UNIT -II

INDIAN DIVERSITY NAD BUSINESS

SOURCES OF DILEMMA

‘Dilemmas’ analyses fundamental ethical dilemmas

in policy-making on migration and refugee protection.
“Political theory of migration” is a growing research field, but
so far it has been focused on a small number of issues. In
addition to providing new research and thinking, Dilemmas
aims to facilitate debates with a wide range of policy-makers
and civil society actors, to discuss the core ethical dilemmas
that arise in migration and refugee policy-making. We plan to
organise a series of online debates and seminars/webinars that
will bring together researchers, policy-makers, and civil
society actors to debate these issues. If you are interested in
contributing, please get in touch with one of the project
coordinators.
Research has found extensive evidence
of discrimination against foreign-born and minority
populations in criminal justice, business, the economy,
housing, health care, media, and politics in the United States
and Europe
REGIONAL APPROACH FOR TERM IN INDIA TOPOGRAPHY,
DRAINAGE AND CLIMATE:

India presents a diverse topography with lofty mountains, broad

plateaus, extensive plains and long coast line. She is a land of long rivers, local
and seasonal climatic difference and diverse natural vegetation.

Topography: Physiographic ally India can be classified into four

divisions. Northern mountain region Great Plains of the
north Peninsular plateau Coastal plains and islands The Northern
mountain ranges are subdivided into Trans Himalayas, Himalayas and
Eastern Highlands. The highest peak in India Mount K or Godwin
Austin is in the Karakoram Range of Trans Himalayas. Nimadi is the
highest mountain range in the Himalayas. Himachal range is located
south of Nimadi and Siwalik range to further south. The world’s
rainiest spot Cherrapunji is located in the thickly forested Khaki,
Jacinta and Giro Hills of Eastern Highlands.

Climate: The climate is not the same in all the months in all places
of India. Though there is much local diversity in climate, India in
general, has a monsoon climate. Based on temperature and rainfall,
the seasons of India are divided into four – winter season, summer
season, south west monsoon season and north east monsoon season.
In India there are places like Cherrapunji with more than 1080 cm of
annual rainfall and places like Jaywalker with less than 12 cm of
annual rainfall

Drainage (Rivers): Indian rivers are classified into Himalayan

Rivers and Peninsular rivers. Floods occur in the Himalayan Rivers
due to rainfall in the rainy season and the melting of ice in summer.
But the Peninsular Rivers overflow during the rainy season and cause
floods and dry up during summer causing destruction to crops. The
Himalayan Rivers that carry large volume of water are suitable for
inland navigation. They have a number of tributaries. Peninsular
rivers are not very long and do not have many tributaries. Thus India
has a diverse drainage system.

Soil: It defined as upper layer of the earth composed of loose surface

material. It is a mixture of many substances including endless variety
of minerals, remnants of plants and animals, water and air. It is the
end product of continuing interaction between the parent material,
local climate, plant and animal organisms and elevation of land. Since
each of the elements varies over space, soils also differ from place to
place. Soil is an important segment of our ecosystem, as it serves an
anchorage for plants and source of nutrients.

Natural vegetation: The assemblage of plant species, e.g. trees,

shrubs, grasses, creepers and climbers and the like living in
association with one another in a given environment is known as
natural vegetation. Contrary to this, a forest denotes a large tract
covered by trees and shrubs which has an economic significance for
us

Urban settlements: Urbanization is a transformative force that

alters an individual’s occupation, lifestyle, culture, and behaviours, as
well as the demographic and social hierarchy of both urban and rural
areas within a regional space [1]. In that regard, the anticipated rates
of urbanization have raised concerns among policymakers around the
world. By 2050, around 7 billion people are estimated to live in urban
areas, which will account for more than two-thirds of the world’s
population
Urban and rural areas are geographically dispersed and are
discretely governed, but they are closely linked through a variety of spatial and
sectorial linkages in terms of flows of resources like people, food, water,
finances, etc.
 UNIT -III
REGION OCCUPATION AND EMLPOYMENT
LINKAGES BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND INDIA SOCIO- ECONOMIC
CHALLENGES

The disparity among the social groups not only adversely affects
the Indian economy's ability to reap the benefits of demographic
dividends but it also enhances social inequity and disparity in income
levels, which hurts social cohesiveness and leads to social instability .
India’s accelerated economic growth is largely dependent upon the value added
from the current and future generations of youthful labour force; and this is
termed as the ‘demographic dividend (DD)’.

