TelTech Insight

Homefrequency

Fresnel Zone in Digital Microwave Communication

Teltech InsightNovember 25, 20180 Comments

Radio frequency line of sight is defined by Fresnel Zones which are ellipse shaped areas between any
two radio antennas. The distance between the two radio antennas and the frequency of operation are
required to compute the radius of the Fresnel Zone.

What is a Fresnel zone and why is it important?

A Fresnel zone is a cylindrical ellipse drawn between transmitter and receiver. The size of the ellipse
is determined by the frequency of operation and the distance between the two sites.

1. Huygens-Fresnel Principle

Huygens formulates electro-magnetic wave character theory, based on Huygens’ theory, Fresnel
formulate the concept of Fresnel zone which further explains the reflection and diffraction of electric
waves and is proved in practice. The basic idea of Huygens principle is: light and electric-magnetic
wave are both a kind of oscillation, the medium around them are flexible, and therefore, the
oscillation of a point can be transmitted to the adjacent particle and spread around, and then it
becomes the wave that is transmitted in the medium. Therefore, it can be considered that the
oscillation of a point source is transmitted to the adjacent particles and forms secondary wave source
and then tertiary wave source and so on. If the wave transmitted by the point source is spherical
wave, then the wave before the secondary wave formed by the point source is spherical wave and
that before the tertiary wave is also spherical wave, and the other is by analogy. In microwave
communication, when the size of transmitting antenna is less than the microwave relay distance, the
transmitting antenna can be considered to be a point source.
2. Fresnel Ellipsoid

Supposed, for a microwave relay section, the transmitting point is T and the receiving point is R and
the distance between stations is d, if on a flat surface, the distance from a moving point P to two fixed
points (T and R) is a constant, the track of this point is an ellipse. And in the space, the track of this
point is a rotary ellipsoid. In electric wave propagation, when the constant is d+λ/2, the ellipsoid
obtained is called first Fresnel ellipsoid, and when the constant is d+2λ/2, the ellipsoid obtained is
called second Fresnel ellipsoid..., when the constant is d+Nλ/2, the ellipsoid obtained is called
Number N Fresnel ellipsoid.

3. Fresnel Zone

If the Fresnel ellipsoid intersect with the waves transmitted from T or R, on the intersect interface, a
series of circles and rings can be obtained and the center is a circle which is called the first Fresnel
zone, the annulus (external circle minus internal circle) next to the first Fresnel zone is called second
Fresnel zone and others by analogy. These rings and circles can be approximately considered as plane
area graphics that are vertical to the ground and the ray between T and R. In practice, the influence of
Fresnel zone on the project can be ignored.

Also read How to calculate Fresnel Zone in Microwave System

4. Fresnel Zone Diameter

The distance from any point on the Fresnel zone to the link between R and T is called Fresnel
diameter and is represented by F. when the point is on the first Fresnel zone, the diameter is called
the first Fresnel zone diameter.

First Fresnel zone diameter

Based on definitions of Fresnel ellipsoid and Fresnel zone, the first, second… and number N Fresnel
zone diameter can be approximately expressed by:
5. Relationship between Field strength of Receiving Point and
Energy of Each Fresnel Zone

Based on analysis, phases of field strength produced by adjacent Fresnel zones in the receiving point
R are opposite. That is, the field strength produced by the second Fresnel zone is opposite to that
produced by the first Fresnel, and the field strength produced by the third Fresnel zone is opposite to
that produced by the second Fresnel.

Take the first Fresnel zone as a reference, the field strength produced by the zone with odd number
makes the field strength of the receiving point strengthened, and that produced in by the zone with
even number makes the field strength weakened. Field strength of the receiving point is sum of the
vectors of the field strength of each Fresnel zone at the receiving point. In practice, for the slant of
each Fresnel zone to the receiving point is different, thus Fresnel zones interfere with each other. The
result of the vectors overlapped together is: the field strength of the receiving point which is obtained
from all the Fresnel zones in the free space is approximately equal to the field strength produced by
the first Fresnel zone at this point in the space.

