WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

WR231: WATER SUPPLY &TREATMENT

ENGINEERING
BSc. CIVIL ENGINEERING SECOND YEAR,APRIL,2021

ACADEMIC YEAR 2020/2021

INSTRUCTORS
1.Dr.Fides Isdory
2.Eng.Kashaija,Nedson
Lecture Room: B2-2.

Office: Block A; ROOM A205 & A2

Contact hours :Wednesday 11:00-16:00pm

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 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Course Assessment
Delivery mode: 32 lecture hours and 16 tutorial hours
Assessment:
• CA: 40%
 Two tests :
a) Test no 1: (15%) (2 hrs) in Morning Session 26st May 2021
b) Test no 2: (15%) (2 hrs) in Morning Session 16th June 2021
• University Examination (UE) 60%

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WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Course outline
Topic Contents Lecture
No.
1.0 Introduction Introduction of course 1/16
I. Need of water supply :Water sources, quality
and treatment
II. Urban &rural water supply, institutional
industrial& water supply
III. Application of Design manuals, standards,
hydraulics and software's &maps for design
purposes
2.0 Water Uses I. Categorization of various water uses such as 2/16
& Water institutional, industrial, domestic etc.
Demand II. Water demand estimation in planned areas or
locality
estimation
III. Water demand estimation in unplanned locality;
7/11/2021 the use of population projection models 3
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR231: WATER SUPPLY &TREATMENT ENGINEERING

Course outline
Topic Contents Lecture No.

3.0 Water sources, VI. Water sources i.e. surface sources, 3

Quality and Intakes ground sources, conventional sources
VII. Water quality of different sources and
importance of water quality
parameters in selection of suitable
water source
VIII. Factors for selection of suitable water
source for water supply
IX. Water intakes, types and design
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 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR231: WATER SUPPLY &TREATMENT ENGINEERING

Course outline
Topic Contents Lecture No.
4.0 Water Distribution I. Basic components of water supply system 4/16
system II. Types of water network/distribution
systems
III. Pipe types and materials, pipe fittings
IV. Pipe/network Analysis, Hydraulics design
V. Head loss formulas (Hazen-William
Equation, Darcy-Weisbach formulae,
Manning and Chezy formulary.
5.0 Water distribution I. Hardy cross method 5/16
system Design II. The use of EPANET software for
computation of pipework hydraulics

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 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR231: WATER SUPPLY &TREATMENT ENGINEERING

Course outline
Topic Contents Lecture No.

6.0 Water pumping I. Aims of water pumping, 6&7

II. Pump types
III. Pump selection
IV. Pump design
V. Pump curves

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 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR231: WATER SUPPLY &TREATMENT ENGINEERING

Course outline
Topic Contents Lecture No.

7.0 Water storage I. Types of water tanks 8/16

Tanks a) location and design of storage tanks
b) Head losses and
c) Tank O&M

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 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR231: WATER SUPPLY &TREATMENT ENGINEERING

Course outline
Topic Contents Lecture No.
8.0 Water treatment I. Introduction of Water Treatment 9/16
introduction, screen II. Screen chamber design
III. Worked example

9.0 Sedimentation I. Types of settling , stokes laws and 10/16

design Hydraulic loading rate (HLR)
II. Design of sedimentation Basin
(Rectangular and circular shapes)
III. Sedimentation basin layouts, Inlet and
outlet structures
IV. Sedimentation Basin zones
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 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR231: WATER SUPPLY &TREATMENT ENGINEERING
Course outline
Topic Contents Lecture No.

10.0 Coagulation and I. Purposes of coagulation and flocculation 11

flocculation II. Theory of coagulation and flocculation
III. Chemistry of alum coagulation, iron
coagulation;
IV. Different water coagulants and selection
of suitable water coagulants
11. Coagulation & I. Determination of optimal dose of 11
flocculation coagulant
II. Jar Test
III. Flocculation , mixing gradients, power
IV. Design of coagulation and flocculation
Basins,
7/11/2021 V. Worked examples/or Tutorial 9
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR231: WATER SUPPLY &TREATMENT ENGINEERING

Course outline
Topic Contents Lecture No.

