SHORT QUESTIONS

UNIT 1: INDEPENDENCE

1. The French claimed that one territory was theirs, which one? Find it in this map and explain its
geostrategic importance.

Canada and Louisiana. In the middle of the 18th century, most of its forests and plains were still unexplored
areas by Europeans. The French claimed to own them due to the journeys that Samuel de Champlain and
René La Salle had made in the previous century. Samuel de Champlain had set up trading posts on both
sides of the St. Lawrence River and La Salle set another up in the Gulf of Mexico, where now we find the
city of New Orleans. The importance of these territories is based on the fear that Britain had of it belonging
to France. If France sent soldiers to occupy the Mississippi Valley, they would be able to keep the colonists
to the east of the Appalachian Mountains and stop them from moving westwards.

2. King George III wanted to respect the Amerindians, how? What was the reaction of the American
colonists?

In 1763, he issued a proclamation that forbade colonists to settle west of the Appalachians until proper
treaties had been made with the Amerindians. This, and the obligation to pay new taxes on various types
of imports (like sugar or tea), angered the colonists. The government also told them that they had to feed
and find shelter for British soldiers planned to be kept in the colonies.

3. Explain the metaphor “Sleeping dogs”. Who used it and why?

During 17th century, the British government passed some laws and called then “Navigation Acts”. Acts.
These listed certain products called “enumerated commodities” that the colonies were forbidden to export
to any country except England. The colonists used to avoid these laws and started to smuggle. Robert
Walpole (PM) was asked to enforce these trade laws, but he did not want to have trouble with the
independent spirit of the British colonists in America, who he called “sleeping dogs.”

4. “No taxation without representation” is a key phrase to understand American History. Explain.

Americans had claimed the right to elect representatives to decide the taxes they paid, since they found
the Stamp Act to be unfair. Then they insisted that as “freeborn Englishmen” they could be taxed only by
their own colonial assemblies. Americans had no representation in the British Parliament and their ideas
were not taken into account, so they demanded that Parliament had no right to tax them if it did not
represent them.

5. Who were the Minutemen? What is the Boston Tea Party / Massacre?

The Minutemen was a group of 70 American militiamen, farmers and tradesmen barring the British way.
They were given this name because they had promised to take up in arms immediately, ready to go in a
minute, whenever they needed.

The Boston Massacre is an historical event that happened in Boston, on March 5, 1770. There, a Boston
mob and a group of British soldiers exchanged not only angry words, but stones and shots. Lots of people
fell dead or were wounded.

In the Boston Tea Party (December 1773), a group of colonists from Massachusetts boarded British
merchant ships in Boston harbor and threw 342 cases of tea into the sea. This happened because of the
duty on tea that the British government had not removed. As a result, the British were to pass a set of laws
to punish Massachusetts: “Intolerable Acts.”

6. What organism issued the Declaration of Independence? Why?

On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress finally took the step that many Americans believed was
inevitable. It cut all political ties with Britain and declared that “these United Colonies are, and of right
ought to be, free and independent states.” Two days later, on July 4, it issued the Declaration of
Independence. Moreover, after repeating that the colonies were now “free and independent states”, it
officially named them “the United States of America”.

7. One of the signatures in the Declaration is very large. Explain.

The Declaration of Independent was carried out by the Continental Congress. One of the it first members
to sign the Declaration of Independence was John Hancock of Massachusetts. He picked up the pen and
wrote his name in large, clear letters. He said, “large enough for King George to read without spectacles”.
8. Translate the sentence in page 29: “the consent of the governed”.

It can be translated as “el consentimiento de los gobernados”. It is said in the Declaration of Independence
that governments can only justly claim the right to rule if they have the agreement of those they
government. It means that governments should consist of representatives elected by the people.

9. Common Sense is a key text in American History. Elaborate.

Common Sense was written by the Republican, Thomas Paine, in a brilliantly pamphlet. He was one of the
most influential voices calling for American independence and persuaded Americans to make a complete
break with Britain. Common Sense made Paine famous and had an enormous effect on American opinion
by preparing minds for independence. It was read on frontiers farms and on city streets. Officers also read
parts of it to their troops.