Also read: Digital Microwave Communication System Model

Microwave Frequency Band Choice and RF Channel Arrangements

Tagsfrequencymicrowaveradio wavetransmission

 Facebook




You might like

What is Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR) in Radio Frequency?

October 13, 2020

Logical and Physical Antenna Ports of 5G NR Antenna Ports

October 06, 2020

Frequency Bands 5G NR (New Radio)

August 24, 2020

Post a Comment
Previous PostNext Post

Recent Post

 Is the smart grid risky?

 what exactly is a Smart City?
 What is switchgear in medium-voltage and How does it work?
 What is Feeder in Electrical Distribution?
 What is benefits of Automation in business?

Most Popular
Why does 1% battery in any phone device last so long?
July 30, 2020

Why is WIFI unlimited whereas Cellular data is limited ?

July 27, 2020

Microwave Frequency Band Choice and RF Channel Arrangements

November 19, 2018

Categories

 2G/GSM
 3G/UMTS
 4G/LTE
 5G/NR
 TRANSMISSION/NETWORK
 TECHNOLOGY
 ELECTRICITY

MAIN TAG
 2g
 3G
 4g
 5g
 5g-nr
 AC current
 AMC
 Android
 antenna
 arduino
 ARFCN
 Auto recloser
 automation
 AVR
 bbu
 breaker
 BSS
 CE
 cellphone
 cpri
 DAS
 DC current
 E1
 electricity
 electronic
 EPC
 EPS
 eSIM
 Fading
 FDD
 FDI
 FDMA
 femtocell
 fiber
 frequency
 frequency hopping
 fresnel
 GSM
 gsm-2g
 handover
 High Voltage
 HSDPA
 Indoor Covarage
 indoor-coverage
 iOS
 IoT
 ip
 ITU
 LBS
 lifi
 lte
 lte-4g
 medium voltage
 microcontroller
 microwave
 mobile
 Multimeters
 MV
 Nikola Tesla
 odu
 optical
 optimization
 paging
 PCM
 pdh
 QAM
 radio wave
 Roaming
 satellite
 sdh
 smart grid
 smartphone
 solar panel
 surge protector
 T1
 TDD
 TDMA
 technology
 telecommunications
 Thomas Edison
 transmission
 umts-3g
 Voltage
  VoLTE
 vswr
 WCDMA
 wifi
 wireless

Visitors

Teltech Insight shares new technology knowledge which relates to telecommunication, electricity, automation,
transmission.


Design by - Blogger
Templates and FBT

 About

 Privacy

 Site Map

 Contact Us

TelTech Insight
Homefrequency
How to calculate Fresnel Zone in Microwave System
Teltech InsightNovember 26, 20180 Comments

Microwave communication is kind of Line of Sight communication (LOS) and Transmitting power
without obstacle.

Also read Fresnel Zone in Digital Microwave Communication

Radio Microwave Link determines below parameters:

 Flat Fading Margin (FFM) or System Operating Margin (SOM): relate to Transmitting
Power, Type of Antenna Disk Lenght Coaxial and distance. It is calcaulated to ensure if
tramsitting power is enough.
 Free Space Loss (FSL) : determines transmitting power in space
 Fresnel Zone Clearance (FZC) : Height antenna
 Antenna Bearing, Antenna down tilt and Antenna down tilt coverage radius :
Calculation of Link Budget and Fresnel Zone Clearance

1. Link Budge

Principle of Link budget is path length with signal level and Receive signal level determines Fading
margin.
Factor for calculating Fading margin is Free-Space loss:

Receiver Signal Level = EIRP – Lfs+ Grx – Lrx

EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) is the measured radiated power of an antenna in a specific
direction. It is also called Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power. It is the output power when a signal
is concentrated into a smaller area by the Antenna. The EIRP can take into account the losses in
transmission line, connectors and includes the gain of the antenna. It is represented in dB. Enter the
transmitted power, cable loss and antenna gain to calculate the EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated
Power).