12.0 Water I. Different forms of disinfection, factors for 15/16

Disinfection good disinfectants
II. Disinfection chemistry, chlorination
III. Chlorination forms,
IV. Determination of chlorination dose,
residual chlorine and chlorine demand
V. Disinfection kinetics, Chicks –Watson
laws
VI. Design of disinfection chamber

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 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR231: WATER SUPPLY &TREATMENT ENGINEERING

Course outline
Topic Contents Lecture No.
13.0 Water filtration I. Purposes and theory of filtration 16/16
II. Sand filtration
III. Slow sand filter and Rapid sand filter
IV. Design of SSF and RSF systems
V. Worked examples
14.0 Water hardness & I. Types of water hardness, effects of water
Softening, (optional) hardness to drinking water
Desalination won’t be II.Removal of temporary & Permanent 17
covered at this stage hardness of water
III. Softening technologies such as LIME
softening, lime-soda softening, ion exchange
and Zeolite, Membrane technique etc.,
7/11/2021 Reverse Osmosis & Nano filtration 11
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR231: WATER SUPPLY &TREATMENT ENGINEERING
Lecture Schedule
Week Comme
AY 2020-2021 LT Topic Duration
No. nts
Mon, April, 12 Lec. 01 introduction v 1Hr
Water Uses & Water Demand
Lec. 02 v 2Hrs
Wed,Aprl, 14 estimation
1 Frid, April,16 Tutorial v 1Hr
Mon, April,19 Lec. 03 Water sources, Quality and Intakes xx 1HRs
Wed,April, 21 Lec. 03 Water sources, Quality and Intakes xx 2Hrs
2 Frid, April,23 Lec. 04 Water Distribution system xx 1Hr
Mon,April, 26 Lec.04 Water distribution system Design xx 1Hrs
Wed, April,28 Lec. 05 Water distribution system design 2Hrs
3 Frid,April,30 Lec. 06 Water Pumping 1Hr
Mon,May, 03 Lec. 07 Pump design xx 1Hrs
Wed,May, 05 Lec. 08 Water storage Tanks xx 2Hrs
4 Frid,May, 07 Tutorial xx 1Hrs
Water Treatment-introduction
Lec.09 xx 1Hrs
Mon,May,10
Wed,May,12 Test.1 Test to cover all topics taught xx 2Hrs
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5 Frid,May,14 Lec.09 WR 232
Screening chamber & its design xx 1Hr 12
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR231: WATER SUPPLY &TREATMENT ENGINEERING
Lecture Schedule
Week Comment
AY 2019-2020 LT Topic Duration
No. s
Mon, May, 17 Lec. 10 Sedimentation (theory & stokes) xx 1Hr
Wed, May, 19 Lec. 10 Sedimentation design xx 2Hrs
6 Frid, May,21 Lec.10 Tutorial xx 1Hr
Coagulation and Flocculation
Lec. 11 xx 1HRs
Mon, May,24 (theory)
Coagulation and Flocculation
Lec. 11 xx 2Hrs
Wed,May, 26 (chemistry, dose and design)
Coagulation & flocculation
Lec. 11 xx 1Hr
7 Frid, May,28 (Tutorial)
Water Disinfection (forms&
Lec.15 xx 1Hrs
Mon,May, 31 chemistry)
Wed, June,02 Lec. 15 Disinfection (chlorination dose) xx 2Hrs
8 Frid,June, 04 Lec. 15 Disinfection kinetics & basin design xx 1Hr
Mon,June, 07 Lec. 16 Water Filtration & filtration theory xx 1Hrs
Wed,June, 09 Lec. 16 Filtration (SSF & RSF-DESIGN) xx 2Hrs
9 Frid,June, 11 Lec.16 Filtration (Tutorial) xx 1Hrs
Mon,June,14 Lec.17
7/11/2021 Water HardnessWR 232 xx 1Hrs 13
To cover all Topics taught since
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
WR231: WATER SUPPLY &TREATMENT ENGINEERING
Lecture Schedule
Week
AY 2019-2020 LT Topic Comments Duration
No.
Revision on water distribution
xx 1Hrs
Mon,June,21 design
Revision of water treatment –
sedimentation , xx 2Hrs
Wed,June,23 coagulation,disinfection
Revision on Tanzania Ministry of
Water Design Manual and End of xx 1Hr
10 Frid,June,25 Teaching

Mon,June,28

Wed,Jun,30

July,Frid,02
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 LECTURE 1:INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION TO WATER SUPPLY & TREATMENT
why water is needed?
Water is defined as a colorless, transparent, odorless liquid
that forms the seas, lakes, rivers, and rain and is the basis
of the fluids of living organisms. Without water life would
be impossible on the earth. Proportion of water on the
earth;
How Much Water is On Earth?
i. Oceans -97.2%
ii. Ice Caps/Glaciers -2.0%
iii. Groundwater -0.62%
iv. Freshwater Lakes- 0.009%
v. Inland Seas/Salt Lakes -0.008%
vi. Atmosphere -0.001%
vii. Rivers- 0.0001%

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 Introduction cont.…
Importance of water
Water is finite resource and key
basic human need stated by
United Nation charters.
Water is used for;
I. Domestic activities such as
washing, bathing, cleaning,
II. Agriculture for irrigation
and animal feeding
III. Industries in making
chemical as key medium
IV. Mining for varies washing
and processing
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Problems resulted from lack of
adequate clean and safe water
1. Poor public sanitation due
to limited washing and
drinking contaminated
water
2. Drought and hence
famine due to insufficient
irrigation water
3. Water-related diseases as
a results of poor
sanitation
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 Introduction cont…
Origin of water
Water is originated from the hydrological cycle.
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Is the continuous circular process in which the water of the Earth
evaporates from the oceans,streams,lakes,rivers and ground,
condenses, falls to the Earth as rain or snow, and eventually
returns to the oceans.lakes,rivers and grounds through run-off in
rivers or streams.