10. George Washington, Benjamin Frankling and the Marquis de LaFayette are mentioned, what’s the
role of each one in American Independence?

Benjamin Franklin used the victory at Saratoga to persuade the French government to join in the struggle
against Britain. George Washington led a combined American and French army and they defeated General
Cornwallis at Yorktown. Marquis de Lafayette fought for the right for a new and free society. He served
without pay in the American army and became a major-general on the staff of George Washington. During
the French Revolution he was imprisoned, but in 1824 he returned to America as a hero.

UNIT 2: A NEW NATION

1. Comment this sentence: “In 1783 most American felt more loyalty to their own state tan to the new
United States. They saw themselves as Virginians or New Yorkers rather than Americans” (page 32).
Does the same thing happen today in Spain or in your home country?

I don’t know in the other communities of Spain, but here, in Andalusia, the feeling of loyalty to Andalusia
is bigger than to Spain. Surely there are people who don’t think the same, but I think the vast majority
would put Andalusia before Spain.
2. What was the purpose of the Articles of the Confederation?

The Articles of Confederation is an agreement created during the War of Independence, with the purpose
of getting states to cooperate with one another. Therefore, the states agreed to work together in a national
Congress to which each state sent representatives.

3. What´s the example of the firewood and the chickens? Do you think that´s the case nowadays?

When the War of Independence was over, individual states began to behave more and more like
independent nations. Some set up tax barriers against others. New York placed heavy import duties on
Grewood imported from the neighboring state of Connecticut and on chickens and eggs from another
neighbor, New Jersey. In some places states even began fighting one another to decide the ownership of
particular pieces of frontier land.

4. Imagine you are interpreting a lecture on American History and the term “Constitutional Convention”
comes up. They asked you what that means.

It was a meeting that took place in May 1787, where delegates from each state gathered to talk about
changes in the Articles of Confederation. Finally, they chose George Washington to lead their
discussions.

5. What powers were given to the Federal government by the new Constitution?

The power rule is shared. A federal authority has some of it and the rest is in the hands of local authorities
in the separate regions that make up the country. Taxes, organizing an army, trade, and affairs with other
countries.

6. You hear “Moonshine Whiskey” in a Netflix series. What does it refer to?

In 1794 there was a rebellion called “Whiskey Rebellion”, which is a perfect example of George
Washington’s federal government.

'The main crop grown by farmers in western Pennsylvania was corn. Some of this they made into
whiskey, which they then sold. When the federal government placed a tax on the whiskey the
Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay it. As a rebellion, they burned down the houses of the federal
tax collectors. But Washington was quick to put a stop to this rebellion and sent an army of 15,000
men to support the rights of the federal government. After this there was no more organized
resistance to paying the whiskey tax. But many frontier farmers went on making whiskey that was
never taxed. They made it in stills hidden away in the woods, in places that revenue agents could
not find. Such illegal "moonshine" whiskey-so called because it was often made at night.

7. What´s the purpose of the Bill of Rights?

The Bill of Right was created because the original Constitution had said nothing about the rights and
freedoms of the individual citizens. Then, the Bill of Rights promised all the Americans freedom of religion,
a free press, free speech, the right to carry arms, the right to fair trial by jury, and protection against “cruel”
and unusual punishments.

8. The Northwest Ordinace and the Indian Removal act seems to be contradictory. Explain.

The Northwest Ordinance was supposed to protect Amerindian’s lands and property and to respect their
rights and liberty. In contrast, the Indian Removal Act attempted to move these Amerindians west to from
the Mississippi River to a place called Indian Territory, unsuitable for white farmers. It only wanted to get
rid of them and seize their land.

9. How was “Old Hickory” different from his predecessors?

The other Presidents came from rich families and from long-settled states along the Atlantic coast.
However, Andrew Jackson came from a poor family from the western frontier.

