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Chapter 07: Overview of Statistical Hypothesis Testing: The z-Test
Multiple Choice
1. Inferential statistics are used to
a. decide whether sample data represent a particular relationship in the population.
b. get rid of sampling error.
c. improve sampling error.
d. decide whether the population causes a particular relationship in the sample data.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 107
The Role of Inferential Statistics in Research
KEYWORDS: inferential statistics
2. Which of the following assumptions are common to all parametric statistics?

a. There are no common assumptions.
b. The population of dependent scores forms a normal distribution, regardless of what kind of scores they are.
c. The dependent scores must be interval or ratio scores, regardless of whether the population of scores forms a
normal distribution.
d. The population of dependent scores (a) must be interval or ratio scores and (b) must form an approximately
normal distribution.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 108
KEYWORDS: parametric assumptions
3. Which of the following is correct regarding experimental hypotheses?

a. We can prove a predicted relationship exists in a population by confirming an experimental hypothesis.
b. They describe the population parameters to be tested by the experiment.
c. They describe the predicted relationship we may or may not find in an experiment.
d. We can prove theories about behavior by confirming experimental hypotheses.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 108
Setting Up Inferential Procedures
KEYWORDS: experimental hypotheses
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4. When is a one-tailed test used?

a. When no relationship is predicted
b. When a relationship is predicted and the direction in which the scores will change is predicted
c. When the demonstrated relationship is predicted
d. When a relationship is predicted without stating the direction in which the scores will change
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 109
KEYWORDS: one-tailed test
5. Which of the following is correct regarding statistical hypotheses (null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis)?
a. They describe the population parameters our sample data represent if there is or is not a predicted
relationship.
b. They describe the sample data if there is or is not a relationship in the population.
c. We can prove a relationship exists in the population by confirming these hypotheses.
d. They are the hypotheses we perform on the statistics in our experiment.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: pp. 109-110
KEYWORDS: statistical hypotheses
6. Which of the following is true of any one-sample experiment?

a. We must know the population mean under the same condition of the independent variable as the one being
tested.
b. We must know the population mean under some condition of the independent variable other than the one being
tested.
c. We must know the sample mean under the condition of the independent variable being tested, but we do not
need to know the population mean.
d. We must know the sample mean under the condition of the independent variable being tested and under some
other condition of the independent variable.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 109
KEYWORDS: one-sample test

7. Which of the following is correct regarding alternative hypotheses?

a. They are alternatives to the experimental hypotheses.
b. They state the predicted relationship if the sample statistic does not fall in the region of rejection.
c. They describe the population parameters represented by the sample data if the predicted relationship exists.
d. They describe the population parameters represented by the sample data if the predicted relationship does not
exist.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 110
KEYWORDS: alternative hypothesis
8. If a sample mean is different from a particular population , we can conclude the sample mean probably represents
some other population or else
a. the sample mean does not represent the sample statistic.
b. an error was made in calculating the sample mean.
c. an error was made in calculating standard error.
d. the sample mean occurred as a result of sampling error.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
KEYWORDS: sampling error
9. Which of the following statements does not belong

a. Our condition of the independent variable produced a significant difference in the dependent scores.
b. The change in the dependent scores was produced by significant sampling error.
c. We obtained a significant z.
d. There is a significant effect of the condition.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
KEYWORDS: significant results

10. When experimental results are significant, this means the hypothesis has been .
a. experimental; rejected
b. alternative; rejected
c. null; accepted
d. null; rejected
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: p. 115
Interpreting Significant and Nonsignificant Results
11. When statisticians report results as nonsignificant, the results are

a. not due to chance.
b. not important.
c. not too unlikely to accept as representing the same population.
d. different from what was expected or predicted.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 116
Interpreting Significant and Nonsignificant Results
KEYWORDS: nonsignificant results
12. Which of the following accurately defines a Type I error?

a. Rejecting when is true
b. Rejecting when is false
c. Retaining when is true
d. Retaining when is false
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 121
Errors in Statistical Decision Making
KEYWORDS: Type I error

13. Which of the following accurately defines a Type II error?

a. Rejecting when it is true
b. Rejecting when it is false
c. Failing to reject when it is true
d. Failing to reject when it is false
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 122
KEYWORDS: Type II error
14. What happens to the probability of committing a Type I error if the level of significance is changed from α = .01 to α
= .05?
a. The probability of committing a Type I error will decrease.
b. The probability of committing a Type I error will increase.
c. The probability of committing a Type I error will remain the same.
d. The change in probability will depend on your sample size.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: p. 123
15. Which of the following tests is considered to be more powerful?

a. A one-tailed test
b. A two-tailed test
c. Neither; they are both equally statistically powerful
d. Which is more powerful depends on the sample size
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 123
KEYWORDS: power

16. The power of a statistical test is the probability of

a. failing to reject a false .
b. failing to reject a true .
c. rejecting a false .
d. rejecting a true .
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 123
KEYWORDS: power
17. A nonparametric procedure would not be done in conjunction with

a. ratio distributions.
b. a skewed interval distribution.
c. computing the median.
d. computing the mode.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: p. 108
KEYWORDS: nonparametric procedures
18. What is the typical alpha level selected by researchers?