EIRP = Ptx – Ltx + Gtx

Where is:

 Ptx: transmitter output power

 Lfs: free space path loss (dB)
 Gtx: transmitter antenna gain
 Grx: receiver antenna gain
 Ltx: transmitter feeder loss
 Lrx: receiver feeder loss

Free space path loss calculation

Lfs = 32.4 + 20*log10 F + 20* log10 D
Where is:

 Lfs= free space loss in dB

 F = frequency (MHz)
 D = path length, in kilometers (Km)

Flat Fade Margin

We receive

Flat fade margin = Receive signal level – Receiver sensibility threshold

2. Fresnel Zone Clearance

F radius of Fresnel Zone is the most important to calculate the antenna height to make sure to
transmit signal radio frequency without obstacle.
Fresnel Zone calculation depends on:

 Transmitting frequency
 The distance covered
 If Radius of First Fresnel Zone has obstacle between both stations

Radius of First Fresnel Zone

F = 12.75x[(d1xd2)/(f xD)]1/2
Where is
f : transmitting frequency GHz
d1 and d2distance compare with obstacle point between both stations Km
D distance between both stations Km F is Radius of First Fresnel Zone m

Radius of First Fresnel Zone without obstacle between both stations

F = 17.3x(D/4f)1/2
Where is:
F Radius of First Fresnel Zone m
D distance between both stations Km
f transmitting frequency GHz
3. Microwave Antenna height

Microwave Antenna height is bigger than Radius of First Fresnel Zone plus obstacle between both
stations
Radius of First Fresnel Zone(m)+Obstruction Height(m) ≤ Microwave Antenna Height(m)

Fresnel Zone

Also read:

Influence of Ground Reflection on Receiving Level in Digital Microwave

How to calculate Receive Level Point to Point of Microwave Link

Tagsfrequencyfresnelmicrowaveradio wavetransmission

 Facebook



 

You might like

What is Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR) in Radio Frequency?

October 13, 2020

Logical and Physical Antenna Ports of 5G NR Antenna Ports

October 06, 2020

Frequency Bands 5G NR (New Radio)

August 24, 2020

Post a Comment
Previous PostNext Post

Recent Post

 Is the smart grid risky?

 what exactly is a Smart City?
 What is switchgear in medium-voltage and How does it work?
 What is Feeder in Electrical Distribution?
 What is benefits of Automation in business?

Most Popular
Why does 1% battery in any phone device last so long?
July 30, 2020

Why is WIFI unlimited whereas Cellular data is limited ?

July 27, 2020

Microwave Frequency Band Choice and RF Channel Arrangements

November 19, 2018

Categories

 2G/GSM
 3G/UMTS
 4G/LTE
 5G/NR
 TRANSMISSION/NETWORK
 TECHNOLOGY
 ELECTRICITY

MAIN TAG
 2g
 3G
 4g
 5g
 5g-nr
 AC current
 AMC
 Android
 antenna
 arduino
 ARFCN
 Auto recloser
 automation
 AVR
 bbu
 breaker
 BSS
 CE
 cellphone
 cpri
 DAS
 DC current
 E1
 electricity
 electronic
 EPC
 EPS
 eSIM
 Fading
 FDD
 FDI
 FDMA
 femtocell
 fiber
 frequency
 frequency hopping
 fresnel
 GSM
 gsm-2g
 handover
 High Voltage
 HSDPA
 Indoor Covarage
 indoor-coverage
 iOS
 IoT
 ip
 ITU
 LBS
 lifi
 lte
 lte-4g
 medium voltage
 microcontroller
 microwave
 mobile
 Multimeters
 MV
 Nikola Tesla
 odu
 optical
 optimization
 paging
 PCM
 pdh
 QAM
 radio wave
 Roaming
 satellite
 sdh
 smart grid
 smartphone
 solar panel
 surge protector
 T1
 TDD
 TDMA
 technology
 telecommunications
 Thomas Edison
 transmission
 umts-3g
  Voltage
 VoLTE
 vswr
 WCDMA
 wifi
 wireless

Visitors

Teltech Insight shares new technology knowledge which relates to telecommunication, electricity, automation,
transmission.


