord in return for land.
e. was bound to the land as a farmer.
 ANS: E REF: p. 228

29. The lord-vassal relationship in the Germanic practice of medieval Europe

a. marked a complete separation from the German traditions of lordship and loyalty.
b. meant fiefs could never become hereditary.
c. was a direct form of servitude.
d. was an honorable relationship between free men.
e. was a relationship between warriors and peasants.
ANS: D REF: p. 225

30. In feudal Europe, a manor was

a. a wheeled plow used to turn heavy clay soils.
b. a light chain mail vest, worn over a hauberk.
c. a traditional way of cultivating relationships between ruler and ruled.
d. an agricultural estate owned by a lord and worked by peasants.
e. a polite way of treating a man of low birth.
ANS: D REF: p. 237

31. Under feudalism of the Early Middle Ages

a. the major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to provide military service.
b. a vassal was not required to provide legal assistance at his lord's court.
c. a lord has no formal responsibilities toward his vassals.
d. there was no outlet for the breaking of the bond between lord and vassal.
e. lords and vassals were entirely independent of one another.
ANS: A REF: p. 224

32. The German monarchy was restored in 919 when the German dukes elected Henry the Fowler, Duke
of
a. Bavaria.
b. Swabia.
c. Franconia.
d. Naples.
e. Saxony.
ANS: E REF: p. 226

33. In 987, the Western Frankish nobility met and elected which of the following as their king,
contributing to the formation of a new dynasty to rule France for centuries?
a. Louis the Pious
b. Conrad of Franconia
c. Hugh Capet
d. Charles of Navarre
e. Philip of Valois
ANS: C REF: p. 226

34. Among Otto I's more successful actions that clearly benefited the kingship of Germany was
a. his creation and effective government of a new "Roman Empire" with the aid of the
eastern Slavs.
b. refusing to employ high church officials as royal administrators.
c. defeat of the Magyars at the battle of Lechfeld in 955 and Christianization of eastern
Europe.
 d. his conversion to Orthodox Christianity.
e. all the above
ANS: C REF: p. 226

35. The English king who helped establish a unified Anglo-Saxon monarchy by defeating the Danish army
was
a. Hugh Capet.
b. Alfred the Great.
c. King Edgar.
d. Conrad of Franconia.
e. Edward the Confessor.
ANS: B REF: p. 227

36. The economic structure of the Early Middle Ages

a. saw feudalism replace manorialism.
b. saw nearly the entire free peasant class become serfs.
c. was underdeveloped and predominantly agricultural.
d. witnessed the complete disintegration of trade.
e. had silver coins replace gold coinage.
ANS: C REF: p. 228

37. Manorialism
a. marked an end to the fief-holding system of the Early Middle Ages.
b. was an economic system based upon landed estates.
c. brought about a rejuvenated increase in European slavery.
d. devastated the social mobility of the lowest classes in European society.
e. ended with the Viking invasions.
ANS: B REF: p. 228

38. Which of the following statements were true of trade during the Early Middle Ages?
a. During the early centuries of the Middle Ages, trade drastically declined.
b. During the sixth and seventh centuries, silk and perfumes were brought from China.
c. By the ninth century, luxury goods were brought in from the Byzantine Empire.
d. all the above
e. a and c
ANS: E REF: p. 228

39. By the early eleventh century, the Byzantine Empire

a. was under the control of the western emperor.
b. had been conquered by the Abbasids.
c. was in terminal decline.
d. had achieved a new brilliance of power and influence under the Macedonians.
e. had finally adopted Catholic Christianity and accepted the leadership of the pope.
ANS: D REF: p. 230

40. The Slavs

a. were originally a single people in central Europe.
b. adopted Roman Catholicism as their sole religion.
c. were completely absorbed by the Bulgars in the ninth century.
d. became bitter enemies of western European rulers for their rigid opposition to Christianity.
 e. all eventually became Russians.
ANS: A REF: p. 232

41. The Poles, Czechs, and Hungarians

a. ignored all efforts of German kings to Christianize them.
b. were united by their cultural links to the Byzantine Empire.
c. were greatly influenced by assimilation into the Catholic church and Latin culture.
d. rejected western Christianity and became increasingly antagonistic toward Christianity.
e. became Orthodox Christians, unlike most of the other Slavic peoples.
ANS: C REF: p. 232