10. The “Trail of Tears” is a dark moment in American History. Elaborate.

In 1838, in a bitterly cold winter weather, American soldiers gathered thousands of Cherokees (men,
women and children) and drove them west. The nightmare journey lasted almost five months. By the time
they had arrived, 4000 of the Amerindians (a quarter of the whole Cherokee nation) were dead.
11. Why is Samuel Slater important? How did he contribute to the US Economy?

At the end of the War of Independence the United States was mainly a land of farmers. They earned its
living by selling food and raw materials to other countries.

In 1789 an English mechanic named Samuel Slater took the Industrial Revolution across the Atlantic to
America. Before leaving England, he memorized the details of the latest English cotton spinning machines.
Then, he carried them in his memory because it was agaist the law to take plans of the machines out of
England. In the US, he went into partnership with Moses Brown and they opened a mill to spin cotton.
Slater built the machinery for the mill from memory, which was a great success.

Thus, he was important because he imports the Industrial Revolution to the United States.

UNIT 3: GOING WEST AND CIVIL WAR

1. “Manifest Destiny” is a key concept to understand Modern America. Find some definitions.

In 1805, four countries claimed to own Oregon: Russia, Spain, Britain and the US. By the 1830s, the British
had more settlements and trading posts in Oregon than the Americans. American political leaders began
to fear that Britain would soon gain complete control of the area. To prevent this, they made great efforts
to persuade more Americans to start farms in Oregon. American settlers soon outnumbered the British in
Oregon. American newspapers and political leaders began to express an idea called “manifest destiny”.
This was a claim that it was the clear intention of fate that the territory of the US should stretch across
North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

2. How did the US expand towards the West?

They expanded by means of money and war. In 1844, James Polk was elected President of the US. He
believed strongly in manifest destiny. By the summer of 1846, the US was already at war with Mexico, and
in June Polk agreed to divide Oregon with Britain in two almost equal sections. Thousands of Americans
had settled in Texas, but up to the 1830s it was ruled by Mexico. The Texas Americans, or Texans, came to
dislike Mexican rule. In October 1835, led by General Sam Houston, they defeated an Mexican army in
1836 at the Battle of San Jacinto and made Texas an independent republic. But most Texans wanted their
country to join the United States. Eventually the two countries reached an agreement about this and in
1845 Texas became part of the US. In April 1846, there was fighting between American and Mexican
soldiers along the border between Texas and Mexico. President Polk saw an opportunity to take land from
Mexico and he declared war. American soldiers invaded Mexico and defeated the Mexican army. By
September 1847, they had occupied Mexico City, the capital. The Mexican-American War ended by a peace
treaty signed in February 1848. The treaty forced Mexico to hand over enormous stretches of its territory
to the United States: California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico and Colorado.

3. You hear the names “Lewis and Clark” in a lecture. What could you tell your audience about them?

In 1800, Louisiana belonged to France, which was under the rule of Napoleon. In 1803, Napoleon was
about to go to war with Britain, and since he needed money, he sold Louisiana to the US. This purchase
was authorized by President Thomas Jefferson, who had been planning to send an expedition to explore
it. The expedition was led by Lewis and Clark, who set off up the Missouri by boat. Lewis and Clark arrived
back in St.Louis in late September 1806 with useful information about Louisiana and the western lands
that lay beyond it (Oregon).

4. Why is Oregon relevant in this period? And Mexico?

In 1805, four countries claimed to own Oregon: Russia, Spain, Britain and the US. By the 1830s, the British
had more settlements and trading posts in Oregon than the Americans. In 1844, James Polk was elected
President of the US. He believed strongly in manifest destiny. By the summer of 1846, the US was already
at war with Mexico, and in June Polk agreed to divide Oregon with Britain in two almost equal sections.
Thousands of Americans had settled in Texas, but up to the 1830s it was ruled by Mexico. The Texas
Americans, or Texans, came to dislike Mexican rule. In October 1835, led by General Sam Houston, they
defeated an Mexican army in 1836 at the Battle of San Jacinto and made Texas an independent republic.
But most Texans wanted their country to join the United States. Eventually the two countries reached an
agreement about this and in 1845 Texas became part of the US. In April 1846, there was fighting between
American and Mexican soldiers along the border between Texas and Mexico. President Polk saw an
opportunity to take land from Mexico and he declared war. American soldiers invaded Mexico and
defeated the Mexican army. By September 1847, they had occupied Mexico City, the capital. The Mexican-
American War ended by a peace treaty signed in February 1848. The treaty forced Mexico to hand over
enormous stretches of its territory to the United States: California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico
and Colorado.
5. What were the Wagon trains?