Design by - Blogger
Templates and FBT

 About

 Privacy

 Site Map

 Contact Us

TelTech Insight
Homefrequency

Influence of Ground Reflection on Receiving Level in Digital

Microwave
Teltech InsightDecember 04, 20180 Comments

The previous post used to introduce Fresnel Zone and How to calculate Fresnel Zone in Microwave
System . This post continue discussing influence of ground reflection on receive level of microwave.

To make explanation more simple and easy to understand, the convex of the earth is ignored, that is,
distance between stations is considered to be short and the ground is with little fluctuation.

1. Clearance

Actual microwave propagation may be blocked by buildings, trees and mountains. If obstacles are
high enough to enter the first Fresnel zone, additional loss is caused and the receiving level
decreases, and then the transmission quality is affected. To avoid the phenomenon, the clearance is
introduced.

The vertical distance from the obstacle to line section AB is called clearance of the obstacle in the
path, and line section hc that is vertical to the ground is used to indicate the clearance. If the first
Fresnel diameter of this point is F1, hc/F1 is the relative clearance of this point.
 definition-clearance-schematic

2. Loss caused by Knife-edge Obstacles on the Path

In actual microwave project, knife-edge obstacles always block the transmission path. The knife-edge
obstacles cannot block all the Fresnel zones, at the receiving point, there is only partial Fresnel zone
energy is diffracted and make the receiving point have somewhat level. The level must be lower than
that in the free space. Loss caused by the knife-edge obstacles is called additional loss. When the
peak of the obstacle just falls down on the link between the transmitting and receiving points, that is,
H C=0, the additional loss is 6 dB. When the peak of the obstacle surpasses the link between the two
points, the additional loss may rapidly increase. When the peak of the obstacle is below the link
between the two points, additional loss may vary slightly around 0 dB, at this time, the transmission
loss (or receiving level) on the path is close to that of the free space.
 Loss caused by knife-edge obstacle

3. Reflection of Flat Terrain to Electric Waves

Flat terrain indicates that the earth curvature is not considered and the terrain between two points is
considered to be flat. In actual microwave communication project lines, the receiving and
transmitting antennas are leveled to make the receive end receive stronger direct waves. But based on
the Huygens theory, some electric waves are always sent to the ground, therefore, at the receiving
point, besides the direct waves, there are reflected waves reflected by the ground and meeting the
reflection conditions (angle of arrival equals to angle of reflection). We can use the following
geometrical relationship to deduce the expression of virtual value of the composite field strength.

If: transient value of field strength of direct wave is expressed by:

e1=21/2 E0cosωt

Transient value of field strength of reflected wave is expressed by:

e2=21/2 E0Φcos (ωt-ψ-2π (r2-r1) /2)

In the two formulas:

 e1, e2 are the transient values of field strength of direct wave and reflected wave respectively.
 E0 is the effective wave of the field strength of waves propagates in free space.
 Φ is the modulus of reflectance.
 ψ is the phase angle of reflectance (when the angle of arrival formed by the incoming wave
and the ground are small, ψ is close to 180°)
 r2-r1 is the progressive error of the field strength of reflected wave and the direct wave.

Bu deduction, the effective value of composite field strength is:

E=(E02+E02Φ2+2 E02ΦCOS (ψ+2π (r2-r1) /λ) ) 1/2

=E0 (1+Φ2–2ΦCOS (ψ+2π (r2-r1) /λ) ) 1/2

The ratio of composite field strength E to the field strength of free space is called fading factor V
when the ground influence is considered. The V is expressed by:

V=E/E0
= (1+Φ2–2ΦCOS (ψ+2π (r2-r1) /λ) ) 1/2

Expressed in dB:

V dB=20logV

When the ground influence is considered, the actual receiving level is:
PR (dBm) =PR0 (dBm) +V dB

Influence of terrain on electric waves

Also read

How to calculate Fresnel Zone in Microwave System

Tagsfrequencyfresnelmicrowavetelecommunicationstransmissionwireless

 Facebook





You might like

What is Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR) in Radio Frequency?