a. .05
b. 5
c. .01
d. .95
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 113
Performing the z-Test
KEYWORDS: alpha

19. Which is not an assumption of a z-test?

a. The dependent variable is perfectly normal and must involve an interval scale.
b. We know the mean of the population of raw scores under another condition of the independent variable.
c. We have randomly selected one variable.
d. We know the true standard deviation of the population.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: p. 113
KEYWORDS: z-test
20. How would you report a nonsignificant z-obtained value of -.50 in a journal article?
a. z = -.50, p > .05
b. z = -.50, p < .05
c. z = .50, p > .05
d. z = -.50, p > .50
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 120
Statistics in the Research Literature: Reporting the Results
KEYWORDS: z-test
21. Suppose a researcher has made a decision that a certain pill is not effective at treating depression when, in reality, it
is. What has the researcher done in this case?
a. The researcher has made a Type II error.
b. The researcher has made a Type I error.
c. The researcher has made a correct decision to reject the null hypothesis.
d. The researcher has made a correct decision to reject the alternative hypothesis.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: p. 122
KEYWORDS: Type II error

Subjective Short Answer

22. State the hypotheses for a two-tailed test against a known population mean of 90.
ANSWER:
KEYWORDS: two-tailed hypotheses
23. If and what is the value of ?
ANSWER: 1.00
REFERENCES: p. 113
KEYWORDS: z-score
24. If the difference between your sample mean and the known population mean is 1.961, and your population standard
deviation is 5, how big of a sample size would you need to get a significant result using α = .05 and a two-tailed test?
ANSWER: 25 since which is significant (barely).
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
KEYWORDS: z formula
25. For and = .05, what is the appropriate outcome of a z-

test?
ANSWER: . Fail to reject


26. For and α = .05, what is the appropriate outcome of a z-

test?
ANSWER: . Reject and accept
27. The Physical Fitness Test (National Level for Girls) shows the national average for 10-year-old girls on “rightangle
pushups” to be μ = 13. Principal Smyth hypothesizes her girls at Strong School are significantly above the national
mean. If the = 6 and the scores for nine girls are as reported here, compute and determine if Principal
Smyth is right. Use α = .05.
14 16 18 16 12 16 17 20 15
ANSWER: = 1.5 so Principal Smyth is wrong.

28. If = +2.21, do you reject or fail to reject using a two-tailed test with α = .01?
ANSWER: Fail to reject

29. The population mean for the Elementary Tenacity Test (ETT) is 150 with A recent study of elementary
school children participating in a school lunch program obtained the following ETT scores. Use a two-tailed z-test
and
145 180 176 152 148 142 179

163 159 154 167 172 146 169
157 150 161 160 153 165
ANSWER: . Fail to reject

KEYWORDS: nonsignificant results | z-test

30. If you have and conduct a two-tailed z-test. Use α = .05. Be sure to set up your
hypotheses and rejection region, calculate your z-score, and state your decision.
ANSWER:
Rejection region is ±1.96
Fail to reject the null hypothesis. You have insufficient evidence your mean is significantly different
from the known population mean.
KEYWORDS: z-test
31. If you have and conduct a two-tailed z-test. Use α = .05. Be sure to set up
your hypotheses and rejection region, calculate your z-score, and state your decision.
ANSWER:
Reject the null hypothesis. Your mean is significantly different from the known population mean.
KEYWORDS: z-test

32. If you have and conduct a two-tailed z-test. Use α = .01. Be sure to set up
your hypotheses and rejection region, calculate your z-score, and state your decision.
ANSWER:
KEYWORDS: z-test
33. Given and conduct a two-tailed z-test. Use α = .05. Be sure to set up your
ANSWER:
KEYWORDS: z-test

ANSWER:
KEYWORDS: z-test
35. Suppose you conduct an experiment, and the is statistically nonsignificant at −0.65. How would you correctly
report this result?
ANSWER:
REFERENCES: p. 120
KEYWORDS: reporting z
36. Suppose you conduct an experiment, and your is statistically significant at +3.45. How would you correctly
report this result?
ANSWER:
REFERENCES: p. 120
37. If = +2.21, do you reject or fail to reject using a one-tailed test in the upper tail with α = .05?
ANSWER: Reject
The One-Tailed Test
KEYWORDS: one-tailed test | significant results

38. If = -2.11 do you reject or fail to reject using a one-tailed test in the upper tail with α = .05?
ANSWER: Fail to reject

The One-Tailed Test
KEYWORDS: nonsignificant results | one-tailed test
39. If you have and conduct a one-tailed z-test for a lower mean. Use α = .05. Be
sure to set up your hypotheses and rejection region, calculate your z-score, and state your decision.
ANSWER:
Rejection region is −1.645
Reject the null hypothesis. Your mean is significantly lower than the known population mean.
The One-Tailed Test
KEYWORDS: z-test
ANSWER:
Reject the null hypothesis. Your mean is significantly different from the known population mean.
The One-Tailed Test
KEYWORDS: z-test

