8/3/2023

Introduction to AI
ML
Session 14
Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey
sanjiva.dubey@gmail.com

Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

Today’s class
• What is Artificial Intelligence?
• What is ML
• What are its applications in various sectors

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7vVObuIHNg

Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

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What is Artificial Intelligence

(John McCarthy , Basic Questions)

• What is artificial intelligence?

• It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human
intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.
• Yes, but what is intelligence?
• Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. Varying
kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines.

• Isn't there a solid definition of intelligence that doesn't depend on relating it to human
intelligence?
• Not yet. The problem is that we cannot yet characterize in general what kinds of
computational procedures we want to call intelligent. We understand some of the
mechanisms ofDubey
Prof Sanjiva Shankar intelligence and not others. 8/3/2023

Does AI have applications?

• Autonomous planning and scheduling of tasks aboard a
spacecraft
• Beating Gary Kasparov in a chess match
• Steering a driver-less car
• Understanding language
• Robotic assistants in surgery
• Monitoring trade in the stock market to see if insider trading
is going on
Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

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Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

What is AI?
Views of AI fall into four categories:

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally

The textbook advocates "acting rationally“ See video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWmX3pd1f10

Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

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The Turing Test

(Can Machine think? A. M. Turing, 1950)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vs7Lo5MKIws

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_C25CwNlVjA

• Requires
• Natural language
• Knowledge representation
• Automated reasoning
• Machine learning
• (vision, robotics) for full test

Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

What is AI?
• Turing test (1950)
• Requires:
• Natural language
• Knowledge representation
• automated reasoning
• machine learning
• (vision, robotics.) for full test

• Thinking humanly:
• Introspection, the general problem solver (Newell and Simon 1961)
• Cognitive sciences

• Thinking rationally:
• Logic
• Problems: how to represent and reason in a domain

• Acting rationally:
• Agents: Perceive and act
Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

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State of the art AI Examples

• Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997

• Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades

• No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)

• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that
involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people

• NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft

• Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans

• DARPA grand challenge 2003-2005, Robocup

Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

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Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

What is Machine Learning

• Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence
(AI) that provides systems the ability to automatically learn
and improve from experience without being explicitly
programmed.
• Machine learning focuses on the development of computer
programs that can access data and use it learn for themselves.
• Supervised and Unsupervised
• Examples : Image Recognition , speech recognition, Medical
diagnosis, Statistical Arbitrage, Learning associations,
Regression
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukzFI9rgwfU
Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

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Various types of ML

Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

Machine Learning Examples from Day-to-Day Life

1. Virtual Personal Assistants e.g. Siri, Alexa, Google Now , Smart Speakers: Amazon Echo
and Google Home, Smartphones: Samsung Bixby on Samsung S8, Mobile Apps: Google
Allo
2. Predictions while Commuting, e.g. Traffic Predictions
3. Videos Surveillance
4. Social Media Services : e.g. personalizing news feed , People You May Know, Face
Recognition.
5. Email Spam and Malware Filtering
6. Online Customer Support e.g. chatbot
7. Search Engine Result Refining
8. Product Recommendations
9. Online Fraud
Prof Sanjiva ShankarDetection
Dubey 8/3/2023

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Supervised Learning Systems

two pioneers in the field, Tom Mitchell and Michael I. Jordan, have noted, most of the recent
progress in machine learning involves mapping from a set of inputs to a set of outputs. Some
examples:
INPUT X OUTPUT Y APPLICATION
Voice recording Transcript Speech recognition
Historical market data Future market data Trading bots
Photograph Caption Image tagging
Drug chemical properties Treatment efficacy Pharma R&D

Store transaction details Is the transaction fraudulent? Fraud detection

Recipe ingredients Customer reviews Food recommendations

Purchase histories Future purchase behavior Customer retention
Car locations and speed Traffic flow Traffic lights
Faces
Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey Names Face
8/3/2023recognition

AI free sites
• Voiceflow Collaboratively design, prototype and build conversational apps
• https://landbot.io/ No-Code Chatbot Builder

Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023

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Learning pause 2

• Which AI technique will you use for reducing SMOG in Delhi during winter? Write a
scenario, causes and data required to make it work.
•

Prof Sanjiva Shankar Dubey 8/3/2023