10 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

Example 2:

{ |0 24}
{ |0 }

Example 3: $8 00
30

[0 30]
{0 2 00 4 00 238 00 240 00}

7.

8. [ 2 2]

[ 1 2]

9. [ 3 2]

[ 3 2) [ 1 3]

10. = 0 ±1 ±2

11. = 1950 13 8 C 13 8 C

= 14 2 C 1990

= 1910 13 5 C = 2005 14 5 C [13 5 14 5]

12. 0 mm 1 6 mm [0 1 6]

13.

°
 SECTION 1.1 FOUR WAYS TO REPRESENT A FUNCTION 11

14. 100 15
19 23

15. 500 MW =6
= 18 730 MW

=4 4
= 12

16. 17.

18. 19.

20. 21.

°
12 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

22.

23.

24.

g dL

2
25. ( )=3 +2

(2) = 3(2)2 2 + 2 = 12 2 + 2 = 12

( 2) = 3( 2)2 ( 2) + 2 = 12 + 2 + 2 = 16
2
( )=3 +2

( ) = 3( )2 ( )+2 =3 2
+ +2

( + 1) = 3( + 1)2 ( + 1) + 2 = 3( 2
+ 2 + 1) 1+2 =3 2
+6 +3 +1=3 2
+5 +4
2 2
2 ( ) = 2 · ( ) = 2(3 + 2) = 6 2 +4

(2 ) = 3(2 )2 (2 ) + 2 = 3(4 2 ) 2 + 2 = 12 2
2 +2

°
 SECTION 1.1 FOUR WAYS TO REPRESENT A FUNCTION 13

( 2 ) = 3( 2 )2 ( 2 ) + 2 = 3( 4
) 2
+2=3 4 2
+2
2
[ ( )]2 = 3 2
+2 = 3 2
+2 3 2
+2
4 3 2 3 2 2 4 3 2
=9 3 +6 3 + 2 +6 2 +4=9 6 + 13 4 +4

( + ) = 3( + )2 ( + ) + 2 = 3( 2
+2 + 2
) +2=3 2
+6 +3 2
+2

26. +1 ( + 1) = 4
3
( + 1)3 = 4
3
( 3
+3 2
+ 3 + 1)

+1
4 3 2 4 3 4 2
( + 1) ( )= 3
( +3 + 3 + 1) 3
= 3
(3 + 3 + 1)

2
27. ( ) = 4+3 (3 + ) = 4 + 3(3 + ) (3 + )2 = 4 + 9 + 3 (9 + 6 + 2
)=4 3 2

2
(3 + ) (3) (4 3 ) 4 ( 3 )
= = = 3

3
28. ( )= ( + ) = ( + )3 = 3
+3 2
+3 2
+ 3

3 2 2 3 3 2 2
( + ) ( ) ( +3 +3 + ) (3 +3 + ) 2 2
= = =3 +3 +

1 1
( ) ( ) 1( ) 1
29. = = = = =
( ) ( )

+3 +3 2( + 1)
2
( ) (1) +1 +1 +3 2 2
30. = = =
1 1 1 ( + 1)( 1)
+1 ( 1) 1
= = =
( + 1)( 1) ( + 1)( 1) +1

2 2
31. ( ) = ( + 4) ( 9) 0= 9 0 = ( + 3)( 3) = 3 3

{ | 6= 3 3} = ( 3) ( 3 3) (3 )

3 2 2
32. ( ) = (2 5) ( + 6) 0= + 6 0 = ( + 3)( 2)

= 3 2 { | 6= 3 2} = ( 3) ( 3 2) (2 )

33. ()= 2 1 () ()

( )

34. ()= 3 2+ 3 0 3 2+ 0 2

2 3 [ 2 3]

2 2
35. ( )=1 2 5 5 0 ( 5) 0 5 6= 0

( 5) 0 5

( 0) (5 )

°
14 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

+1 1 1
36. ( )= + 1 6= 0 6= 1 1+ 6= 0 1+ =0
1 +1 +1
1+
+1
1
= 1 1= 1 = 2 { | 6= 2 6= 1} = ( 2) ( 2 1) ( 1 )
+1

37. ( )= 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2
0 4 [0 4]

2 2 2 2
38. ( )= 4 2 = 4 2 =4 + =4
2
2 2
|4 0 = |4 ={ |2 | |} = [ 2 2]

0 2 [0 2]

39. ( )=16 24

( ) f 16 y 24

2
1 ( + 1)( 1)
40. ()= = = 1 + 1 6= 0 6= 1
+1 +1
1

( 1) ( 1 ) 1 1

= 1

+2 0
41. ( )=
1 0

( 3) = 3+2 = 1 (0) = 1 0=1 (2) = 1 2= 1

1
3 2
2
42. ( )=
2 5 2
1 9 1
( 3) = 3 2
( 3) = 2
(0) = 3 2
(0) =3
(2) = 2(2) 5= 1