41. Given and conduct a one-tailed z-test in the upper tail. Use α = .05. Be
sure to set up your hypotheses and rejection region, calculate your z-score, and state your decision.
ANSWER:
Rejection region is +1.645
Fail to reject the null hypothesis. Because this test was only significant in the upper tail, you do not
have sufficient evidence to say your mean is significantly higher than the known population mean.
The One-Tailed Test
KEYWORDS: z-test
42. To determine whether a new drug designed to lower a person’s heart rate is effective or not, Dr. Johnson gives the
medicine to a random sample of 100 patients with Rapid Heart Rhythm (RHR) and obtains a sample mean of 128.
Dr. Johnson knows the heart rate of the population of individuals with RHR is 135 with . If Dr. Johnson
uses a one-tailed test and α = .05, what is the appropriate conclusion?
ANSWER: . Reject and accept

The One-Tailed Test
KEYWORDS: one-tailed test | significant results
43. If the probability that you will reject a that is false is 0.85, what is the probability you will commit a Type II
error?
ANSWER: 1.00 - 0.85 = 0.15

REFERENCES: p. 122-123
KEYWORDS: power
44. What are the two basic assumptions of all parametric procedures?
ANSWER: The two basic assumptions of all parametric procedures are that the population of dependent
measures are at least approximately normally distributed and scores are interval or ratio.
REFERENCES: p. 108
KEYWORDS: parametric statistics

45. Suppose a researcher develops a drug designed to promote sleep. Those who take this drug, on average, sleep for
8.1 hours per night whereas those who do not take it sleep for 7.5 hours per night. In the context of this study, what
would the alternative hypothesis suggest?
ANSWER: The alternative hypothesis would suggest that there is, in fact, a difference between those who do
or do not take this drug such that those who do sleep more.
REFERENCES: p. 110
KEYWORDS: alternative hypothesis
46. Suppose a researcher develops a drug designed to promote sleep. Those who take this drug, on average, sleep for
8.1 hours per night whereas those who do not take it sleep for 7.5 hours per night. In the context of this study, what
would the null hypothesis suggest?
ANSWER: Despite the fact that the means for these two groups appear to be different, the null hypothesis
suggests that there is no statistically meaningful difference between these groups.
REFERENCES: p. 111
KEYWORDS: null hypothesis
47. If you read "z = -.33, p < .05" in a research journal, what does this mean?
ANSWER: There is a z-obtained value of -33 that is statistically significant.

DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 120
48. What does the statement "p < .05" tell us in regards to a Type I error?
ANSWER: The probability of a Type I error is less than .05.

DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: p. 121
49. What is the difference between a significant result at the .05 level versus the .01 level?
ANSWER: The only difference is that the probability that we made a Type I error is lower with a .01 rather
than a .05 alpha level.
REFERENCES: p. 122

Test Bank for Behavioral Sciences STAT (New, Engaging Titles from 4LTR Press) 2nd Edition
50. What is the relationship between N and power?
ANSWER: A larger N produces greater power.

REFERENCES: p. 123
KEYWORDS: power
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2. Which of the following assumptions are common to all parametric statistics?

3. Which of the following is correct regarding experimental hypotheses?

Powered by Cognero Page 1

4. When is a one-tailed test used?

6. Which of the following is true of any one-sample experiment?

Powered by Cognero Page 2

7. Which of the following is correct regarding alternative hypotheses?

9. Which of the following statements does not belong

Powered by Cognero Page 3

11. When statisticians report results as nonsignificant, the results are

12. Which of the following accurately defines a Type I error?

Powered by Cognero Page 4

13. Which of the following accurately defines a Type II error?

15. Which of the following tests is considered to be more powerful?

Powered by Cognero Page 5

16. The power of a statistical test is the probability of

17. A nonparametric procedure would not be done in conjunction with

18. What is the typical alpha level selected by researchers?

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19. Which is not an assumption of a z-test?

Powered by Cognero Page 7

Subjective Short Answer

23. If and what is the value of ?

ANSWER: 25 since which is significant (barely).

25. For and = .05, what is the appropriate outcome of a z-

ANSWER: . Fail to reject

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26. For and α = .05, what is the appropriate outcome of a z-

ANSWER: . Reject and accept

ANSWER: = 1.5 so Principal Smyth is wrong.

ANSWER: Fail to reject

145 180 176 152 148 142 179

ANSWER: . Fail to reject

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Rejection region is ±1.96

Rejection region is ±1.96

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Rejection region is ±2.576

Rejection region is ±1.96

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Rejection region is ±2.546

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ANSWER: Fail to reject

Rejection region is −1.645

Rejection region is ±1.96

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Rejection region is +1.645

ANSWER: . Reject and accept

ANSWER: 1.00 - 0.85 = 0.15

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ANSWER: There is a z-obtained value of -33 that is statistically significant.

ANSWER: The probability of a Type I error is less than .05.

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Chapter 07: Overview of Statistical Hypothesis Testing: The z-Test

50. What is the relationship between N and power?

ANSWER: A larger N produces greater power.

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