At first, Americans traveling to Oregon went by ship, but this journey was expensive and it lasted for
months. Settlers began traveling to Oregon by land in 1832. Most of the settlers who traveled to Oregon
made his journey in four-wheeled wagons. A group of these wagons traveling together was called a “wagon
train”. They were pulled by a team of either mules or oxen and each wagon could carry a load of between
2 and 2.5 tons. A wagon train usually consisted of about 25 wagons, each with a canvas cover to protect
its contents from the weather.

6. Slavery: Explain the situation at the begining of the 19th-century.

In 1810, 1.2 million of the Americans were black and slaves. In the southern states, big landowners
defended slavery, whereas in the northern states, farmers didn’t need slaves to work the land for them.
Some northerners also opposed slavery for moral and religious reasons. By the 1820s, southern and
northern politicians were arguing fiercely about whether slavery should be permitted in the new territories
that were being settled in the West. Eventually the two sides agreed on a compromise: slavery would be
permitted in the Missouri and Arkansas territories but banned in lands to the west and north of Missouri
(the Missouri Compromise). By the early 1830s, the argument began over important duties: northerners
favored such duties because they protected young industries against the competition of foreign
manufactured goods, and southern states opposed them because they relied upon foreign manufacturers
for necessities and luxuries of many kinds.

7. Read the paragraph “Calhoun´s claim was strongly…” (45). Can you relate this historical fact to Spain
today or to your home country?

A southern political leader, Calhoun, claimed that a state had the right to disobey any federal law if the
state believed that the law would harm its interests. This idea was denied by Senator Daniel Webster and
supported by other southerners. It became known as the “states’ rights doctrine”. In the next twenty years,
the US grew much bigger, which raised again the question that the Missouri Compromise had tried to
settle. In 1850, Congress voted in favor of another compromise. California was admitted to the US as a
free state, while people in Utah and New Mexico were given the right to decide for themselves whether
or not to allow slavery.
8. What´s the importance of Eli Whitney for the US Economy?

In 1793, a school teacher named Eli Whitney was visiting friends in the southern state of Georgia. Georgia’s
main crop was cotton and Georgia's planters exported it to spinning mills in England. However, the mills
could not use Georgia’s cotton until its growers removed the many seeds that were tangled among its
fibers. Until a way could be found to do it more quickly, the amount of cotton was limited to the amount
that their workers could pick the seeds from. Eli Whitney solved the planters’ problem by inventing the
cotton “gin”, a machine that quickly separated the seeds and the fiber of the raw cotton.

9. Relate these terms: “Fugitive Slave Act, conductors, depots, runaways”.

To persuade southerners to agree to these arrangements, Congress passed a new Fugitive Slave Act to
make it easier for southerners to recapture slaves who escaped from their masters and fled for safety to
free states. Slave owners had offered rewards or “bounties” for the return of runaway slaves. This had
created a group of men called “bounty hunters”. However, other people provided food, money and hiding
places for fugitives. They even organized a system called the “Underground Railroad” for them to escape.
People providing money to pay for it were called stockholders; guides who led the fugitives to freedom,
conductors; and hiding planes, depots.

10. Abraham Lincoln found a very difficult situation when he took oath. Elaborate.

In 1854, a Senator called Stephen Douglas persuaded Congress to end the Missouri Compromise. West of
Missouri, on land that was supposed to be closed to slavery, was a western territory called Kansas. In 1854,
the Congress voted to let its people decide for themselves whether to permit slavery there. A race began
to win control of Kansas but Congress delayed its admission to the US. A few years earlier, opponents of
slavery had formed the Republican Party. Abraham Lincoln lost the election of 1858 to Douglas. But his
stand against slavery impressed many people and in 1860 the Republicans chose him as their candidate in
that year’s election.