October 13, 2020
Logical and Physical Antenna Ports of 5G NR Antenna Ports
October 06, 2020

Frequency Bands 5G NR (New Radio)

August 24, 2020

Post a Comment
Previous PostNext Post

Recent Post

 Is the smart grid risky?

 what exactly is a Smart City?
 What is switchgear in medium-voltage and How does it work?
 What is Feeder in Electrical Distribution?
 What is benefits of Automation in business?

Most Popular
Why does 1% battery in any phone device last so long?
July 30, 2020

Why is WIFI unlimited whereas Cellular data is limited ?

July 27, 2020

Microwave Frequency Band Choice and RF Channel Arrangements

November 19, 2018

Categories

 2G/GSM
 3G/UMTS
 4G/LTE
 5G/NR
 TRANSMISSION/NETWORK
 TECHNOLOGY
 ELECTRICITY

MAIN TAG
 2g
 3G
 4g
 5g
 5g-nr
 AC current
 AMC
 Android
 antenna
 arduino
 ARFCN
 Auto recloser
 automation
 AVR
 bbu
 breaker
 BSS
 CE
 cellphone
 cpri
 DAS
 DC current
 E1
 electricity
 electronic
 EPC
 EPS
 eSIM
 Fading
 FDD
 FDI
 FDMA
 femtocell
 fiber
 frequency
 frequency hopping
 fresnel
 GSM
 gsm-2g
 handover
 High Voltage
 HSDPA
 Indoor Covarage
 indoor-coverage
 iOS
 IoT
 ip
 ITU
 LBS
 lifi
 lte
 lte-4g
 medium voltage
 microcontroller
 microwave
 mobile
 Multimeters
 MV
 Nikola Tesla
 odu
 optical
 optimization
 paging
 PCM
 pdh
 QAM
 radio wave
 Roaming
 satellite
 sdh
 smart grid
 smartphone
 solar panel
 surge protector
 T1
 TDD
 TDMA
 technology
 telecommunications
 Thomas Edison
 transmission
 umts-3g
 Voltage
 VoLTE
 vswr
 WCDMA
 wifi
  wireless

Visitors

Teltech Insight shares new technology knowledge which relates to telecommunication, electricity, automation,
transmission.


Design by - Blogger
Templates and FBT

 About

 Privacy

 Site Map

 Contact Us

TelTech Insight
Home2g

What is Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) for Mobile Network?

Teltech InsightAugust 12, 20201 Comments
When the telephone networks started to go digital in the 1960s, the voice sampling frequency was
carried in the physical layer of the multiplexed digital voice signal. This frequency was transported
across the network so that all voice switches could operate at the same frequency, as any mismatch
would cause clicks and pops in the voice channel.

Packet networks technologies such as Ethernet also have a physical layer signal that carries the
timing of the individual bits. However, in Ethernet that’s where it stopped – it was purely a point-to-
point bit clock, and was only intended to allow the bits to be accurately transferred from one device
to another.

Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) uses that physical timing signal to carry an accurate frequency as
well. That way a chain of SyncE-enabled Ethernet switches can distribute a frequency from one side
of a network to the other. This is more accurate than trying to carry frequency at the packet level,
because it is immune to packet delay variation. SyncE is commonly used to provide frequency
synchronisation in networks, and in particular to provide an accurate reference frequency to mobile
base stations. It enables you to deliver synchronization services that meet the requirements of the
present-day mobile network, as well as future Long Term Evolution (LTE)–based infrastructures.