+1 1
43. ( )= 2
1

( 3) = 3+1 = 2 (0) = 02 = 0 (2) = 22 = 4

°
 SECTION 1.1 FOUR WAYS TO REPRESENT A FUNCTION 15

1 1
44. ( )=
7 2 1

( 3) = 1 (0) = 1 (2) = 7 2(2) = 3

0
45. | | =
0

2 0
( )= +| |=
0 0

=2 0 =0 0

+2 +2 0
46. ( ) = | + 2| =
( + 2) +2 0

+2 2
=
2 2

1 3 1 3 0
47. ( ) = |1 3 |=
(1 3) 1 3 0
1
1 3 3
= 1
3 1 3

0
48. | | =
0

+1 +1 0 +1 1
| + 1| = =
( + 1) +1 0 1 1

+ ( + 1) 0 2 +1 0
( ) = | | + | + 1| = + ( + 1) 1 0 = 1 1 0
+( 1) 1 2 1 1

°
16 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

| | | | 1
49. ( )= =| |
1 | | 1

1 1 =1 1 1

1 1
1 0
f ( )=
0 1
1 1

| | 1 | | 1 0
50. ( )= | | 1 =
(| | 1) | | 1 0

| | 1 | | 1
=
| |+1 | | 1

1 | | 1 0 1 1
1 | | 1 0 1 1
= =
+1 | | 1 0 +1 0 1
( )+1 | | 1 0 +1 1 0

2 1
51. ( 1 1) ( 2 2) =
2 1

1 = ( 1) (1 3) (5 7)
7 ( 3) 5
= ( 3) = 52 ( 1) ( )= 5
2
11
2
1 5
5 1 2

10 10 5
52. ( 5 10) (7 10) =
7 ( 5) 3
5 5 5
10 = 3
[ ( 5)] ( )= 3
+ 3
5 7

53. +( 1)2 = 0 ( 1)2 = 1=±

=1±
( )=1 0

2
54. +( 2)2 = 4 ( 2)2 = 4 2
2=± 4 2 =2± 4 2

( )=2+ 4 2 2 2

55. 0 3 1 3 = +3 3 5
2 (3 0) 0 = 2( 3) =2 6
+3 0 3
( )=
2 6 3 5

3 3
56. 4 2 2
( 2 0) 0= 2
[ ( 2)]
3
= 2
3 2 2 (0 0) 2

°
 SECTION 1.1 FOUR WAYS TO REPRESENT A FUNCTION 17

2 2 2 3
+ =4 = 4 2 4 2

(2 0) 0 = 32 ( 2) = 3
2
3

3
2
3 4 2
( )= 4 2 2 2
3
2
3 2 4

57. 2 +2 = 20 =
20 2 2
= = 10 ( ) = (10 ) = 10
2
0 10 5 10

58. = 16 = 16
=2 +2 ( ) = 2 + 2(16 ) = 2 + 32 0
4

59.
2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 3
+ 2
= = 4
= 4
= 2

2
= 12 ( )( ) ( ) = 12 ( ) 2
3
= 4
3
0

60.

=2 = =6 6 = (2 )

2 6 3 3
6=2 = 2
= 2
= ( )= 2
2

61. 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2= =2 = +4 ( )= + 4 (2 )= + (8 )
0
2
1 1 2
62. = + 2 2
= +
8
1 1
=2 + + 2
= 10 2 = 10 2
= 14 (20 2 )
2
20 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 +4
( )= + =5 2 4
+ 8
=5 8 8
=5
4 8 8
0 0 0 2 0

1 20 20
10 2
0 20 2 + 0
2+ 2+

63. = 20 2 = 12 2 =
2 3 2
( ) = (20 2 )(12 2 )( ) = 4(10 )(6 )( ) = 4 (60 16 + )=4 64 + 240
0 20 2 0 10
0 12 2 0 6 0 0 6

°
18 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

64.

35 0 400
( )=
35 + 0 10( 400) 400

65.

10(50 ) 0 50
( )= 0 50 100
10( 100) 100

66. 1200 kWh ( ) = 10 + 0 06

1200 kWh
( ) = 10 + 0 06(1200) + 0 07( 1200) = 82 + 0 07( 1200)

10 + 0 06 0 1200
( )=
82 + 0 07( 1200) 1200

67. $14 000 $4000 10%($4000) = $400

$26 000 $16 000

10%($10 000) + 15%($6000) = $1000 + $900 = $1900

(10 000 0) (20 000 1000)

20 000

(20 000 1000)

(30 000 2500)

68.

69.

°
 SECTION 1.1 FOUR WAYS TO REPRESENT A FUNCTION 19

70.

neither

71. (5 3)

( 5 3)

(5 3)

( 5 3)

72.
180

2
73. ( )= 2
74. ( )= 4
+1 +1

( )= = = = ( ) ( )2 2

( )2 + 1 2 +1 2 +1 ( )= = = ( )
( )4 +1 4 +1
( )= ( ) ( )= ( )

75. ( )= ( )= = 76. ( )= | |
+1 +1 1
( ) ( ) ( )=( )| |=( )| | = ( | |)
= ( )
( )= ( )

°
20 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

2 4 3 5
77. ( )=1+3 78. ( )=1+3
( ) = 1+3( )2 ( )4 = 1+3 2 4
= ( ) ( ) = 1 + 3( )3 ( )5 = 1 + 3( 3
) ( 5
)
( )= ( ) 3 5
=1 3 +

( ) ( )

79. ( )= ( ) ( )= ( )
( + )( )= ( )+ ( ) = ( ) + ( ) = ( + )( ) + even

( )= ( ) ( )= ( )
( + )( )= ( )+ ( )= ( )+[ ( )] = [ ( ) + ( )] = ( + )( ) + odd

( + )( )= ( )+ ( ) = ( )+[ ( )] = ( ) ( )
( + )( ) ( + )( ) + neither
+ odd + even

80. ( )= ( ) ( )= ( )
( )( )= ( ) ( )= ( ) ( )=( )( ) even

( )= ( ) ( )= ( )
( )( )= ( ) ( )=[ ( )][ ( )] = ( ) ( ) = ( )( ) even

( )( )= ( ) ( ) = ( )[ ( )] = [ ( ) ( )] = ( )( ) odd

1.2 Mathematical Models: A Catalog of Essential Functions

1. ( ) = log2

( )= =4
3
2
( )= 2
1
2
()=1 1 1 + 2 54 2 quadratic function

( )=5

( ) = sin cos2