This segment of the population is also the dominant segment of Indian

consumer (middle) class. The DD gets generated only if appropriate human
development investments are made accessible to all and enhance per capita
value added of the individual labourer.

All these worries get compounded in a situation when the national GDP
growth has spiralled down to about 4.5 per cent during 2019. It can be
understand the situation differently? There is need to dismantle many
assumptions and notions which is hurting the social and economic domains in
India.

Educational Issues:
Social group differences in enrolment and educational outcome measures
are striking (Sachet Report 2006). The SCs/STs and Muslim children are far
less likely to enrol in school and are slightly more likely to drop out than others.
It is particularly worrisome to note that Muslim children are as disadvantaged as
Dalit and Adidas children, although little attention has been paid to religious
background as a source of educational disadvantage. There is wide divergence
in the three R’s (reading, writing, and arithmetic) by social and religious
background – children from all above cited communities falling behind. Not
surprisingly, this educational deficiency is reflected in lower access to modern
sector and salaried jobs among these communities” (HD India, 2010)”4.

Employment Issues
The case of Muslim employment and income vulnerability in the context
of demographic dividends emerges from the fact that their representation in
traditional service san industry has been disproportionally very high. Most of
the industrial employment that Muslims are engaged is unskilled manual labour
and low paid temporary daily wage earners. Historically the Muslims are not
landed and therefore their share in agriculture is rather low and often it will be
of daily manual wage labours type.

Employment Security:
In a fast-growing economy, the type of job contracts highlights stability
of paid employment and associated economic benefits. The data suggest that the
Muslims work under highly vulnerable situations; over 90 percent undertake
paid employment with no written contracts.

Poverty Measures
Poverty rate distribution according to social religious groups for two time
periods (2004-05 & 2011-12) are estimated. Overall poverty has declined from
37.7 to 22 percent, a drop of 15.7 percentage point. All groups’ shows decline in
poverty over this period; however extent of poverty decline amongst the
SCs/STs and Muslims in particular is below average at 19.9 and 18.2 percentage
points respectively. Both deprived groups remain at the highest level of poverty.
Poverty decline among ‘All Others’ category is low so are the absolute levels of
poverty too low 16.7 per cent in earlier period to only 9 per cent in 2011-12.
This implies that amongst the high caste Hindus, about half of the population
living in poverty in 2004-05 escaped the poverty by 2011-12.

REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN TERMS OF GEOGRAPHICAL

AND SOCIO-ECONPMIC FACTORS

Regional development is a complex process that can be analysed in

various contexts, including environmental, social and economic factors.
Variations in the levels of development are naturally observed across countries
and regions, but they play a special role in trans-border regions. The aim of this
study is to investigate differences in the level of development of two Polish
voivodships (Warmed and Masuria, and Poleis) and two Lithuanian counties
(Marijampolė and Altus) which are trans-border regions (NUTS 4 level).

The evaluated trans-border regions are characterised by a predominance

of rural areas and considerable variations in development. It can be analysis
revealed considerable demographic problems, mainly in Lithuanian regions,
resulting from low population growth and a negative net migration rate which
influence population structure. Disproportions in regional development call for
regional policies that are adapted to local needs and resources.

Social and Economic Development of Polish

Development is a highly complex and multi-faceted process. It can be
defined as any long-term process of directional changes which is composed of
successive stages of transformation and produces discernible differences in an
object in the evaluated context. Regional development is largely determined by
the availability of local resources. The resource base of a territorial unit
influences its level and directions of development, and it contributes to an
improvement in the quality of life.

In order to equalize the level of development, one should try to diversify

economic structures that take into account the potential of these resources. The
environmental, social and economic factors that drive regional development
have to be identified. The influence of the constituent elements of every factor
and their significance in the development process are generally determined by
the unique potential of the analysed region.