Synchronization is a key requirement for circuit (emulation) services and mobile radio access
technologies. Traditionally, mobile networks used SONET/SDH technologies to backhaul voice and
data traffic, and the native support for frequency of SONET/SDH to synchronize their radio network.
With the need for greater-capacity backhaul networks, packet-based technologies such as Carrier
Ethernet (which do not support the transfer of frequency) and wireless technologies such as
frequency division duplex and time-division duplex require not only frequency synchronization but
also proper time and phase alignment. This requirement is fulfilled by Synchronous Ethernet, which
is used for physical layer frequency synchronization of connected access devices (such as base
stations, access nodes, and so on). Synchronous Ethernet supports sourcing and transfer of frequency
for synchronization purposes for both wireless and wireline services and is primarily used for mobile
backhaul and converged transport.

Synchronous Ethernet is used to transfer clock signals over Ethernet interfaces. The Synchronous
Ethernet operation is described in three ITU recommendations:

 G.8261—Defines the architecture and wander performance of Synchronous Ethernet

networks.
 G.8262—Specifies timing characteristics of synchronous Ethernet equipment clock (EEC).
 G.8264—Describes the Ethernet Synchronization Message Channel (ESMC).

Tags2g3G4g5gBSSfrequencytelecommunicationstransmissionwireless

 Facebook





You might like

LTE Interfaces and their protocol stacks

October 28, 2020
What are the differences between 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G?
September 01, 2020

What is LTE/4G Circuit Switched FallBack (CSFB)?

August 27, 2020

1 Comments

1.
MaariahMay 19, 2021 at 4:43 PM

From the start, I thought sources are the most sapient creatures on remains, resolves somehow against
the way, I observed that they receive the skill of sharp analysis whereas their brainstorming nickname
on the hack, thus, arriving to an intriguing portion would be extroverted for them. Their bygone
played an critical confinement to it. Guest Paging System

Reply
Previous PostNext Post

Recent Post

 Is the smart grid risky?

 what exactly is a Smart City?
 What is switchgear in medium-voltage and How does it work?
 What is Feeder in Electrical Distribution?
 What is benefits of Automation in business?

Most Popular
Why does 1% battery in any phone device last so long?
July 30, 2020

Why is WIFI unlimited whereas Cellular data is limited ?

July 27, 2020

Microwave Frequency Band Choice and RF Channel Arrangements

November 19, 2018

Categories

 2G/GSM
 3G/UMTS
 4G/LTE
 5G/NR
 TRANSMISSION/NETWORK
 TECHNOLOGY
 ELECTRICITY
MAIN TAG
 2g
 3G
 4g
 5g
 5g-nr
 AC current
 AMC
 Android
 antenna
 arduino
 ARFCN
 Auto recloser
 automation
 AVR
 bbu
 breaker
 BSS
 CE
 cellphone
 cpri
 DAS
 DC current
 E1
 electricity
 electronic
 EPC
 EPS
 eSIM
 Fading
 FDD
 FDI
 FDMA
 femtocell
 fiber
 frequency
 frequency hopping
 fresnel
 GSM
 gsm-2g
 handover
 High Voltage
 HSDPA
 Indoor Covarage
 indoor-coverage
 iOS
 IoT
 ip
 ITU
 LBS
 lifi
 lte
 lte-4g
 medium voltage
 microcontroller
 microwave
 mobile
 Multimeters
 MV
 Nikola Tesla
 odu
 optical
 optimization
 paging
 PCM
 pdh
 QAM
 radio wave
 Roaming
 satellite
 sdh
 smart grid
 smartphone
 solar panel
 surge protector
 T1
 TDD
 TDMA
 technology
 telecommunications
  Thomas Edison
 transmission
 umts-3g
 Voltage
 VoLTE
 vswr
 WCDMA
 wifi
 wireless

Visitors

Teltech Insight shares new technology knowledge which relates to telecommunication, electricity, automation,
transmission.


Design by - Blogger
Templates and FBT

 About

 Privacy

 Site Map
  Contact Us

TelTech Insight
Homebbu

What is CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface)?