11. Considering that the Northern side was much better prepared for war, why did the Civil War last so
long?

On March 4 1861, Lincoln took the oath of the office as President of the US. He appealed to the southern
states to stay in the Union, but they took no notice of his appeal. On April 12, Confederate guns opened
fire on South Carolina, which was occupied by US troops. This was the beginning of the American Civil War.
Jefferson Davis, the newly elected President of the Confederate States, made a similar appeal for men to
fight for the Confederacy. In both men and material resources the North was much stronger than the south
(weapons, clothing, food…). However, the only way the North could win the war was to invade the South
and occupy its land, but all the South had to do was to hold out until the North grew tired of fighting. The
South was fighting for its independence from the North and to preserve slavery. The war was fought in 2
areas: Virginia and the Mississippi valley. In Virginia, the Union armies suffered one defeat after another
in the first year of the war, trying to capture Richmond, the Confederate capital. However, by spring 1863,
the Union armies were closing in on Vicksburg, an important Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi.

12. What´s the cultural meaning of the Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address in
American culture?

By the summer of 1862, Lincoln realized that the North would only win the war if he could arouse more
enthusiasm for its cause, On September 22, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that
all slaves were to be made free if they lived in areas that were part of the Confederacy. The Proclamation
changed the purpose of the war: preserve the Union and abolish slavery. Gettysburg in Pennsylvania is
remembered for the battle that was fought there in July 1863 and the Gettysburg address, a speech that
Abraham Lincoln made there a few months later. On November 19 1863, Lincoln traveled to Gettysburg
to dedicate part of the battlefield as a national war cemetery. His speech was seen as a statement of what
the North was fighting for. In later years it came to be seen as a moving expression of faith in the basic
principles of democratic government.

UNIT 4: YEARS OF GROWTH

1. What is the importance of the Gold Rush for American History and Culture?

It meant a growth in population and living quality. People from all around the world went to California
seeking their gold. The gold rush attracted fortune-seekers to other parts of the far West. It is also a
determining factor for the alterations of the US map before the Civil War, where you can see white
settlements west to Mississippi and Missouri rivers.

2. Buffalos were key for Native Americans. Elaborate.

In the Great Plains, the buffalo played a major role. Amerindians were fed by their meat and used their
skin as clothes or for the tepees where they lived. They also used their bones to build tools and weapons.
3. Give details about the first railroad across America and how it impacted the country.

It was built during the 1860s by the Union Pacific Railroad Company, with the financial aid of Congress,
west from the Mississippi towards the Pacific, and by the Central Pacific Railroad Company eastwards from
California. Most workers of the UPRC came from Ireland or Europe and those of the CPRC were mainly
Chinese people who came to the US under contract to do such job. The land over which the railroad was
built was very important: quick construction if it was flat and difficult and dangerous if there were rocks
and cliffs. The railroad was finished on May 10, 1869.

4. “As long as the grass should grow and the water flow” (66): you hear this sentence in a lecture and
they ask you what it refers to.

It refers to the Fort Laramie treaty of 1868, which stated that large areas between the Missouri River and
the Rocky Mountains belonged to the Sioux.

5. What are Little Big Horn and Custer´s Last Stand?

After the government tried to break the Fort Laramie treaty, there were a lot of battles between the Sioux
and them. The Amerindians were outnumbered and outgunned but one of their best-known victories is
the Battle of the Little Big Horn in June 1876. They killed 225 men and one of them was the cavalrymen’s
commander, General George Armstrong Custer, for whom the battle is also given the name “Custer’s Last
Stand.”

6. What inventions are mentioned in the text? How did they transform America?

The tapewriter, the telephone, machines for sewing, grinding, screwing, printing, drilling, pumping and
hammering, barbed wire, sewing machine, electricity. The consequences were the growth of American
industries, production of coal and iron (two most important industrial raw materials in the 19th century).
7. Thomas Edison´s legacy influences our daily lives. Explain.

