Nama: Meiliana Putri Fadilla

NIM : 2201420013
CLASS : Introduction to Linguistic 307

1.What is Phonetics? What is the relationship between Phonetics and Phonology?

Phonetics is the study of production, transmission and reception of speech sounds (Todd,1991)
and Phonetics is A study of speech sounds as sounds in any human language (Lim,1975)

the relationship between phonetics and phonology phonemics or phonology can be illustrated
by famous quotations taken from pike, Kenneth in 1994. Where phonetics gathers the raw
material and phonemics cook it.

2. How many types of Phonetics are there? Elaborate your answer.

a. Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech sound are produced by human speech
apparatus
b. Acoustic phonetics is the study of how speech sound are transmitted or distributive
c. Auditory phonetics is how the listener receive and understand the sound

3. In relation to question #2, which type of Phonetics are you learning? Elaborate your
answer.

the type of phonetics I learned is Articulatory phonetics because we must know in advance
how speech sounds can be produced using speech organs that exist in the human body especially
the manner and the place of speech sound.

4. In Phonetics (and Phonology), we need phonetic transcription as well as phonetic

alphabets. Why?

Phonetic transcription may be used to transcribe the phonemes of a language, or it may go

further and specify their precise phonetic realization. phonetic transcription makes it possible to
show pronunciation with something much nearer to a one-to-one relationship between sound and
symbol than is possible with the language's orthography. Phonetic transcription allows one to
step outside orthography, examine differences in pronunciation between dialects within a given
language and identify changes in pronunciation that may take place over time.
5. What is articulator?

any vocal organ that takes part in the production of a speech sound. Such organs are of two
types: those that can move, such as the tongue, lips, etc ( active articulators), and those
that remain fixed, such as the teeth, the hard palate, etc ( passive articulators)

6. What speech organs are involved in producing English sounds? List them.

-There are 7 main articulators (Roach. 1991) - 3 other things of articulator (Roach. 1991)

1.The Pharynx 1. The larynx

2. The Velum 2. the jaw
3. Hard Plate 3. the nose and the nasal cavity
4. The Alveolar ridge
5. The Tongue
6. The Teeth
7. The Lips

7. What types of sounds are there in English? What are the bases for the classification?

These are divided into three types. They are

a.Vowels: These are the sounds which are pronounced without any obstruction.
b.Consonants: These are the sounds pronounced with some kind of obstruction.
c.Diphthongs: Combination of 2 different vowel sounds gives a diphthong.

8. How do we classify English consonants? Elaborate your answer.

Consonants are usually classified according to place of articulation (the location of the stricture
made in the vocal tract, such as dental, bilabial, or velar), the manner of articulation (the way in
which the obstruction of the airflow is accomplished, as in stops, fricatives, approximants, trills,
taps, and laterals), and the presence or absence of voicing, nasalization, aspiration, or other
phonation.
9. How do we classify English vowels? Elaborate your answer.

From the viewpoint of articulatory phonetics, vowels are classified according to the position
of the tongue and lips and, sometimes, according to whether or not the air is released through the
nose. A high vowel (such as i in “machine” and u in “rule”) is pronounced with the tongue
arched toward the roof of the mouth.

10. How do we classify English diphthongs? Elaborate your answer.

Some are classified in accordance with the movement of the tongue defined in the cardinal
vowel system:

a.opening diphthongs are those in which the second element is a more 'open' vowel than
the first: that is, the tongue ends lower in the mouth
b.conversely, closing diphthongs are those in which the second element is a closer vowel
than the first: that is, the tongue ends higher in the mouth
c. centring diphthongs are those in which the second element is schwa: that is, the tongue
ends in the most 'neutral', or central, position in the mouth

A second classification is by the comparative importance of the different elements:

a.rising diphthongs are those in which the second element seems to be the more important
b. falling diphthongs are those in which the first element seems to be the more important

Diphthongs may also be classified by the extent of the movement of the tongue:

a. wide diphthongs show a larger movement, e.g. from an 'open' vowel to a 'close' one
b. narrow diphthongs show less movement, e.g. from a 'half-close' vowel to a 'close' one