Materials

Four administrative units were analysed in the study: the Warmed and
Masuria voivodship and the Poleis voivodship in Poland, and the Lithuanian
counties of Marijampolė and Altus. They can be evaluated trans-border regions
occupy a total area of 54,243 km2 and have a combined population of more than
2.9 million. The analysed Polish voivodships and Lithuanian counties are
characterised by high natural and scenic value and similar socio-economic
potential. The Region of Warmed and Masuria has highly attractive scenery due
to its diverse landform, a high share of forests and water bodies which occupy
6% of the region’s area. More than 50% of its territory is occupied by
agricultural land with average soil quality.

Methods
Regional development is a multi-faceted process that cannot be
measured and described with a single parameter. Parameters that support
comparisons of territorial units are most suitable for monitoring local changes
the evaluated objects are ranked based on a synthetic indicator. The most highly
developed objects are characterised by the shortest distance from the positive
ideal solution.

TRENDS AND EMERGING OPTIONS

 SECURITY ECONOMIC UNEQUALITIES AND POVERTY

Poverty and inequality Economics

Income inequality is measured by five indicators, such as the Gina

coefficient and S90/S10, among others. Poverty rate: The poverty rate is the
ratio of the number of people (in a given age group) whose income falls below
the poverty line; taken as half the median household income of the total
population.
 ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELPOMENT

Environment degradation in our lives. But have you ever considered the economic
cost of environmental degradation? Or the economic benefits of Sustainable
Development? The concluding section of the lesson introduces the concept of
sustainable development as introduced in the Brundtland Report of 1987 and
explains the way forward to save the environment Table of content
1.Economics and the Environment

1.1 Environment: Meaning and Functions

1.2 Environmental Degradation

1.3 Global Environmental Crisis

1.3.1 Global Warming

1.3.2 Ozone Layer Depletion

2 Measures to Save the Environment

3 Sustainable Development: Meaning and Features

3.1 The Way Forward with Sustainable Development

4 Solved Example for You

Environment: Meaning and Functions

The ‘environment’ refers to the totality of resources and the total planetary
inheritance we have received. It includes biotic (animals, plants, birds, etc.)
and abiotic (sun, land, water, mountains, etc.) components. It explains the inter-
relationship that exists between the

The environment performs four crucial functions:

1. Supplying Resources: The environment contains both renewable

(air, water, land) and non-renewable (fossil fuels) resources. While the
former are re-usable and do not get depleted soon, non-renewable resources
come with the fear of depletion.
2. Assimilating Waste: Economic activities generate waste which the
environment absorbs through natural processes.
3. Sustenance of Life: The environment comprises abiotic components that aid
the living of biotic components. In the absence of elements such as air,
water, land, etc. there would be no life on the planet.
Environmental Degradation

Economic activities such as production and consumption have led to

environmental degradation over the last few years. This is recognizable from the
fact that there is a certain carrying capacity of the environment. When the rate of
extraction of resources exceeds the rate of their regeneration, the environment
fails to perform its activities. The resulting phenomenon is called environmental
degradation.

Global Environmental Crisis

Environmental degradation can be broken down into particular problems that

plague the global community, as under:

Global Warming

It refers to the gradual increase in the lower atmosphere of the Earth. The main
cause of global warming is recognized to be the release of greenhouse gases like
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These gases can absorb heat and thus,
contribute to global warming. Other causes are deforestation and burning of fossil
fuels like coal and petroleum. Global warming has led to melting of polar ice caps
and an average increase in temperatures all over.
Ozone Layer Depletion

It is the phenomenon of depletion in the amount of ozone in Earth’s stratosphere.

The main cause of ozone depletion is through the release of substances called
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere. These are compounds include
chlorine, bromine compounds that are used as cooling substances in air
conditioners, refrigerators, etc.

Measures to Save the Environment

Concerted efforts are required to deal with the global environmental crisis. The
concept of sustainable development, thereby, comes into play. Some of the
measures that can be undertaken to control the crisis that already underway
includes:

 Pollution Control: Air, water, noise, soil are some of the major forms of
pollution plaguing the environment today. Pollution control boards can be
set up or regulatory standards must be enforced to keep pollution within
lowest levels.
 Forest Conservation: Increased industrialization has come at the cost of
deforestation. The implication of forests being cut down is that the ecology
is significantly affected. Afforestation measures need to be taken and forest
conservation regulations must be seriously implemented.
  Social Awareness: Until people are made aware of the graveness of the
situation, the problem of environmental degradation cannot be dealt with.
Creating awareness through campaigns and movements can help avert the
problem of the ongoing environmental crisis.