His most important achievement was electricity. In 1878 he created the Edison Electric Light Company. His
invention allowed lighting homes, streets and places of work. He also developed the electric light bulb. He
started the Age of Electricity and it could light streets, heat houses, power machines and drive railroad
engines.

8. What do “mass production” and “the American system” refer to?

Use of machines which made individual parts for guns in separate operations and in large numbers, and
that made the parts exactly alike. So the guns could now be put together in stages, with different workers
each carrying out one particular task. Mass production made the standard of living of the entire
industrialized world and the US possible.

9. Andrew Carnegie, Henry Ford and John D. Rockefeller are key to understand American mentality.
Explain.

They influenced the growth of production: reduced costs of running their companies and drove rival
companies out of business so that they could raise the prices of their products.

10. These “corporations” grew into “trusts” (75). Translate this sentence and explain the consequences
of it for 19th-century American society.

Estas empresas se convirtieron en confianza.

By the early twentieth century trusts controlled large parts of American industry. One trust controlled large
parts of American industry. One trust controlled the steel industry, another the oil industry, another the
meat-packing industry, and there were many more. The biggest trust were richer than most nations. By
their wealth and power – and especially their power to decide wages and prices – they controlled the lives
of millions of people.
UNIT 5: IMMIGRATION AND EMPIRE

1. The statue of Liberty has a symbolic meaning for Americans. Elaborate.

For many immigrants, the Statue of Liberty has been their first sight of America. However, for the
Americans it has another symbolic meaning. It was given by the Frenchs to mark the 100th anniversary of
the War of the Independence and since that for Americans it’s a symbol of liberty. Moreover, it’s a symbol
of the friendship between French and the United States.

2. The text mentions various nationalities (76). Why? What does that diversity mean for American
identity?

The text mention it because the story of the American people is a story of immigrants. More than 75
percent of all the people in history who have ever left their homelands to live in another country have
moved to the United States. Most of them came from Europe, among these immigrants were many Irish
people because of “the Great Famine” due to potatoes.

During Civil War the federal government encouraged more emigration from Europe by offering land to
immigrants who would serve as soldiers un the Union armies. Many of them came from Germany.

More emigrants began to arrive later from lands in the south and east of Europe, as Italians, Poles, Greeks,
Russians, Hungarians, Czechs.

3. How is Ellis Island described? What was its function?

As in the late 1800s many immigrants wanted to enter the US, it was so difficult to keep check on them.
Therefore, to control the situation it opened a special place to entry in New York harbour called “Ellis
Island”. All intending immigrants, almost 2,000 immigrants a day, were examined there before they were
allowed to enter the United States. It was opened in 1892 and closed in 1954.

4. “Melting pot” and “salad bowl” are used as metaphors. What do they mean?

At a time when poor and uneducated immiga¡rants from Europe were flooging into the United States in
millions, it was comforting for Americans to be told that their country could turn the newcomers into
Americans like themselves.
In fact this never really happened, at least not completely. The United States turned out to be more of a
salad bowl than a melting pot. Groups from similar national and ethnic backgrounds often stayed together,
keeping alive their old identities and many of their old customs. They lived in “Chinatowns” or “Little
Italys”.

5. What was the US economy like by 1900?

By 1900 the United States was the richest and most productive industrial country in the world. It produced
31.9 percent of the world's coal, 34.1 percent of its iron and 36.7 percent of its steel. About 20 million of
its 74 million people earned a living from jobs in industry. Although the United States were at the top of
economy, workers were exploited. Most of the people had to work many hours, even 62 for wages of ten
cent per hour.

6. Theodore Roosevelt is considered one of the most important US presidents. Point out some elements
of his presidency you consider relevant.

Theodore Roosevelt was a leader in the Republican during the Progressive movement, whose presidency
started in 1901. One of his main beliefs was that it was the duty of President to use the power of the
federal government to improve conditions of life for the people to see that the ordinary man and woman
got what he called “a square deal”. He wanted to allow businessmen enough freedom of action to make
their forms efficient and prosperous, but at the same time to prevent them from taking unfair advantages
of other people.