Water can exists in three states solid (as ice), vapor and liquid and
changes from one state to another depending on the temperature
. Radiant heat from the sun causes evaporation of water on the
earth’s surface and the sea, thus forming clouds. When the
temperature fall below the saturation point of vapor, the clouds
release excess moisture which fall to the earth.

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 Introduction cont.…
Hydrological cycle
Evaporation: it occurs when the physical state of water is
changed from a liquid state to a gaseous state
Condensation. It occurs when water vapors changed to
liquid state. i.e. formation of rain drop
Precipitation. This is falling of rain drops from the
atmosphere to the ground.
Interception. is the process of interrupting the
movement of water in the chain of transportation
events leading to streams. E.g by vegetation covers
Infiltration:is the physical process involving movement of
water through the boundary area where the
atmosphere interfaces with the soil.
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 Introduction cont… Hydrological cycle

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 Introduction cont.…
Where can we find water-water sources
Water Sources –are categorized as surface water and Ground water
1.Surface sources
Lakes, Streams, Rivers, Reservoirs, Runoff from roofs and paved areas

2.Underground Sources
Shallow wells, Deep wells, Artesian wells, Artesian springs, and Land
springs
3.Rainwater.
4. Conventional sources such as rainwater and treated wastewater

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 Introduction cont…
Quality and treatment.
Water in its natural state is always not pure . It contains
various pollutants ranging from physical, chemical,
biological and microbiological pollutants. These pollutants
are identifies using certain indicators known as water
quality parameters. These water quality parameters are
further grouped as physical,chemical,biological and
microbiological/bacteriological water quality parameters.
Therefore, before water is supplied to the community,
pollutants must be identified through a laboratory analysis
using WQ indicators/parameters and hence treated. Water
treatment intend to remove these pollutants to make water
clean and safe for use, and the treated water must meets
the set standards by both WHO and TBS
standards/guidelines for various uses including drinking.

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 Introduction cont.…

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 Introduction cont.…
Urban & Rural water supply

Urban water supply include supplying water in urban

,cities, municipalities and townships. These areas
are commonly populated and with slums . Urban
water supply include supplying water to domestic,
institutions, offices and industries and systems
must be dealt carefully, as water demand is very
high as compared to rural water supply. Most of
Urban water supply need a sustainable water
source, large investment, good governance and
maintenances
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 Introduction cont.…
Rural water supply

Rural water supply include supplying water in

rural areas or districts. Most of these systems
are small and saves a very small community
and they uses a sources such as a borehole,
spring etc. Most of these systems are faced
with poor governances, less connections, less
revenue connection and mostly fails

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 Introduction cont.…
Application of Design Manual for Water supply design
Water supply systems mean a system of intakes,
treatment, pumps, storage tanks, domestic
points (DP), and water meters. Therefore to be
able to design a complete system, you need to
use guidelines and procedures outlined in the
Water design manual (shared) in your
notes/class email.

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 Introduction cont.…
Application of Design Manual for Water supply design
What is water design manual? This is a document containing
standards and specifications required by water engineer for the
purposes of designing different components of water supply
systems. Water design manual (2009) and its latest version (2020)
has three volumes. Volume 1 comprises of eight chapters where
chapter 4 deals with water demand estimation and chapter three
(treatment), chapter five pumps. (read about all chapters in deep).
In any real work/assignment you must always refers to design
manual for specifications/procedures to avoid errors in design.
Volume 2 (has three chapters 9,10,& 11). 9 is for sewage
collection, 10, is about sewage treatment and 11 is about surface
drainage. Volume three consists of pipe material selection, and
guidelines. Please start reading this manual as it will form the
basis of your professionalism as water engineer.

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 Introduction cont.…
Application of computer based software
There are different forms of software available for
assisting design of water supply system. These include ;
EPANET software
E-Survey software
WaterCAD software and many others.
In this course you will learn how to use EPANET for
hydraulic analysis and then use it in your own project
and daily life applications. Other software's include
AutoCAD which can be used to produce engineering
drawings of several components such as tanks
structures, pumps, treatment plant structures etc.

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 END OF INTRODUCTION (LECTURE 1)

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