Teltech InsightJuly 16, 20200 Comments

CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) is a specification for wireless communication networks that
defines the key criteria for interfacing transport, connectivity and control communications between
baseband units (BBUs) and remote radio units (RRUs), which are also called remote radio heads
(RRHs). The specification is being developed by a consortium of original equipment manufacturers
(OEMs) which includes Nokia, Huawei Technologies, Ericsson AB and NEC Corporation.

Introduction to CPRI Interfaces for 5G Base Stations

Introduction to Optical Fiber Communication Technology

An important feature of CPRI is its support for separation between the base frequency band and the
radio frequency band. CPRI focuses on the communication link, the fronthaul network that interfaces
between radio transceivers and base stations.

Benefits of CPRI include:

 Base station manufactures can use one common protocol.

 The specifications are freely made available to the public.
 The public can contribute ideas and proposals about the CPRI specifications.

CPRI specifications support L1 in-band protocol, High level Data Link Control (HDLC) and
Ethernet for configuration and management data. Other data types supported by CPRI include
synchronization for frame and time alignments. The CPRI specification is not a standard, but it
complements 3GPP and 3GPP2 (3G and LTE) frameworks.

The OEMs behind CPRI are also working on an updated specification called eCPRI, which will
support a 5G fronthaul over Ethernet. Features in eCPRI include minimizing bandwidth requirements
with CPRI mapping and more flexibility for the fronthaul CPRI and eCPRI nodes.

How can we calculate the Fiber Optical Link budget?

Tagsbbucprifiberopticalradio wavetransmissionwireless

 Facebook





You might like

Emergence of C-RAN (Separation of Baseband and Radio, and Baseband Centralization)

December 06, 2020

What is CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface)?

July 16, 2020

Post a Comment
Previous PostNext Post
Recent Post

 Is the smart grid risky?

 what exactly is a Smart City?
 What is switchgear in medium-voltage and How does it work?
 What is Feeder in Electrical Distribution?
 What is benefits of Automation in business?

Most Popular
Why does 1% battery in any phone device last so long?
July 30, 2020

Why is WIFI unlimited whereas Cellular data is limited ?

July 27, 2020

Microwave Frequency Band Choice and RF Channel Arrangements

November 19, 2018

Categories

 2G/GSM
 3G/UMTS
 4G/LTE
 5G/NR
 TRANSMISSION/NETWORK
 TECHNOLOGY
 ELECTRICITY

MAIN TAG
 2g
 3G
 4g
 5g
 5g-nr
 AC current
 AMC
 Android
 antenna
 arduino
 ARFCN
 Auto recloser
 automation
 AVR
 bbu
 breaker
 BSS
 CE
 cellphone
 cpri
 DAS
 DC current
 E1
 electricity
 electronic
 EPC
 EPS
 eSIM
 Fading
 FDD
 FDI
 FDMA
 femtocell
 fiber
 frequency
 frequency hopping
 fresnel
 GSM
 gsm-2g
 handover
 High Voltage
 HSDPA
 Indoor Covarage
 indoor-coverage
 iOS
 IoT
 ip
 ITU
 LBS
 lifi
 lte
 lte-4g
 medium voltage
 microcontroller
 microwave
  mobile
 Multimeters
 MV
 Nikola Tesla
 odu
 optical
 optimization
 paging
 PCM
 pdh
 QAM
 radio wave
 Roaming
 satellite
 sdh
 smart grid
 smartphone
 solar panel
 surge protector
 T1
 TDD
 TDMA
 technology
 telecommunications
 Thomas Edison
 transmission
 umts-3g
 Voltage
 VoLTE
 vswr
 WCDMA
 wifi
 wireless

Visitors
Teltech Insight shares new technology knowledge which relates to telecommunication, electricity, automation,
transmission.


Design by - Blogger
Templates and FBT

 About

 Privacy

 Site Map

 Contact Us