42. The Swedish Vikings⎯the Varangians⎯became assimilated with which of the following groups?
a. Magyars
b. Czechs
c. Armenians
d. Bulgars
e. Slavs
ANS: E REF: p. 233

43. The Slavic people of the Rus were best known for
a. their defeat of Rurik, head of the Swedish Vikings, in 862.
b. their preoccupation with cleanliness.
c. their unflinching loyalty to the Roman Catholic church.
d. founding the state that became known as Russia.
e. their monastic tradition and practice of celibacy.
ANS: D REF: p. 233

44. The ruthless Russian leader responsible for tying Russian political and religious ideals to the
Byzantine Empire was
a. Oleg.
b. Vladimir.
c. Prince Mieszko.
d. Rurik.
e. Ivan.
ANS: B REF: p. 233

45. Which of the following is not an accurate characteristic of Islamic civilization in the eighth and ninth
centuries?
a. The Arabs were heirs to the Greco-Roman culture of the Roman Empire.
b. Men and women were equally dominant in Muslim society.
c. The Muslims created a brilliant urban culture.
d. Arabic became a truly international tongue.
e. Muslims employed unique decorative art because their religion prohibited the making of
graven images.
ANS: B REF: p. 235

46. The Arabic name for Spain was

a. Córdoba.
b. al-Andalus.
c. al-jabr.
 d. Berber.
e. al-Hakim.
ANS: B REF: p. 235

47. After Constantinople, Europe's largest city was

a. Rome.
b. Paris.
c. London.
d. Lisbon.
e. Cordoba.
ANS: E REF: p. 235

48. The capital of the Abbasid caliphate during the high point of Islamic culture was the city of
a. Mecca.
b. Medina.
c. Istanbul.
d. Damascus.
e. Baghdad.
ANS: E REF: p. 234

49. The best -known of the Abbasid caliphs was

a. al-Ma'mun.
b. Ibn Fadlan.
c. Abu al-Abbas.
d. al-Mas'udi.
e. Harun al-Rashid.
ANS: E REF: p. 234

50. The Abbasids

a. chose all officials exclusively from the Arabic community.
b. translated the Qur'an into Persian, making it the official language of Islam.
c. ruled Spain from Córdoba.
d. broke down the distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims.
e. ruled as partners with the Umayyad dynasty.
ANS: D REF: p. 234

TRUE/FALSE

1. Climatic patterns improved around 700 after several centuries of colder and wetter conditions.

ANS: T REF: p. 210

2. The premier scholar in Charlemagne's court was Alcuin of York.

ANS: T REF: p. 215

3. In the Early Middle Ages, books were written on sheepskin, as papyrus was too expensive to be
imported from Egypt, then under Muslim control.

ANS: T REF: p. 214

Test Bank for Western Civilization, 9th Edition

4. In the Early Middle Ages, the Catholic Church condemned infanticide as immoral and a sin, and
because of the powerful position of the church in medieval society, the practice of the killing of infants
disappeared.

ANS: F REF: p. 216

5. In the early tenth century the French king granted the lands around mouth of the River Seine to a band
of Vikings or Norsemen, and eventually that region became known as Normandy.

ANS: T REF: p. 223

6. A vassal's primary loyalty was to the local church bishop rather than his secular lord.

ANS: F REF: p. 224

7. When Hugh Capet became king of France, he immediately consolidated and centralized his rule by
quickly bringing under his firm control the previously powerful semi-independent lords.

ANS: F REF: p. 226

8. The lord's demesne on a medieval manor consisted of the common lands of the estate where the
peasants and serfs had the right to graze their own domestic animals, hunt wild game, and gather wood
and other natural items.

ANS: F REF: p. 228

9. Muslims contributed little of importance in mathematics or philosophy, because of their refusal to

draw on the texts and learning of other civilizations.

ANS: F REF: p. 235

10. An independent Umayyad dynasty survived in Spain until 1453.

ANS: F REF: p. 234

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