A good example of the “square deal” were in 1902. Anthracite coal miners went on strike to obtain better
wages and working conditions. Their employes refused even to discuss the workers’ demand. But the
President stepped in and told the mine owners that they were being unreasonable. He said that unless
they agreed to negotiate with their workers, the federal government would take control of the coal mines.
The treat was enough. The owners changed their attitude, and the strike was settled.

7. William Randolph Heart is considered the “inventor” of the Spanish American War. Explain why.

William Randolph Heart was a newspaper owner who played a huge part in arousing the public’s intention
to go to war with Spain. Hearts wrote an article blaming the Spanish for the sinking of the Maine. The
article said: “The warship Maine was split in two by an enemy’s infernal machine”. The story which
followed made it clear that to Hearst the “enemy” in the headline was Spain. And by this article, he pushed
many Americans towards war with Spain.
8. What is the Monroe Doctrine? How does it relate to “Empire” and “Manifest Destiny”?

In the early 19th century, Latin America was ruled by Spain, but in 1902 these Spanish colonies rebelled
and won their independence. Therefore, the United States were worried that the powers of continental
Europe would make future attempts to restore colonial regimes in the region. Then President James
Monroe warned European powers to not attempt further colonization, military intervention, or other
interference in the Western Hemisphere, stating that the United States would view any such interference
as a potentially hostile act.

9. Explain the term “Dollar Diplomacy”.

Dollar diplomacy was meant to secure the financial prosperity of the United States and secure its
superiority over other nations. In dollar diplomacy foreign policy, the United States lent money to foreign
countries in return for the ability to make decisions for the governments of those countries.

10. How are unions perceived differently in the US compared to Europe?

 TRANSLATE INTO SPANISH
UNIT 1
- Fur trader (page 24): comerciante de pieles
- Smuggling (25): contrabando
- Spectacles (29): anteojos, gafas
- Sound and Unanswerable (30): Sensato e irrefutable
- Paine rallied (30): mitin de Paine // Paine reunió, concentró, movilizó
- Armed mob (30): multitud armada

UNIT 2
- Federal (page 33): federal (estado en el que las distintas competencias constitucionales son
distribuidas entre un gobierno central y los estados particulares que lo conforman).
- State (32): estado
- Ownership (32): propiedad
- Half-starved, limping goverment (33): un gobierno hambriento (muerto de hambre) y cojo
- Chief Justice (35): presidente del tribunal
- Scarcer (36): escaso
- Seamen (39): marinero

UNIT 3

- Agreement (page 40): acuerdo

- Led by (40): liderado por, dirigida por
- Border (41): frontera
- Civil War (50): Guerra de Secesión
- Cotton gin (46): desmotadora de algodón (machine used for separating the fibres of the cotton
plant from the seeds).
- Bounty (47): botín
- Spread of slavery (48): Expansión de la esclavitud
- Secede (48): Secesión
- 13th Amendment (52): Decimotercera Enmienda de la Constitución de EEUU
UNIT 4

- Great Plains and Prairies (58): grandes llanuras y praderas

- Wandering American hunters (59): cazadores americanos errantes
- Indian Reservation (67): Reserva india
- Sitting Bull (71): Toro Sentado
- “Trail of Broken Treaties” (69): Rastro de los tratados rotos
- “sewing, grinding, pumping, hammering” (72): coser, moler, bombear, martillear
- Steel and oil business (74): Negocio siderúrgico y petrolífero
- Henry Ford: “so long as it is black” (75): siempre que sea negro

UNIT 5

- Pogroms (77): pogromo (masacre, linchamiento multitudinario)

- Jews (77): judíos
- Overcrowded (78): sobrepoblado, abarrotado
- Ban (79): prohibir
- Slums (80): suburbios, barrios pobres
- Trade or labor unions (80): sindicatos
- A.F.L. (81): Federación Estadounidense del Trabajo
- Spanish American War (84): Guerra de Cuba
- Claiming colonies (84): colonias reivindicativas????
- Invest abroad (87): invertir en el extranjero????