Sustainable Development: Meaning and Features

The idea of environmental conservation gains real momentum if we are able to

conserve resources and use them in a manner that they are sufficiently available
for the coming generation as well. The United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) defines this using the concept
of sustainable development. It explains sustainable development as a process
that provides for the present generation without compromising on the needs of the
future generations.

Sustainable development has gained momentum as a larger movement over the

years. We now associate it with improving living standards, poverty alleviation,
nutritional improvements, minimizing social and cultural instability and resource
depletion.

The Brundtland Commission lays emphasis on the idea of passing on an

environment with enough and good-quality resources to the future generation, just
as we have bequeathed from our previous generations.

.
 UNIT –IV
DIVERSITY AND BUSINESS

INDIAN CONSUMERS AND MARKETING

The Indian consumer market divides itself into urban and rural parts,
attracting marketers worldwide to invest in the country. Three main groups may
distinguish the characteristics of the Indian consumer market.

It has been classified as new Indian consumers:

Indians are getting more materialistic.

Indians are often stereotyped as deeply spiritual people who reject materialistic
values. Our research suggests that this stereotype no longer reflects reality. For
instance, almost half of India’s urban population had adopted a “work hard and
get rich” ethos by 1996; another 9% had done so by 2006.

Consumerism is becoming a way of life in India.

An analysis of Indians’ savings goals underscores the increase in materialism.

Although long-term plans remain a high priority, life’s pleasures in the here and
now have gained importance over the past decade. Indians’ desire to set money
aside for electronics and durables has grown so dramatically that it has nearly
caught up with their desire to save for their children’s education. Travel and
entertainment have also gained ground.

Change in Consumer Behaviour

Interestingly, this trend does not apply only to the young—it holds true for
people aged 15 to 55. And it is not merely a large-city phenomenon; people in
smaller towns espouse these values as well.

Among durable goods, high-tech luxury items are increasingly in demand. The
number of Indians who own or use mobile phones, for example, has grown
1,600%—not surprising in a country that is adding more than 3 million
subscribers a month
Foreign is passé; Indian is paramount.

Indians long believed in the overwhelming supremacy of all things foreign.

Antiquated products and technologies, well past their “sell by” date in more
developed nations, were once lapped up by Indian consumers. Now, though,
with Indians succeeding on the global economic stage, “Made in India” is no
longer an apology. While Indians’ confidence in foreign companies has
remained essentially static, their faith in domestic companies has grown.

RURAL AND URBAN CONTEXT DIVERSITY

 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY AND SERVICES

Tangibility of Output

The key difference between service firms and manufacturers is the tangibility
of their output. The output of a service firm, such as consultancy, training or
maintenance, for example, is intangible. Manufacturers produce physical
goods that customers can see and touch.

Production on Demand

Service firms, unlike manufacturers, do not hold inventory; they create a

service when a client requires it. Manufacturers produce goods for stock, with
inventory levels aligned to forecasts of market demand. Some manufacturers
maintain minimum stock levels, relying on the accuracy of demand forecasts
and their production capacity to meet demand on a just-in-time basis.
Inventory also represents a cost for a manufacturing organization.

Customer Specific Production

Service firms do not produce a service unless a customer requires it, although
they design and develop the scope and content of services in advance of any
orders. Service firms generally produce a service tailored to customers’ needs,
such as 12 hours of consultancy, plus 14 hours of design and 10 hours of
installation. Manufacturers can produce goods without a customer order or
forecast of customer demand. However, producing goods that do not meet
market needs is a poor strategy.

Labor Requirements and Automated Processes

A service firm recruits people with specific knowledge and skills in the service
disciplines that it offers. Service delivery is labor intensive and cannot be
easily automated, although knowledge management systems enable a degree
of knowledge capture and sharing. Manufacturers can automate many of their
production processes to reduce their labor requirements, although some
manufacturing organizations are labor intensive, particularly in countries
where labor costs are low.

Physical Production Location

Service firms do not require a physical production site. The people creating
and delivering the service can be located anywhere. For example, global firms
such as consultants Deloitte use communication networks to access the most
appropriate service skills and knowledge from offices around the world.

Manufacturers must have a physical location for their production and stock
holding operations. Production does not necessarily take place on the
manufacturer's own site; it can take place at any point in the supply chain.

DIVERSITY AND INNOVATION

There are consider as three types, there are:

1. Social Diversity: The Importance of Perspective

When we think about diversity we might immediately think about race or
gender, however this can be limiting. It is important to consider all forms of
diversity, including ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, political views,
religion, and sexual orientation.

Example: when luxury fashion brand Dolce & Gabbing had to cancel a million-
dollar fashion show in Shanghai amidst accusations of racism from a poorly
thought-out advert.

2. Diversity of Seniority: Getting Everybody on Board

Traditionally in the world of business innovation, there’s a bias towards ‘white
collar’ employees. Decisions are often made in head offices by corporate teams
rather than front line employees. Obviously, not only does this limit the
potential amount of ideas received from those who have a unique perspective on
the frontline, but it also inhibits a healthy culture of innovation.

Management must be the ones to lead and validate the initiative by promoting
its importance, and ensuring that ideas are listened to, valued, and acted upon.
And, you never know your CEO might even have a good idea too! Once every
level of your organization works together to innovate, the process will be
efficient, streamlined, and idea sharing will become natural to your
organization.

3. Creative Diversity: Enhancing the Innovation Process

Not only is social and seniority important for innovation, but so is creative
diversity. It can sometimes be assumed that only creative people have ideas,
which can lead to bias when choosing innovation teams or your audience for an
idea challenge. Yet, it must be understood that everyone is creatively different.

WORKFORCE DIVERSITY AND MANAGEMENT

(i) Age:
People belonging to different age groups cause diversity in workforce. Young
people may be enriched with health, merit, capacity for hard-work etc.; while
elderly people may possess more maturity than their junior counterparts and are
full of experiences of life.

(ii) Gender:
Male workers are usually aggressive, bold and materialistic; while female
workers possess sympathy for others and are more concerned with quality of
life. What is important to observe is that people of both sex have material
differences in outlook, nature, habits etc.; as differences between males and
females are the design of God who created mankind.

(iii) Education:
In an organisation people may range from less educated to highly educated.
Educated people have a broad outlook and are open-minded. They are endowed
with logic and rationality and usually dislike discrimination among individuals
on petty grounds of caste, colour, religion etc.

(iv)Culture:
Culture is a complex of race, religion, language, social traditions and values etc.
People from different cultural backgrounds may have ethnic orientations i.e. a
sense of favouritism towards their nation, race or tribe, which they belong to.

(v) Psychology:
Psychology is the kind of mind that one has that makes one think or behaves in
a particular way). In an organisation, there are people with different psychology.
Some may be optimistic or pessimistic; some may be bold or timid or so on.
Psychology may be a gift of Nature or a manifestation of family background or
social affiliations.

(vi)Better Decision-Making:
People from heterogeneous backgrounds may aid management in better
decision-making, by offering suggestions from a wide range of perspectives and
orientations. In fact, heterogeneous groups of people may be more creative and
innovative; when they pool their knowledge and experiences and agree on a
common solution to a tricky problem; which might aid management in making
excellent decisions for the organisation.

(vii)Better Human Relations:

Workforce diversity management aims at developing and nurturing a common
organisational culture and climate; which enable people from diverse culture
and backgrounds to co-exist peacefully. Such a common organisational culture
and climate leads to better human relations in the enterprise and produces all-
round organisational and managerial efficiency.

(viii) Preventing Unnecessary Labour Turnover:

When in an organisation there is good workforce diversity management; women
and other dis-satisfied people are prevented from leaving the organisation. In
case otherwise, when there is large labour turnover because of poor workforce
diversity management; investment made in manpower may go waste, with other
bad consequences for the organisation. In fact, employees leave the organisation
when they do not feel comfortable and duly cared for by management.